河流底泥砷污染状况及分布特征研究

为了今年马鞍山市河湖整治重点工程中清淤工程环境安全需要,对该市城郊某河全流域不同断面底泥中砷含量进行了分析,评价了底泥砷污染状况并分析了该河流底泥中砷的沿程分布特征、横向分布特征和垂向分布特征。结果表明,该河流底泥砷含量范围为17.9~335mg/kg,均值为94.25mg/kg。参照土壤环境质量标准三级标准值对底泥中砷含量进行评价,平均砷污染指数2.69为中度污染;用土壤背景值标准参照评价,平均砷污染指数为9.72,超过当地背景值水平8.50倍,该河流从上游到下游,总体上沿程底泥砷含量未呈明显变化,但局部域段呈现一定变化趋势;断面横向分布上,河中间砷含量总体高于河岸边;垂向分布上,表层底泥砷含量最高。     

重庆某工业园土壤重金属污染特征、风险及源解析

以重庆市某工业园区表层土壤为研究对象,探讨了土壤重金属在不同季节的污染特征,利用污染指数法、健康风险模型和主成分/绝对主成分得分受体模型进行风险评价和源分析。结果表明:不同季节土壤样品间各重金属含量差异显著。35.5%的样品中汞含量超出土壤污染风险筛选值,其他元素未超标。与土壤背景值相比,各元素表现出不同程度的富集,汞超标约110~1300倍。内梅罗指数显示土壤整体和汞元素处于轻度污染及以下,其他元素为安全。潜在生态危害指数显示,土壤整体和汞属于极强污染,镉属于轻微~强污染,其他元素为轻微污染。土壤重金属总致癌风险为2.6×10^-7~1.0×10^-5,总非致癌风险熵均小于1,砷存在致癌风险,主要通过经口摄入暴露。秋季中,汞、六价铬、铅、镍、砷和铜来自工业源,镉主要来源于自然成因。春季中,镉和铅来自交通、冶金和燃煤等排放,镍、砷和铜源于冶炼和金属表面处理等排放,汞主要来自化工生产和燃料燃烧。交通运输、工业生产和燃料燃烧等污染的排放是土壤重金属的主要来源,今后应加强园区内汞、砷和镉的源头减排和治理。     

湖北省重点区域及周边表层土壤重金属污染现状及评价

对湖北省内9类不同重点区域及周边表层土壤环境质量进行检测,测定重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌含量水平,采用内梅罗污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对检测结果进行评价。结果表明:9类不同重点区域及周边土壤环境质量整体良好,未受重金属污染的土壤监测点位比例为68.2%~92.6%,轻度污染的点位比例为5.8%~20.4%,中度污染为0.0%~8.6%,重度污染为0.0%~9.1%;污染企业周边、油田采矿区周边、固废处置场地周边、工业遗留遗弃场地及周边4类重点区域受重金属污染相对较严重,影响其土壤环境质量的重金属主要是镉、砷、铜、铅;9类不同重点区域周边土壤环境质量的潜在生态风险等级以轻微、中度为主,对应的监测点位比例分别为36.4%~80.5%、18.1%~47.7%,潜在生态风险等级为强度、很强、极强的监测点位比例总和为1.4%~15.9%,主要分布在受重金属污染严重的监测区域。     

内蒙古畜禽养殖场周边土壤重金属污染特征及评价

于2015年5—8月采集内蒙古自治区东部、中部和西部地区32个畜禽养殖场周边共160个土壤样品,分析8种重金属含量。通过单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价畜禽养殖场周边土壤重金属的污染程度,主成分分析重金属污染的成因和来源。结果表明,除Hg和As外,Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni 6种重金属的平均值均高于内蒙古自治区土壤背景值,其中Cd是背景值的2. 14倍。单项污染指数评价表明,重金属Cd在东部畜禽养殖场周边土壤中呈中度污染,在中部和西部地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤中呈轻度污染。不同重金属元素平均污染程度为:Cd Pb Cr(Ni) Zn Cu As Hg。内梅罗综合污染指数评价表明,东部地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤污染最严重,为中度污染,中部和西部地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤均为轻度污染。不同地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数大小顺序为:东部地区(2. 27)西部地区(1. 52)中部地区(1. 35)。主成分分析结果显示,内蒙古不同地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤不同重金属的来源存在差异,其中Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni主要来源于畜禽粪便和冲洗禽舍等污水的不当排放; Hg主要来源于自然源。     

