东钱湖浮游生物调查以及水质生态学评价

浮游生物的群落组成、细胞密度、优势种群等与水体的营养程度密切相关,是水质污染及营养水平的重要标志.为了了解东钱湖的水质状况,于2007年3月、7月和11月对该湖泊的水质和浮游生物分布进行了调查.结果表明,东钱湖综合营养状态指数(TIL)在38～55之间,属于中～富营养化水平.浮游植物密度为4.65×104～6.07×106个/升,7月大于3月和11月.浮游植物以蓝藻为主,主要优势种为小席藻,螺旋藻等富营养化指示种.从多样性指数和均匀性指数分析来看,东钱湖水质属于中度～重度污染,这与采用相关加权综合营养状态指数法的评价结果一致.浮游动物密度为44～333个/升,3月份主要优势种为长肢多肢轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫,7月份优势种群为晶囊轮虫和角突臂尾轮虫,这几种轮虫为富营养化指示种.     

西安市景观水体营养状态调查及浮游藻类多样性研究

对西安市城区景观水体浮游藻类状况及生物多样性进行了研究。结果表明,7个景观水体中有5个水体的水质未达到Ⅴ类水质标准,主要超标项目为pH值和TN;7个水体的ρ(N)/ρ(P)为16.6~43.6,磷为限制性因子;其中2个水体富营养化严重,DO含量低,水质达不到要求,其优势藻种为蓝藻门,含量占浮游藻类总数的64.3%~93.4%;而水质较好的贫营养水体优势种为黄藻门,含量占到浮游藻类总数的54.3%;通过6种生物多样性指数与景观水体营养状态的拟合,发现MeNaughton's多样性指数适合城区景观水体的富营养化评价。     

古运河营养元素分布特征及富营养化趋势分析

根据2005～2009年各季度对镇江古运河水体多项指标的监测资料,分析了古运河水体中N、P营养元素的时空分布特征,选用营养状态质量指数法对水体营养状态进行了评价,并预测了古运河水体的富营养化趋势。结果表明,古运河水体中营养元素随年度呈先增后减的特征,而年内季度分布不明显,空间分布基本呈从上游向下游递增的规律;2005～2009年,古运河水体连年处于富营养水平,2007年最为严重,但自2007年以来,水体营养水平逐年下降,水体富营养化趋势有所减缓。     

温榆河底栖大型无脊椎动物与水质评价

2006年10月对北京市温榆河12个采样点底栖大型无脊椎动物调查,并设立十三陵水库为对照点.结果表明,温榆河底栖大型无脊椎动物有三大类组成:水栖寡毛类、水生昆虫幼虫和软体动物等13种,水栖寡毛类中的颤蚓科种类和水生昆虫中的羽摇蚊幼虫为优势种,这些均为耐污种类,耐污染指数都在5以上,平均耐污值为8.底栖动物数量也很高,说明温榆河水体受有机污粢较为严重.通过1HB指数评价结果,认为对照点水质为一般水体,温榆河为污染水体到严重污染水体.     

用原生动物评价黑河张掖段水质

利用PFU法对黑河张掖段上、下游的原生动物作了初步调查,共鉴定出原生动物27属35种.根据原生动物种类、数量、生物量、群落的多样性指数、优势种群、污生指数等指标体系对黑河张掖段水质污染进行了评价.分析结果表明,黑河张掖段上游水质明显优于下游水质,下游由于工业、农业和生活污水排入导致水质污染较严重,属中污染.     

水环境指示生物筛选及水质评价方法研究

以齐齐哈尔市近30年地表水生物监测数据、理化监测数据为研究依据,提出一套基于指示生物的地表水体评价方法。该方法将地表水体划分为5个级别,并从中筛选出每个级别对应的指示生物,最终建立一套基于指示生物描述水体污染程度的评价体系。该方法以理化指标为基础,筛选多种优势种作为指示生物,对水体进行综合评价。相比单一生物监测评价指标,该评价方法更能反映整个生态系统状况,从而更客观地反映水体真实情况,有望为地表水体污染评价新方法的建立提供参考。     

