粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿山土壤和地表水重金属分布及风险评价

对粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿24个土壤样品中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg,以及15个地表水样品中的As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb和Zn进行了检测,并以多元统计分析与土壤潜在生态风险指数法、地表水健康风险评价模型相结合的方式,研究了重金属的分布特征及风险水平。结果表明:在土壤中,Mn、Zn、Cd和Pb的平均含量均超过了背景值;Mn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd和Zn在采区有较明显集聚,As、Pb和Hg的高含量分布相对均匀;Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb含量主要受区域背景影响,Zn、As、Cd和Hg含量与矿区人类活动关系密切,Mn含量受自然和人为因素共同控制;重金属造成的土壤潜在生态风险整体处于轻微水平,Ⅱ采区和Ⅶ采区生态风险较高;Cd和Hg是造成土壤生态危害的主要重金属元素。在地表水中,Mn的平均浓度超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)规定的限值,其余重金属的含量均满足该标准中的Ⅲ类水质要求;重金属浓度在靠近采区及位于河流中下游的位置偏高;Mn、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu浓度受稀土开采影响较大,As、Hg浓度主要受自然因素影响;重金属产生的健康总风险(9.39×10^-7~1.01×10^-6 a^-1)低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的参考标准(5×10^-5 a^-1),但儿童通过饮水途径受到的健康风险(1.01×10^-6 a^-1)略超过部分机构的推荐限值;Cd和As是地表水中产生健康风险的主要重金属元素。综上,研究区重金属污染风险管理的主要对象是Cd和Mn。     

湖南省某冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

利用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,以湖南省某冶炼厂周边农田土壤(0~20 cm)为研究对象,监测了Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg等7种重金属的含量,并对重金属污染程度与潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,7种重金属都存在不同程度的超标或污染,其中Cd、As、Pb等的污染较为严重。统计学分析结果表明,Pb、As、Hg、Zn、Cd等来源相同,可能主要都来自于人为污染,即冶炼作业造成的污染。7种重金属化学形态不尽相同:在重金属有效态中,Cd的水溶态和可提取态较高;Pb、Cu、Zn可还原态、可氧化态这两部分含量较高。而Hg、As、Cr的残渣态含量较高。风险评价代码评价结果表明,Cd的生态风险较高,4.5%的样点Cd为极高生态风险,52.8%的样点Cd为高生态风险,42.7%的样点Cd为中度生态风险;100%的样点Zn为中度生态风险;Cu有60.1%的样点属于低生态风险,39.9%的样点属于中度生态风险;As、Pb主要以低生态风险为主(所占比例分别为77.2%、80%);Hg主要以无生态风险为主(所占94.3%)。Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法计算的综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)的范围为46.4~1 627.5,表明研究区域农田土壤存在很高的生态风险。上述各项结果综合表明,研究区农田土壤受到了严重的重金属污染,由此引起的重金属生态风险应引起高度关注。     

石河子市燃煤电厂重金属去向及平衡分析

以石河子4个燃煤电厂为研究对象,采用《EPA-29法》对九种典型的重金属元素Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Hg的去向及平衡进行分析。结果表明,九种元素在飞灰中占的比例最大,脱硫剂次之;除Hg外,其他元素渣中量大于气中,Hg以元素态存在的可能较大;4个电厂各元素的平衡率在65%~120%之间。     

南京市大气PM2.5中重金属分布特征及化学形态分析

于2017年1、4、7、10月在南京市主城区采集了大气PM2.5样品,用BCR法对PM_(2.5)中重金属进行连续提取,采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法进行测定,分析重金属在颗粒物中不同形态和分布特征。结果表明,PM_(2.5)中9种重金属质量比排序为:Fe Zn Pb Mn Cu Cr As Ni Cd。Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Mn、As主要分布在弱酸提取态; Ni在弱酸提取态、可氧化态和残渣态中分布较均匀,占比26%～37%;而Fe、Cr主要以残渣态存在,分布比例分别为71%和54%。PM_(2.5)中Zn的生物有效性系数 0.8,属生物可利用性元素,表明其在环境中迁移能力最强,其余8种重金属生物有效性系数为0.2～0.8。     

贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物重金属分布特征及来源分析——以新寨河为例

为探索贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物中重金属的分布特征及来源,科学制定环境保护与污染治理措施,以新寨河为研究对象,在11个样点共采集66个表层水体和沉积物样品,通过对Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Hg、Fe、Mn等9种重金属元素进行分析,揭示其在新寨河的空间分布特征。同时,利用多指数法开展了有毒重金属元素污染状况评价,通过相关性分析和主成分分析解析了重金属的来源。结果表明,新寨河流域表层水体中,Fe、Mn点位超标率达100%。表层水中重金属元素的平均含量排序为Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Hg,而沉积物中重金属元素的平均含量排序则是Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cd＞Hg,表明新寨河表层水体和沉积物中重金属元素的空间分布存在一定差异。各重金属元素的内梅罗综合污染指数介于0.59~1.13之间,表明新寨河表层水体中重金属的污染程度达到轻微污染水平。单种重金属元素的潜在生态危害系数计算结果显示,90.91%和9.09%的沉积物样点分别被归类为轻微风险和中等风险。所有样点沉积物的潜在生态危害指数介于14.57~120.55之间(均值为72.08),表明新寨河沉积物的潜在生态风险较低。Cu、As在多个样点存在污染现象,需予以重点监控管理。新寨河流域重金属的来源可分为三大类:Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu为第一类,对应地表径流源;As、Fe、Mn为第二类,对应煤矿开采源;Hg为第三类,对应复合源。     

煤矿周边土壤重金属影响评价及来源分析

在麟游县郭家河煤矿下风向500 m范围内布设10个土壤采样点,测定其表层土中Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg和As7种元素的质量比,利用土壤综合质量影响指数法和富集因子法评价该煤矿周边土壤重金属影响状况,并应用Spearman相关分析法和主成分分析法分析污染来源。结果表明:Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg 4种重金属的平均质量比均高于陕西省土壤(A层)背景值和麟游县土壤环境背景值;距矿区10 m~150 m范围内7种元素富集状况受人类活动的影响较大;矿区Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg元素均来自煤矿开采导致的"三废"污染及农药、化肥的使用,Cr主要受成土母质的控制。     

陕西土壤背景值历次数据的显著性检验

本文就陕西省两次土壤背景值中五种土类的八种元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As)的数据进行了显著性检验。其方法如下: (1)平均值的比较——采用成组比较法:总体分布类型为正态或对数正态分布的,经F检验后,再分别进行t检验(σ~=σ~2,n<30)或u检验(σ~2≠σ~2,n>30)。检验结果表明:几种土类中多数元素其平均值无差异或显著差异,三种土类中Pb、Hg两元素的平均值有差异或显著差异。 (2)原始数据的比较——采用异常值剔除法     

乌鲁木齐采暖期TSP、PM10、PM5、PM2.5中重金属污染水平评价

采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法、双道原子荧光光谱法研究乌鲁木齐市采暖期前期与后期不同粒径大气颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5))中Hg、As、Zn、Pb、Ni等5种重金属元素的质量浓度,并对重金属污染水平进行评价。Hg质量浓度为0.3~5.7 ng/m3;As质量浓度为15.3~122.5 ng/m~3;Zn质量浓度为298.0~1 686.5 ng/m~3;Pb质量浓度为0.5~88.8 ng/m~3;Ni质量浓度为10.4~25.5 ng/m~3。Igeo计算得出采暖期后期的TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5)中各重金属Igeo值均高于采暖期前期,其中Hg元素为严重污染;富集因子分析得出Hg、Zn元素的EFi值大于10,说明这些元素是人为源贡献。通过研究乌鲁木齐市不同时期、不同粒径大气颗粒物中各种重金属污染状况,为乌鲁木齐大气污染治理提供科学支持。     