攀西区域涉重金属典型企业周边环境特征及潜在生态风险

通过对攀西区域安宁河流域的7个断面底泥以及该区域17家典型涉重金属工业周边土壤进行环境质量状况调查和生态风险评价,结果显示,底泥中6种重金属砷、铬、铅、镉、汞和钒含量在凉山州境内特别是冕宁县断面含量最高,污染最重,攀枝花境内米易县部分含量较低;底泥中铅、镉和砷等出现了中重度污染,且钒和铬含量、砷和镉含量之间分别呈极显著和显著相关,同源性特征明显,土壤中镉超标范围最广,超标程度最重且呈面状重度风险,钒和汞超标范围较大,汞出现较重风险,其余为低度风险。     

揭西不同土地利用类型土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

监测分析了以揭西县林地、农业用地和建设用地的331个土壤样品中的重金属含量,运用潜在生态风险指数法、健康风险指数法以及克里金插值法等对镍、锌、汞、砷、铜、镉、铅和铬的潜在生态风险和潜在健康风险进行研究。结果表明：汞超出《土壤破坏质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》风险筛选值,存在一定风险。研究区具有轻微潜在生态风险,汞和镉是主要生态风险因子,高值区主要分布在建设用地,综合潜在生态风险高值区主要分布在建设用地。成人和儿童的单项非致癌风险指数总和（HQ_总）和总非致癌风险指数（HI）均<1,非致癌风险在可接受范围内。铬、砷和铅是主要非致癌贡献因子。砷对成人和儿童具有较高的致癌风险,是主要致癌风险因子。不同土地利用类型下成人和儿童总致癌风险指数（TCR）依次为农业用地>林地>建设用地。单项致癌风险指数总和（CR_总）均为砷>镉>铬。     

福建沿海地区不同区域稻田土壤重金属元素富集特征与环境质量评价

通过调查福建沿海地区不同区域的水稻田土壤重金属元素Hg、Cd、Pb污染富集现状,采集样品195件,采用单因子指数、地质累积指数以及内梅罗综合污染指数对土壤环境质量进行评价。结果表明,福建沿海各区域水稻田土壤均有不同程度的重金属富集污染。单项污染指数评价结果显示,Hg分4级,分别是安全等级、警戒线级、轻污染级和中度污染级;Pb全部为安全等级;Cd分2级,分别是安全级和警戒线级。Hg的地质累积指数分3级,分别是轻污染级、中度污染级和中强度污染级;Pb全部为轻污染级;Cd分2级,轻污染级和中度污染级。内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果为安全级有5个地区,警戒线级有3个地区,轻污染等级2个地区。地质累积指数评价结果与单因子污染指数评价结果有明显差异。调查区域土壤环境质量评价为Cd、Pb平均值未超出国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)Ⅱ级标准,Hg有40%地区超标。福建沿海地区土壤重金属污染具有中等到高的生态风险。     

吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险

为探讨中国葡萄主产区土壤重金属污染状况及生态风险,从吐鲁番盆地葡萄园采集了101个土壤样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Hg等6种元素的浓度。利用地质累积指数(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(I_(ER)),对葡萄园土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险进行了评估。结果表明:吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤中6种元素的平均含量均小于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中的筛选值,但As、Cd、Cr、Hg的平均含量分别为新疆灌耕土背景值的1.05、1.58、1.49、1.15倍。各元素I_(geo)平均值排序为Cd(0.0)Cr(-0.02)As(-0.53)Hg(-0.62)=Pb(-0.62)Ni(-0.88),均表现为无污染;单项生态风险指数排序为CdAsNiHgCrPb,均呈现轻微生态风险;RI平均值为17.33,属于轻微生态风险;I_(ER)平均值为-4.87,属于无警态势。Cd是吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤中污染水平及生态风险级别最高的重金属,应予以关注。总体上,当前研究区葡萄园土壤中6种重金属的含量处于安全范围内。     

