施工扬尘环境下短时强降雨屋面径流中砷、汞、铅、镉、锌的污染特征研究

以南京北郊为例,测量分析了屋面径流中砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)5种元素的浓度、形态特征。结果表明:短时强降雨过程中这5种元素浓度在较大范围内无规则波动,且不同元素间浓度分布存在较大差异;Zn与Pb的平均浓度分别高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅴ类和Ⅳ类标准限值,污染程度从大到小依次为ZnPbAsHgCd。元素形态分析表明,径流中除Hg外其他4种元素主要以颗粒态形式存在,各元素颗粒态占总形态的平均分数分别为:As,64.5%;Hg,43.7%;Pb,76.5%;Cd,54.6%;Zn,54.3%。     

上海浦东新区环境空气重金属污染特征及来源解析

于2012年3月—2013年2月在浦东新区城区点和郊区点采集TSP样品,利用双酸消解原子荧光法、ICP法分析了样品中的13种元素。结果表明,除As略超标外其他元素均达标,城区点和郊区点环境空气重金属年均值排在前3位的元素是:Fe、Sn、Zn,占样品金属总量的83%~87%;排在末4位的元素是:Ni、Cr、As、Cd,占金属总量的1%~2%。通过EPA PMF 5.0模型运算结果,在城区中6个因子贡献比最高的31.5%为Sn+Fe+Mn,贡献比最低的2.1%为Hg;在郊区中6个因子贡献比最高的36.4%为Pb+Cu,贡献比最低的9.2%为Fe+Sn+Mn。浦东新区富集因子E≤10的元素有Cr、V、Ba、Mn、Ni、Fe、Hg城、Cu郊、As;富集因子E10的元素有Hg郊、Cu城、Zn、Pb、Cd、Sn。     

石河子燃煤电厂重金属排放研究

选取石河子市典型燃煤电厂,对其燃煤烟气重金属排放浓度及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏重金属的富集进行定量分析。结果表明,烟气中各重金属排放浓度从高到低依次为Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg、Co、Cd、As。各重金属元素在飞灰中的富集程度较高,除Hg、Cd、Ni外,其他重金属元素在飞灰的富集因均值均大于5。其中,As在飞灰的富集因子均值为5.76。研究结果可为石河子重金属污染控制提供基础数据。     

煤矿周边土壤重金属影响评价及来源分析

在麟游县郭家河煤矿下风向500 m范围内布设10个土壤采样点,测定其表层土中Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg和As7种元素的质量比,利用土壤综合质量影响指数法和富集因子法评价该煤矿周边土壤重金属影响状况,并应用Spearman相关分析法和主成分分析法分析污染来源。结果表明:Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg 4种重金属的平均质量比均高于陕西省土壤(A层)背景值和麟游县土壤环境背景值;距矿区10 m~150 m范围内7种元素富集状况受人类活动的影响较大;矿区Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg元素均来自煤矿开采导致的"三废"污染及农药、化肥的使用,Cr主要受成土母质的控制。     

典型超低排放烟气中颗粒物组分特征研究

为了解超低排放改造后工业源烟气颗粒物排放状况及其组分特征,于2020年1—5月对2家垃圾焚烧企业和2家燃煤电厂外排烟气开展了调查,同步采集外排烟气中的可过滤颗粒物（FPM）和可凝结颗粒物（CPM）,测定质量浓度及其离子组分、元素组分,对各组分浓度范围及平均值进行统计评价。结果表明：4家企业外排烟气中CPM和FPM质量浓度平均值的比值分别为30.5,10.3,3.0,0.94,CPM的排放不可忽视;离子分析结果发现,烟气处理过程中产生的铵离子和硫酸根离子等水溶性离子,在FPM中基本未检出,在CPM中检出且浓度较高;金属元素分析结果发现,检出的铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）3种元素主要存在于FPM中,而砷（As）、汞（Hg）元素则更多地存在于CPM中;CPM中水溶性离子为主要成分,以水溶性离子作为CPM排放的控制因子是可行的。     

贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物重金属分布特征及来源分析——以新寨河为例

为探索贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物中重金属的分布特征及来源,科学制定环境保护与污染治理措施,以新寨河为研究对象,在11个样点共采集66个表层水体和沉积物样品,通过对Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Hg、Fe、Mn等9种重金属元素进行分析,揭示其在新寨河的空间分布特征。同时,利用多指数法开展了有毒重金属元素污染状况评价,通过相关性分析和主成分分析解析了重金属的来源。结果表明,新寨河流域表层水体中,Fe、Mn点位超标率达100%。表层水中重金属元素的平均含量排序为Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Hg,而沉积物中重金属元素的平均含量排序则是Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cd＞Hg,表明新寨河表层水体和沉积物中重金属元素的空间分布存在一定差异。各重金属元素的内梅罗综合污染指数介于0.59~1.13之间,表明新寨河表层水体中重金属的污染程度达到轻微污染水平。单种重金属元素的潜在生态危害系数计算结果显示,90.91%和9.09%的沉积物样点分别被归类为轻微风险和中等风险。所有样点沉积物的潜在生态危害指数介于14.57~120.55之间(均值为72.08),表明新寨河沉积物的潜在生态风险较低。Cu、As在多个样点存在污染现象,需予以重点监控管理。新寨河流域重金属的来源可分为三大类:Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu为第一类,对应地表径流源;As、Fe、Mn为第二类,对应煤矿开采源;Hg为第三类,对应复合源。     

复杂污染源下采煤沉陷区土壤重金属分布及行为特征

采用数理统计学、克里金插值等方法研究安徽淮北采煤沉陷区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、As和Hg等元素空间分布及其行为特征.结果表明:土壤中Zn平均值是农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的1.1倍,其他元素未超过筛选值.Cu富集在工业园区南部,Zn、As富集在两河交汇处、工业园区南部,Cd、Pb和Hg富集在沉陷区西部,Cr、Ni富集在沉陷区东部、西部;土壤剖面上Cu最大值出现在80 cm处,Ni最大值在40 cm处,其他元素最大值均在20 cm处.土壤中元素迁移程度为Cu最高,Zn、Cr、Hg和As最低;土壤中Cd活化率较高,达到27.1％,易被植物吸收富集.     

新疆典型城-郊-乡梯度带土壤微量元素空间分布与来源

从新疆某地典型城-郊-乡梯度带采集了77个表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,基于GIS技术与多元统计分析方法,研究各梯度带表层土壤中Hg、As、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等10种微量元素的空间分布特征与主要来源。结果表明:Hg元素在城区、郊区和乡村表层土壤中的平均含量均超出研究区土壤背景值,As元素在城区和郊区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,Zn和Pb元素在城区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,其余元素在3个梯度带表层土壤中的平均含量均低于相应的背景值。研究区表层土壤中,V、Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等7种元素的空间分布格局基本相似,均呈现沿城市化梯度带分布的地带性格局;As、Cu和Hg等3种元素的空间分布呈现岛状格局。来源分析结果表明,各梯度带表层土壤中的微量元素的来源各不相同。     

PM2.5中重金属形态分布及其在模拟酸雨中的释放

对西安市夏季PM_2.5中6种重金属元素的化学形态进行分析,并研究了模拟酸雨淋溶条件下PM_2.5中6种元素的释放过程。结果表明,近80%的Cr和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物、硫化物结合态和残渣态中,Cd在大气环境中的化学性质很活泼,具有很强的毒害性,Pb、As、和Hg 3种元素主要以碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态存在于环境中;PM_2.5中6种元素均有不同程度的释放,Cd释放率高于其他元素,Fe释放率最低,pH降低有利于颗粒物中重金属元素的释放。     

基于BM和PMF模型的库尔勒市地表灰尘重金属来源解析

在新疆库尔勒市采集54个代表性地表灰尘样品,分析其中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr和Cu 等6种元素含量。采用重心模型（BM模型）和正矩阵分解模型（PMF模型）,分析地表灰尘重金属元素主要来源。结果表明：库尔勒市地表灰尘中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr和Cu等元素的含量重心均偏离几何中心,地表灰尘中重金属元素含量分布存在不均衡性。研究区地表灰尘中Hg和Pb受到工业、交通来源及煤炭燃烧等混合污染源的影响,As受到成土母质的影响,Cd、Cr和Cu主要受到交通排放的影响。BM模型在确定地表灰尘重金属污染来源研究上有一定的应用前景。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

基于城市超级站对2018年12月—2019年2月南京市在线水溶性离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明：监测期间水溶性无机离子(WSIs)质量浓度均值为45.7μg/m3,占PM2.5的67.8%,各离子排序为NO3-＞ SO42-＞NH4+＞Cl-＞K+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞Mg2+。二次离子（SNA）是PM2.5主要组分,大气气溶胶呈中性。各离子日变化存在差异,SNA变化趋势和WSIs基本一致。南京市冬季存在明显SO2和NO2向SO42-和NO3-二次转化;NO3-/SO42-均值为1.96,移动源增量大于固定源。通过相关性和三相聚类分析可知,SNA主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3。主成分分析表明,南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子主要来源是二次转化,燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤建筑扬尘也有贡献。