城市河流重金属元素对降雨径流的动态响应

以海口市美舍河市区河段为研究对象，于2020年雨季分别采集降雨径流以及降雨径流汇入后的河流瞬时水样，测定并分析主要重金属元素的浓度及其变化规律，探讨其对降雨径流的动态响应。研究结果表明：降雨径流对河流可溶态污染元素质量浓度的贡献不突出，对可溶态锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、硒（Se）具有一定稀释作用，排水口下游 3 m处是可溶态铬(Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）对降雨径流响应最显著区域；降雨径流对各悬浮态元素质量浓度贡献较大，排水口下游7 m处是绝大多数悬浮态元素对降〖JP〗雨径流响应最显著区域；Mn、Zn、Cr、镍（Ni）、As、Co、Cd 7种元素的总质量浓度对降雨径流的动态响应表现为先上升后下降。其中，排水口下游3 m处是Cr、As总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段，排水口下游7 m处是Mn、Co、Ni、Zn及Cd总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段。降雨径流对河流主要污染元素年输入总量估算结果表明，海口市建成区降雨径流向美舍河等受纳水体直接年输入量最大的是Mn和Zn，其次是Cr、As、Ni，Se与Cd的年输入量最小。     

高压密闭消解土壤砷、汞、铅、镉酸体系比较

采用高压密闭消解系统消解土壤,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定As和Hg,石墨炉原子吸收光度法(GF-AAS)测定Pb和Cd,对比了不同消解酸体系对国家土壤标准参考样中As、Hg、Pb、Cd的消解效果。结果表明,盐酸-硝酸体系对As、Hg、Pb和Cd的消解平均回收率分别为26.1%、100.6%、69.7%、87.3%;硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系中As、Hg、Pb和Cd消解平均回收率分别为109.9%、84.7%、87.5%、90.1%;硝酸-双氧水体系对Hg、Pb、Cd消解平均回收率分别为104.8%、95.1%、93.3%,对As的回收率虽只有69.2%,但数据精密度最好。此外,从简化试验步骤,减少误差,提高检测效率及减少试验危险性等方面综合评价,认为硝酸-双氧水消解体系是采用高压密闭系统消解土壤重金属的最理想酸体系。     

Concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al, and Fe in soils of Manresa, NE Spain

The aims of this study were to determine the contents of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), and iron (Fe) (aqua regia-extractable) in 27 soil plots (54 samples) from Manresa, NE Spain, and to establish relationships between heavy metals and some soil properties. The main soil types were surveyed and the median concentrations (mg kg(-1)) obtained were Cd 0.28, Cu 20.3, Pb 18.6, Zn 67.4, Al 22,572, and Fe 21,551. Element concentrations for these soils were lower than the published values for the Valencia region (Spain) and Torrelles and Sant Climent municipal districts (Catalonia, Spain). In terms of soil properties, the results of this study suggest that, in Manresa soils, both trace element adsorption and retention are influenced by several properties such as clay minerals, carbonates, organic matter, and pH. All element contents were positively correlated with clay content. Pb and Zn were negatively correlated with pH and CaCO(3).     

Determination of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, and Mn in road dusts of Samsun City

The dust samples from 52 different locations in central roads of Samsun City were collected in a study area of 40 km long for the purpose of determining total metal concentrations of dust samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Co, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Cd were found in the ranges of 11.92–352.43, 5.47–223.57, 4.52–41.69, 40.85–173.10, 18.71–131.29, 133.19–179.13, and 0.02–6.16 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that metal levels were higher around the industrial area than other locations. Principal component analysis was also carried out to ascertain the possible contributing factors towards the metal concentrations. Validation of the analytical results was tested by analysis of the BCR 032 Moroccan phosphate rock certified reference material.     