“十三五”期间洪泽湖底栖动物多样性调查及趋势分析

基于2015—2020年洪泽湖底栖动物监测数据,利用生物多样性指数模型方法对洪泽湖底栖动物的种类组成及多样性进行分析,并对水质污染状况进行评价,结合广义线性模型方法对洪泽湖生态变化趋势进行预测。结果表明,“十三五”期间洪泽湖底栖动物种类数总体呈上升趋势,生物多样性有所改善,底栖动物优势种均为河蚬。Goodnight-whitely修正指数(GBI)、生物学污染指数(BPI)、生物指数(BI)以及生物耐污敏感性指标指数(BMWP)4种污染状况评价指数对洪泽湖水质评价结果表明,“十三五”期间洪泽湖生态系统状况基本平稳,水质污染状况介于清洁至轻污染之间,龙集镇北的水质状况应引起重视。模型预测结果显示,“十四五”末洪泽湖生物多样性无明显变化,水质持续保持稳定。研究结论可为水生生物多样性保护提供科学依据。     

固城湖水环境现状调查与评价

对固城湖水环境现状进行了调查与评价。结果表明．除湖心区断面枯水期总磷达Ⅳ类标准外,其余断面平、丰、枯水期水质均达Ⅲ类水标准。固城湖水体呈中营养化状态．且综合营养状态指数已接近富营养状态。指出,面源污染,内源污染。养殖污染。流域内的航运污染是造成固城湖水体富营养化的主要原素。提出,应严格控制各类污染源,建立流域内的污水处理厂．保护森林植被．推广使用无磷洗涤剂、生态化肥、生态农药;定期疏浚湖底淤泥,改良现有水生植被结构;加大对固城湖环境、功能和开发利用的研究及湖泊富营养化的研究．对水体中的磷、氮的化学行为及平衡进行分析,预测发展趋势。制定营养物质种类,防止其湖水向藻型湖泊发展。     

南阳市饮用水源区生态监测

2012年1月—2013年12月在鸭河口水库设南河店、安庄、库心、坝下4个监测站,在其下游白河盆窑段面设1个监测站,进行水质的生物监测和理化监测。按水样采集标准方法采样,采用营养状态指数法和污水生物系统法对鸭河口水库水质进行营养状态评价。结果表明,浮游藻类有7门40科90属208种(含变种),其硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻所占的百分比依次为57.79%、23.60%和11.62%;浮游藻类污染指示种5门19科25属36种(含变种),中污型藻类指示种占污染指示种的80.56%;浮游动物有28科30属36种(含变种),仅检出1种β-中污型指示种;除总氮超标外,其他理化指标和微生学指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准。综合评定,南阳市饮用水水源区水质处于中营养状态。     

江阴市主要河流夏季浮游藻类的群落结构及多样性

2011年6—8月采集江阴市6条河流的浮游藻类样品,分析其群落结构及物种多样性,并利用多样性指数、指示性类群和硅藻商对水质进行了生物学评价。共检出浮游藻类6门137属种,平均生物量2.38 mg/L,蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻分别占72.3%、10.2%和8.41%。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的变幅分别为3.34~3.59、4.75~6.40和0.73~0.75,硅藻商变幅为8.3~16.4。多样性指数评价结果表明,水体处于轻或无污染状态;指示性浮游植物类群和硅藻商评价结果表明,河流处于α中污带-β中污滞-多污滞。相关分析表明,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与理化水质因子不显著相关,与悬浮物SS显著负相关,与总有机碳显著正相关。研究认为,指示性浮游植物类群或硅藻商更适于作为城市河流水质评价的生物指标。     

Assessment of dissolved heavy metal in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea, China

The purpose of this paper is to determine the concentrations of dissolved heavy metals namely mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) and to investigate the relationships between nutrients (nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate) and dissolved heavy metals. For this purpose, the concentrations of dissolved heavy metals were measured through 51 voyages form 1984 to 2006 in the Yangtze river estuary and its adjacent sea. Results analysis showed that dissolved heavy metals were not the main pollutants in the Yangtze river estuary, and the main source of heavy metal contamination was industrial wastewater from terrestrial pollution during the past 20 years. Heavy metal values showed significant abundance in the south branch of the Yangtze River estuary and Hangzhou Bay. In addition, Pb showed negative correlation with nutrients, while the positive correlations between Hg, Cd, and nutrients were shown. The obtained molar ratios, $\Delta \mbox{Cd}/\Delta \mbox{N} = 1.68 \times 10^{-5}$ and $\Delta \mbox{Cd}/\Delta \mbox{P} = 1.66 \times 10^{-4}$ , are close to those in plankton, showing the biogeochemical behavior and process of dissolved cadmium.     