都江堰市城区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价

以都江堰城区周边农耕地为对象,按照国标方法对土壤样本中的Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn五种重金属元素含量进行测定。结果表明,部分样本中的Cd、Cu含量超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准。采用单因子污染指数和土壤综合污染指数评价方法,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,对研究区内Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn重金属的污染状况进行评价,评价结果显示,Cu、Cd为主要污染元素,污染指数处于轻、中度污染,Cr、Pb、Zn对土壤尚未构成污染关系,研究区土壤重金属总体污染程度较轻。     

乌鲁木齐市"菜篮子"基地土壤环境质量现状调查

通过对乌鲁木齐市“菜篮子”种植基地——安宁渠土壤中重金属、农药、多环芳烃等污染物的监测结果分析得出,该区域内的土壤中总砷、总汞、总铬、总镉等重金属和土壤中六六六、滴滴涕等含量均低于国家标准限值,土壤污染综合指数属于安全级别之内,但与历史背景值相比,部分重金属含量呈现明显的增加趋势,尤其是总铅、总砷和总镉的含量增幅较大。污染增加趋势与城市工业发展和交通污染及施用化肥、农药有关。     

郑州市土壤与绿色植物中汞的分布特征

汞污染具有生物积累性,因而得到社会广泛关注。研究监测和评估了郑州市城区土壤和绿色植物叶片中汞浓度、分布、污染水平等。研究发现郑州市主城区土壤总汞浓度为0. 150～0. 958 mg/kg,平均浓度为0. 448 mg/kg;郑州市主城区绿色植物叶片总汞浓度为0. 017～0. 249 mg/kg,平均浓度为0. 107 mg/kg;土壤和叶片中汞浓度按功能区排序为交通枢纽区工业区商业区行政区高教区住宅区。采用地累积指数法对郑州市80个土壤样品的汞污染水平进行评估,结果显示60%受到轻度污染,35%受到偏中度污染,5%受到中度污染。研究较为全面地分析了土壤汞污染的现状及浓度,为郑州市土壤汞污染防治提供参考。     

杨家幛子钼矿区土壤中重金属污染状况的评价

对杨家幛子钼矿区土壤重金属污染的情况进行了详细研究。选择土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mo的含量,全面系统地评价土壤重金属污染现状。结果表明,该矿区土壤重金属As、Cd和Hg污染较为严重,平均含量分别达154.13、74.92和3.06mg/kg。不同片区间存在明显差异,污染强度以矿山山沿污染最高,其次是运输区、选矿厂及矿区附近山地,内梅罗综合指数分别为59.98、59.33、52.14、42.44。     

Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China

Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 17 sampling sites including different functional areas at Ji'nan city in Shandong Province of China were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations were in the range from 1.31 mg kg(-1) to 254.08 mg kg(-1) (dry weight), and the average level of total PAHs was 23.25 mg kg(-1). The highest total PAHs concentrations were found in steel and iron plant at industrial areas. The total PAHs concentrations in industrial areas were markedly higher than those in other different functional areas. According to comparing total PAHs concentration in Ji'nan city to that of other urban areas, it was found that total PAHs concentrations were 6 to 137 times higher than other areas because of some specific sampling sites such as steel and iron plant and one main roadside. The results showed that PAHs in topsoil of Ji'nan city were suffered from strong pyrogenic influence, especially in industrial areas. However about 52.9% soil samples were mainly originated from both pyrogenic and petrogenic mixed sources based on Flu/Pyr ratios and Phe/Ant ratios. Furthermore, It was found that all individual PAHs except Fle were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with LMW, HMW, total PAHs and SOM, and individual PAHs except Fle in soils were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other. The nemerow composite index to assess the environmental quality showed that the soil sample of steel and iron plant in industrial areas and one main roadside were heavy pollution of PAHs, and about 47% soil sampling sites were safety, about 53% soil sampling sites were got different grades of PAHs pollution.     

Distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in sediment of the Second Songhua River, China

The Second Songhua River was subjected to a large amount of raw or primary effluent from chemical industries in Jilin city in 1960s to 1970s, resulting in serious mercury pollution. However, an understanding of other trace metal pollution has remained unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate trace metal contamination in the sediment of the river. Bottom sediment samples were taken in the river between Jilin city and Haerbin city in 2005. An uncontaminated sediment profile was taken in the Nen River at the same time. Total concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Ti, Mn, V, Sc, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediment samples were measured by ICP-MS or ICP-OES, following digestion with various acids. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the surface sediments were 5.1–14.7, 18.5–78.9, 2.4–75.4, 7.2–29.0, 13.5–124.4, and 21.8–403.1 mg/kg, respectively, generally decreasing along the course of the river from Jilin city to Haerbin city. Background concentrations of trace metals were reconstructed by geochemical normalization to a conservative element scandium. Results showed that concentrations of Co, Cr, and Ni in the sediment were generally only slightly higher than or equal to their background values, while concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the some sediment samples were significantly higher than their background values. In detail, the sediment at Jilin city was moderately contaminated by Cu, and the sediment of the Second Songhua River was moderately contaminated by Pb and Zn. The top layer (0–10 cm depth) and bottom layers (30–46 cm depth) of one sediment profile at Wukeshu town were generally moderately polluted by Pb and Zn. Synthetically, the surface sediment in the studied river section was classified as natural sediment without ecological risk by the sediment pollution index (SPI) of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn. Only the 30–45 cm depth of the sediment profile at Wukeshu town was classified as low polluted sediment by the SPI of these metals, recording a historical contamination of the river in the 1960s to 1970s. This buried contamination of trace metals might pose a potential risk to water column under disturbance of sediment. Foundation item: The National Basic Research Priorities Program of China (2004CB418502)     

Phytoplankton distribution during two contrasted summers in a Mediterranean harbour: combining automated submersible flow cytometry with conventional techniques

Present study was conducted in rapidly growing city Islamabad, and surface soils were collected from three major land cover types viz., built-up, drain side, and green areas. A total of seven physicochemical parameters and 11 metals were determined in surface soils. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis explained total variance of 68.0%, 64.5%, and 60.2% of three land cover types and showed high loadings for major elements (Mg and K) in built-up and green area and Fe in drain side. Top soil pollution index was carried out by using geo-accumulation index and metal pollution index (MPI₆). Concentration of major elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in surface soils is derived by parent material, whereas concentration of Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were mainly related with anthropogenic sources. Geostatistical methods such as kirging identified hotspot areas of metal contamination by Pb, Ni, and Zn in built-up areas influenced mainly by vehicular emissions and waste disposal. The results stresses that land clearing should be avoided to reduce contamination and management of urban soils.     

Trace metal (Cd,Cu, Pb,Zn) fractionation in urban-industrial soils of Ust-Kamenogorsk (Oskemen), Kazakhstan—implications for the assessment of environmental quality