Environmentally safe sewage sludge disposal: the impact of liming on the behaviour of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn

Dewatered sewage sludge containing relatively high total concentrations of Cr (945 micrograms ml-1), Cu (523 micrograms ml-1), Ni (1186 micrograms ml-1) and Zn (2950 micrograms ml-1) was treated with quicklime and sawdust for sludge disinfection and post-stabilisation. The mobility of the heavy metals in the sludge samples was assessed by applying a modified five-step Tessier sequential extraction procedure. Water was added as a first step for estimation of the proportion of the easily soluble metal fractions. To check the precision of the analytical work the concentrations of heavy metals in steps 1-6 of the extraction procedure were summed and compared to the total metal concentrations. The mass balance agreed within +/- 3% for Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn and within +/- 5% for Ni, Pb, Fe and Mn. Data from the partitioning study indicate that in the lime-treated sludge at a pH of 12 the mobility of Cu and Ni notably increased with the solubilisation of these metals from their organic and/or carbonate and Fe and Mn oxide and hydroxide fractions, respectively. Liming slightly decreased the proportion of other heavy metals in the easily soluble fractions while its impact on the partitioning between other sludge phases was almost insignificant. Due to the increased solubility of Ni and Cu as well as potential Cr oxidation at high pH, liming cannot be recommended for sludge disinfection. Addition of sawdust did not change the heavy metal partitioning.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定水中钡、铍、硼、钒、钴、钛、钼7种微量元素

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定水中Ba、Be、B、V、Co、Ti、Mo 7种元素含量,具有测定方法简便、快速、准确、精密度高、数据可靠等特点。     

Concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Selenium, and Zinc in Fish from the Mississippi River Basin, 1995

Fish were collected in late 1995 from 34 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) stations and 12 National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) stations in the Mississippi River basin (MRB), and in late 1996 from a reference site in West Virginia. The NCBP sites represented key points (dams, tributaries, etc.) in the largest rivers of the MRB. The NAWQA sites were typically on smaller rivers and were selected to represent dominant land uses in their watersheds. The West Virginia site, which is in an Eastern U.S. watershed adjacent to the MRB, was selected to document elemental concentrations in fish used for other aspects of a larger study and to provide additional contemporaneous data on background elemental concentrations. At each site four samples, each comprising (nominally) 10 adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio, 'carp') or black bass (Micropterus spp., 'bass') of the same sex, were collected. The whole fish were composited by station, species, and gender for analysis of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se) by atomic absorption spectroscopy and for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Concentrations of most of the elements examined were lower in both carp and bass from the reference site, a small impoundment located in a rural area, than from the NCBP and NAWQA sites on rivers and larger impoundments. In contrast, there were few overall differences between NCBP sites NAWQA sites. The 1995 results generally confirmed the continued weathering and re-distribution of these elemental contaminants in the MRB; concentrations declined or were unchanged from 1984-1986 to 1995 at most NCBP sites, thus continuing two-decade trends. Exceptions were Se at Station 77 (Arkansas R. at John Martin Reservoir, CO), where concentrations have been elevated historically and increased slightly (to 3.8-4.7 microg g-(1) in bass and carp); and Pb, Cd, and Zn at Station 67 (Allegheny R. at Natrona, PA), where levels of these metals were high in the past and increased from 1986 to 1995.     

Prediction of the solubility of zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, and lead in metal-contaminated soils

Risk assessment of metal-contaminated soil depends on how precisely one can predict the solubility of metals in soils. Responses of plants and soil organisms to metal toxicity are explained by the variation in free metal ion activity in soil pore water. This study was undertaken to predict the free ion activity of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb in metal-contaminated soil as a function of pH, soil organic carbon, and extractable metal content. For this purpose, 21 surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected from agricultural lands of various locations receiving sewage sludge and industrial effluents for a long period. One soil sample was also collected from agricultural land which has been under intensive cropping and receiving irrigation through tube well water. Soil samples were varied widely in respect of physicochemical properties including metal content. Total Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb in experimental soils were 2,015?±?3,373, 236?±?286, 103?±?192, 29.8?±?6.04, and 141?±?270 mg kg^?1, respectively. Free metal ion activity, viz., pZn²⁺, pCu²⁺, pNi²⁺, pCd²⁺, and pPb²⁺, as estimated by the Baker soil test was 9.37?±?1.89, 13.1?±?1.96, 12.8?±?1.89, 11.9?±?2.00, and 11.6?±?1.52, respectively. Free metal ion activity was predicted by pH-dependent Freundlich equation (solubility model) as a function of pH, organic carbon, and extractable metal. Results indicate that solubility model as a function of pH, Walkley–Black carbon (WBC), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-extractable metals could explain the variation in pZn²⁺, pCu²⁺, pNi²⁺, pCd²⁺, and pPb²⁺ to the extent of 59, 56, 46, 52, and 51 %, respectively. Predictability of the solubility model based on pH, KMnO₄-oxidizable carbon, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable or CaCl₂-extractable metal was inferior compared to that based on EDTA-extractable metals and WBC.     