Impacts of pesticides in a Central California estuary

Recent and past studies have documented the prevalence of pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides in urban and agricultural watersheds in California. While toxic concentrations of these pesticides have been found in freshwater systems, there has been little research into their impacts in marine receiving waters. Our study investigated pesticide impacts in the Santa Maria River estuary, which provides critical habitat to numerous aquatic, terrestrial, and avian species on the central California coast. Runoff from irrigated agriculture constitutes a significant portion of Santa Maria River flow during most of the year, and a number of studies have documented pesticide occurrence and biological impacts in this watershed. Our study extended into the Santa Maria watershed coastal zone and measured pesticide concentrations throughout the estuary, including the water column and sediments. Biological effects were measured at the organism and community levels. Results of this study suggest the Santa Maria River estuary is impacted by current-use pesticides. The majority of water samples were highly toxic to invertebrates (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca), and chemistry evidence suggests toxicity was associated with the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, or mixtures of both classes of pesticides. A high percentage of sediment samples were also toxic in this estuary, and sediment toxicity occurred when mixtures of chlorpyrifos and pyrethroid pesticides exceeded established toxicity thresholds. Based on a Relative Benthic Index, Santa Maria estuary stations where benthic macroinvertebrate communities were assessed were degraded. Impacts in the Santa Maria River estuary were likely due to the proximity of this system to Orcutt Creek, the tributary which accounts for most of the flow to the lower Santa Maria River. Water and sediment samples from Orcutt Creek were highly toxic to invertebrates due to mixtures of the same pesticides measured in the estuary. This study suggests that the same pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides that have been shown to cause water and sediment toxicity in urban and agriculture water bodies throughout California, have the potential to affect estuarine habitats. The results establish baseline data in the Santa Maria River estuary to allow evaluation of ecosystem improvement as management initiatives to reduce pesticide runoff are implemented in this watershed.     

Relation of fish and shellfish distributions to habitat and water quality in the Mobile Bay estuary, USA

The Mobile Bay estuary in the northern Gulf of Mexico provides a rich habitat for many fish and shellfish, including those identified as economically and ecologically important. The National Estuary Program in Mobile Bay has focused on restoration of degraded estuarine habitat on which these species depend. To support this effort, we used statistical techniques of ordination, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis to relate distributions of individual fish and shellfish species and species assemblages to two dozen water quality and habitat variables in a geo-referenced database. Species appeared to respond to dominant gradients of low to high salinity and upland to offshore habitat area; many of the 15 communities identified via cluster analysis showed aggregated spatial distributions that could be related to habitat characteristics. Species in the Mobile River Delta were distinct from those in other areas of the estuary. This analysis supports habitat management in the Mobile Bay estuary; however, due to mobility of organisms among sampling locations and the dynamic environmental conditions in estuaries, we conclude that the analyses presented here are most appropriate for an evaluation of the estuary as a whole.     

Dissolved organic iodine in marine waters: role in the estuarine geochemistry of iodine

Non-volatile dissolved organic iodine (DOI) can be a major, or even the dominant, species of dissolved I in coastal, inshore and estuarine waters. It can be converted to IO3- in the presence of an oxidizing agent and to I- by reacting it with a reducing agent. Depending on the exact experimental conditions, the yields of these reactions may not be quantitative. In previous analytical schemes for the determination of IO3-, I- and DOI in marine waters, if oxidation or reduction steps are involved and the concentrations of one or more species are estimated by difference, the presence of DOI can lead to an overestimation of the concentrations of the inorganic species determined by difference and an underestimation of the concentration of DOI. In two cruises covering the James River to the southern Chesapeake Bay and from the southern Chesapeake Bay to the Atlantic, above a salinity (S) of 2, the contribution of DOI to total I increased with decreasing salinity and reached a maximum of 80%. DOI, I- and IO3- were successively the dominant form of dissolved I at 0.1 < S < 15 in the James River estuary, 15 < S < 30 in the Southern Chesapeake Bay and S > 30 in the Atlantic Ocean at the Bay mouth, respectively. Total I behaved conservatively (i.e., no evidence of consumption or production) during estuarine mixing during both cruises. In the southern Chesapeake Bay, total inorganic I was also approximately conservative. The primary process affecting the speciation of dissolved I was the conversion of IO3- to I-. In the James River estuary, there were indications of the conversion of both IO3- and I- to DOI. The concentrations of total I, IO3-, I- and DOI in James River water were 0.121, undetectable, 0.068 and 0.053 microM, respectively. These concentrations of total I and I- are significantly higher while that of IO3- is noticeably lower than those used presently for estimating global riverine input of these I species to the oceans. The riverine flux of DOI to the oceans is presently unknown.     