Ust-Kamenogorsk is one of the largest cities and industrial centers in Kazakhstan. Non-ferrous metallurgy (Zn–Pb smelter) has acted as a predominating industrial branch in the city since late 1940s. The industrial plants are situated directly adjacent to the residential area of the city which creates grievous ecotoxicological hazard. In the present paper, we aimed at assessing the trace metal pollution of top soils in Ust-Kamenogorsk and its potential threats to the local population. The top soils were sampled at 10 sites throughout the city center. We determined the physical and chemical properties of soils as well as the contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. In addition, the soil samples were subjected to a five-step sequential extraction to ascertain the fractionation of trace metals. On this basis, we calculated the geoaccumulation index (I_geo) and pollution load index (PLI) and assessed bioavailability of the elements. From our data, it emerged that the soils displayed a strong polymetallic pollution. PLI was as high as 33.4. Throughout the city, the trace metal contents exceeded the geochemical background and allowable values for residential, recreational, and institutional areas. The I_geo obtained were 3.7–6.5 for Cd, 1.5–4.7 for Cu, 2.8–5.7 for Pb, and 2.6–4.6 for Zn. The soils in Ust-Kamenogorsk displayed extremely high contamination with Cd, moderate to strong contamination with Pb and Zn, and low to moderate contamination with Cu. Cd and Pb were found to be the most bioavailable elements. The mobility of trace metals in the soils changed in the order Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu.     

在评价微污染水体中均值污染指数评价方法和活性污染指数评价方法的比较

针对均值污染指数评价方法在微污染水体环境质量评价上存在的缺陷,提出新的改进方法即活性污染指数法进行评价.根据吉林省白城市月亮湖水库2001～2005年监测结果,同时利用这两种方法进行评价,结果显示活性污染指数法评价白城市水库水质更客观和真实有效.     

Soil contamination of heavy metals in the Katedan Industrial Development Area, Hyderabad, India

Studies on quantitative soil contamination due to heavy metals were carried out in Katedan Industrial Development Area (KIDA), south of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India under the Indo-Norwegian Institutional Cooperation Programme. The study area falls under a semi-arid type of climate and consists of granites and pegmatite of igneous origin belonging to the Archaean age. There are about 300 industries dealing with dyeing, edible oil production, battery manufacturing, metal plating, chemicals, etc. Most of the industries discharge their untreated effluents either on open land or into ditches. Solid waste from industries is randomly dumped along roads and open grounds. Soil samples were collected throughout the industrial area and from downstream residential areas and were analysed by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for fourteen trace metals and ten major oxides. The analytical data shows very high concentrations of lead, chromium, nickel, zinc, arsenic and cadmium through out the industrial area. The random dumping of hazardous waste in the industrial area could be the main cause of the soil contamination spreading by rainwater and wind. In the residential areas the local dumping is expected to be the main source as it is difficult to foresee that rain and wind can transport the contaminants from the industrial area. If emission to air by the smokestacks is significant, this may contribute to considerable spreading of contaminants like As, Cd and Pb throughout the area. A comparison of the results with the Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (SQGL) show that most of the industrial area is heavily contaminated by As, Pb and Zn and local areas by Cr, Cu and Ni. The residential area is also contaminated by As and some small areas by Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The Cd contamination is detected over large area but it is not exceeding the SQGL value. Natural background values of As and Cr exceed the SQGL values and contribute significantly to the contamination in the residential area. However, the availability is considerably less than anthropogenic contaminants and must therefore be assessed differently. The pre- and post-monsoon sampling over two hydrological cycles in 2002 and 2003 indicate that the As, Cd and Pb contaminants are more mobile and may expect to reach the groundwater. The other contaminants seem to be much more stable. The contamination is especially serious in the industrial area as it is housing a large permanent residing population. The study not only aims at determining the natural background levels of trace elements as a guide for future pollution monitoring but also focuses on the pollution vulnerability of the watershed. A plan of action for remediation is recommended.     

Monitoring regional gradients in atmospheric heavy metal pollution: A comparative application of top-soil,epiphytic moss and plant litter as indicators

Heavy metal levels in top-soils, plant litter and mosses from uninhabited areas of southwest Nigeria were used to examine the gradients of metal contamination levels in the area. Correlations of metal levels between the different materials were poor. However, the highest levels of some of the metals were obtained in all the indicator materials within the higher pollution zones. Thus, the materials were all suitable for discerning the pollution zones.Higher levels of most metals were accumulated in mosses than in soil or litter within the lower and higher pollution zones. The extents of accumulation in the higher pollution zone relative to the lower pollution zone showed that the moss was not necessarily more effective in indicating the gradients in metal levels than the top-soil and plant litter.