Characterization and Identification of the Sources of Chromium, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Manganese and Iron in Pm10 Particulates at the Two Sites of Kolkata, India

Monitoring of ambient PM₁₀ (particulate matter which passes through a size selective impactor inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter) has been done at residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) sites of an urban region of Kolkata during November 2003 to November 2004. These sites were selected depending on the dominant anthropogenic activities. Metal constituents of atmospheric PM₁₀ deposited on glass fibre filter paper were estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). Chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are the seven toxic trace metals quantified from the measured PM₁₀ concentrations. The 24 h average concentrations of Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Fe from ninety PM₁₀ particulate samples of Kolkata were found to be 6.9, 506.1, 79.1, 3.3, 7.4, 2.4 and 103.6 ng/m³, respectively. The 24 h average PM₁₀ concentration exceeded national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) as specified by central pollution control board, India at both residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) areas with mean concentration of 140.1 and 196.6 μg/m³, respectively. A simultaneous meteorology study was performed to assess the influence of air masses by wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, relative humidity and temperature. The measured toxic trace metals generally showed inverse relationship with wind speed, relative humidity and temperature. Factor analysis, a receptor modeling technique has been used for identification of the possible sources contributing to the PM₁₀. Varimax rotated factor analysis identified four possible sources of measured trace metals comprising solid waste dumping, vehicular traffic with the influence of road dust, road dust and soil dust at residential site (Kasba), while vehicular traffic with the influence of soil dust, road dust, galvanizing and electroplating industry, and tanning industry at industrial site (Cossipore).     

A survey of Pb,Cu, Zn,Cd, Cr,As, and Se in earthworms and soil from diverse sites

Earthworms and soils were collected from 20 diverse sites in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and were analyzed for Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Se. Correlation coefficients relating concentrations of the elements in earthworms to concentrations in soil were low (–0.20<r<+0.57). Species differences and ecological variables contributed to the variability in concentrations of these elements in earthworms. The maximum concentrations of Pb (2100 ppm), Zn (1600 ppm), Cd (23 ppm) and Se (7.6 ppm) detected in earthworms were in the range reported to be toxic to animals fed diets containing these elements; however, even in the absence of any environmental contamination, some species of earthworms may contain high concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Se. Earthworms of the genus Eisenoides, for example, were exceptional in their ability to concentrate Pb. When earthworms are used as indicators of environmental contamination, it is important to identify the species, to report the soil characteristics, and to collect similar earthworms from very similar but uncontaminated soil.     

微波消解—原子吸收/原子荧光光度法测定活性污泥中的Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、K、As、Hg

通过实验,建立了活性污泥中金属和重金属的测定方法。活性污泥样品经硝酸—氢氟酸或硝酸—高氯酸微波消解处理后,Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、K选用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定,Cd用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定,As、Hg用原子荧光光度法测定。该方法操作简单,结果准确,重现性好。样品加标回收率为93%-108%,相对标准偏差〈5%。     

水中二氧化氯,氯,亚氯酸根和氯酸根区分测定法

为了保护人类健康制定卫生规范,同时为ＣｌＯ２的研究和应用提供基础手段,必须要建立一种能准确区分测定水中ＣｌＯ２,Ｃｌ２,ＣｌＯ＾－１２,ＣｌＯ＾－３浓度的方法。回顾了现有水中ＣｌＯ２,Ｃｌ２,ＣｌＯ＾－２和ＣｌＯ＾－３的区分测定方法,评述了各种测定方法的优缺点和适用性,指出了目前在区分测定这恨氧化物的方法中存在的问题,提出了解决问题的途径。