浙江北部海域春季浮游动物的群落结构研究

根据2007年春季在浙江北部海域所采集的浮游动物样品,对该调查海域浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量和生物多样性进行了探讨,采用多元统计软件PRIMER 5分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构。研究结果表明,调查海域共鉴定各类浮游动物62种、浮游幼虫12种,合计74种。经统计共有2种优势种,分别是中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和五角水母(Muggiaea atlantica)。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布比较相似,主要分布在调查海域的东部和东南部,并存在着向东南方向呈递增的趋势,而在杭州湾内的值比较小。调查海域浮游动物生物多样性比较低,平均值为1.54。根据对本次调查获得的浮游动物群落结构的聚类分析,主要存在着两个生态类群,群落Ⅰ为沿岸低盐群落,群落Ⅱ为暖温带近海群落。     

Spatial distribution and quantification of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in Sado River estuary, Portugal

The important Portuguese Sado River estuary has never been investigated for the presence of potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as natural estrogens (estradiol, estrone), pharmaceutical estrogens (17α-ethynylestradiol), phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein and biochanin A), or industrial chemicals (4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and bisphenol A). Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate their presence at 13 sampling points distributed between both the industrial and the natural reserve areas of the estuary, zones 1 and 2, respectively. For that, water samples collected in summer and winter were processed by solid phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Results showed that estrone, ethynylestradiol, all the aforementioned phytoestrogens as well as bisphenol A and 4-octylphenol were found in zone 1. In zone 2, neither estrogens nor 4-OP were found. However, in the same zone, daidzein (500 ng/L) and genistein (320 ng/L) attained their highest levels in summer, whereas biochanin A peaked in winter (170 ng/L). Furthermore, bisphenol A was also found in some areas of zone 2, but showed similar concentrations in both surveys (about 220 ng/L). This study demonstrated that the Sado River estuary had low EDCs levels, suggesting that the Sado’s high hydrodynamic activity may be involved in the dilution of local pollution. It was suggested that at the current levels of concentrations, all assayed EDCs are unlikely to individually cause endocrine disruption in local animals. However, under a continuous exposure scenario, an additive and/or synergistic action of the estrogenic chemicals load can not be excluded, and so, continuous monitoring is advisable.     

综合遥感与地面观测的巢湖水体富营养化评价

提出一种将地面观测数据空间插值与遥感反演结合的湖泊富营养化评价方法与业务化运行模式。对叶绿素a等可反演参数利用遥感影像反演,并利用实测值校正获得高精度反演结果;对总磷等不易反演参数采用空间插值获取全湖区数据,采用综合营养指数法对巢湖富营养化状态进行反演,获得2015年5月12日巢湖富营养化状态空间分布情况。结果表明,巢湖全湖为轻度和中度富营养化状态,呈现出西半湖高于东半湖的总体空间分布趋势。结合相关数据对巢湖富营养化成因进行推断,认为南淝河等上游河流各类营养物质输入量较大是造成西半湖北部富营养化严重的主要成因;西南部杭埠河等河流氮磷输入量较大,但其他营养物质输入较少,使得该区域总体呈现出富营养化程度偏低的现象。     

Distribution of perfluorinated compounds in water, sediment, biota and floating plants in Baiyangdian Lake, China

The distribution of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in Baiyangdian Lake, China, was determined in this study. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant PFC in lake water (1.70-73.5 ng L(-1), median 9.72 ng L(-1)), while perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC in sediments (0.06-0.64 ng g(-1) dry wt, median 0.19 ng g(-1) dry wt) and in aquatic animals (0.57-13.7 ng g(-1) wet wt, median 2.56 ng g(-1) wet wt). Significant differences in PFC levels were observed among various aquatic animals. We also determined, for the first time, the PFC levels in floating plants, including Ceratophyllum demersum L., Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Backer and Salvinia natans (L.), and we found that PFOA and PFNA were the dominant PFCs in these plants. Furthermore, floating plants were observed to have different composition profiles compared to aquatic animals. Geographical differences in PFC levels were also observed, with higher PFC levels in samples from the north part of Baiyangdian Lake than those in the south. The differences in human and industrial activities in different parts of the lake and the discharged wastewater from the Fuhe River may be the major contributors for these geographical differences.     

松花江底栖动物分布规律及与理化评价差异研究

2012—2015年对松花江干流11个断面21个点位进行底栖动物群落监测,在7种单一指数评价的基础上运用简单的叠加法进行综合评价,并与常规理化监测与评价进行了比较。结果显示,与2012年相比,2013年松花江干流底栖动物物种较丰富,各点位评价结果有所提升;2015年摆渡镇-同江段多为清洁等级,水环境生态质量稳中趋好,下游改善明显。结果显示,生物学评价与理化评价存在明显的差异,在水质改善的过程中生物学评价更灵敏、更显著。