伴生放射性矿物资源开发应用中的环境问题与管理

针对我省在伴生放射性矿物资源开发应用中存在的环境污染问题,提出了加强放射性矿物的管理意见。内容涉及伴生矿鉴别依据;加强放射环境影响评价;利用工业废渣制造建筑材料和掺渣建材产品中放射性核控制标准、建筑用花岗岩板材的放射性核素控制标准以及放射性“三废”治理与排放限值诸方面,以供环境管理部门参考。     

对新疆某铀伴生煤矿辐射环境影响分析及污染防治探讨

通过对新疆某煤矿辐射环境影响问题的调查与分析，阐明铀伴生煤矿对周围环境存在着不同程度的放射性影响，并在调查与分析的基础上，针对调查煤矿日前存在的问题提出了一些污染防治的对策和措施，以期为今后伴生放射性煤矿的环境管理决策提供有力依据。     

核电厂放射性流出物监测工作探讨

简述了放射性流出物监测的重要性,分析了我国核电厂放射性流出物监测中存在问题,探讨了借鉴国际原子能机构安全及相关标准开展我国核电厂放射性流出物监测的管理机制、监测方案、监测报告和质量保证等具体要求与方法,并提出提升技术基础能力、完善法规标准、加强监管力度的建议.     

国家环境保护局结束对新疆城市放射性废物库的检查

为加强对全国放射性废物、放射性废源的管理，国家环境保护局组织了对全国各省市自治区城市放射性废物库的检查。1997年9月11～15日，国家环保局检查组一行六人来新疆维吾尔自治区进行检查，听取了新疆辐射环境监理站的汇报，视察了实验室，并着重对新疆维吾尔自治区城市放射性废物库和吐鲁番一哈密油田中子源库进行了认真检查。检查组最后进行了总结，认为“新疆辐射环境监理站能够认真落实国家环保局第三次全国辐射环境管理工作会议精神，实现辐射环境L条龙’管理。管理制度严格，档案制度严格，工作态度积极，较好地完成了放射性废物（…     

2016—2020年云南土壤放射性水平及其变化趋势分析

根据2011—2020年云南辐射环境质量土壤国省控点²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、¹³⁷Cs、⁹⁰Sr的监测结果，给出云南环境土壤放射性水平，得出云南环境土壤放射性水平总体平稳；云南环境土壤国省控点²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K的监测结果与云南省环境天然放射性水平调查结果相近，与云南土壤²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K分布趋势基本吻合；云南土壤²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra活度浓度略低于全国平均水平；由于大气迁移、沉降作用，早期核试验、核事故释放的核素¹³⁷Cs、⁹⁰Sr在云南环境土壤均有不同程度的检出。云南属伴生放射性矿产资源大省，滇西南某地...     

克拉玛依市核技术应用单位安全监管中应注意的几个问题

克拉玛依市的核技术应用逐渐增多，带给人们在工作、生活等方面快捷和高效的同时，随之也带来了潜在的辐射安全隐患，辐射风险由此增加。本文探讨了在辐射环境管理中监管执法面临的实际问题和解决问题的思路。强调了监管的重要性。     

稀土加工行业放射性污染危害及监测

由于稀土矿物中伴生钍系和铀系天然放射性核素,稀土生产存在对环境的放射性污染.我们对江苏省部分稀土加工厂的放射性污染进行了调查和监测,本文就这些厂放射性污染的影响、危害及监测问题进行分析和讨论.一、稀土原料辐射水平我省稀土工业以稀土冶炼为主,稀土企业大部分为采用湿法冶炼的稀土分离厂,其次为采用干法冶炼的稀土合金冶炼厂和混合稀土金属冶炼厂.稀土原料均来自省外,主要有氯化稀土、稀土精矿和稀土富渣三种.为了     

四川省城市放射性废物库的环境影响分析

文章以四川省城市放射性废物库为研究对象,按照国家及地方的相关法律法规,通过多年对废物库进行辐射环境监测,分析研究城市放射性废物库对周围环境的影响。分析研究结果表明,城市放射性废物库的建设和安全运行,对周围环境几乎无影响,能有效保障辐射环境安全。     

甘肃省伴生放射性矿物资源开发利用中固体废弃物处置技术初探

文中针对甘肃省伴生放射生矿物资源开发利用中的放射环境污染问题，进行了伴生矿固体废弃物处置技术研究。以期达到减少污染，保护环境，保护公众健康的目的。     

新疆城市放射性废物库环境放射性调查

本文分析了新疆城市放射性废物库2012—2016年的γ剂量率、中子剂量率、表面沾污、氡浓度、土壤中放射性核素比活度以及地表水核素含量变化情况。监测结果表明:新疆城市放射性废物库库区内新库、老暂存库以及库外周围γ辐射剂量率和中子剂量率均处于乌鲁木齐市正常本底水平,表面沾污和氡浓度均未见异常,库区周围环境地表水白鸟湖总α、总β放射性浓度均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》,土壤中γ核素均在乌鲁木齐市环境土壤天然放射性水平范围中。通过废物库的监测,对掌握新疆城市放射性废物库周边放射性水平,开展环境辐射评价提供了科学依据。     

高风险移动放射源风险管控模糊综合评价

根据高风险移动放射源辐射安全风险特点与辐射事故经验反馈,结合辐射安全监管部门和企业实际,在充分调研的基础上,构建高风险移动放射源辐射安全风险管控评价指标体系,体系分为目标层、准则层和方案层,准则层8项指标,方案层40项指标。采用层次分析法确定各指标权重,运用模糊综合评价方法对甘肃省7家高风险移动放射源企业进行评价,结果表明决策层指标权重较大,与实际情况相符。     

2016—2021年四川省城市放射性废物库库区辐射环境监测

为提高四川省城市放射性废物库的安全管理水平，确保库区辐射环境安全和库内放射源实体安全，对2016—2021年四川省城市放射性废物库的库区环境监测结果进行了分析。分析表明：库区的γ辐射剂量率满足《核技术利用放射性废物贮存库选址、设计与建造技术要求》(试行)的要求，库区表面污染水平满足《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》(GB 18871—2002)的规定，库区气溶胶历年监测数据一致性较好。此外，库区完善的安防措施为库区的安全运行提供了有力保障。四川省城市放射性废物库的运行未对库区环境造成不良影响，库区辐射环境质量良好。废物库的运行状态良好，库区辐射安全可控，其安全运行对保障全省核技术利用产业的发展和辐射环境的安全起到了重要作用。     

放射源远程自动监控管理体系的构建

以苏州的若干家放射源使用单位为例,从点位源的剂量监测、视频监控、红外报警、数据传输等方面出发,围绕提高放射源自动监控这一主题,展开了放射源远程自动监控体系的探索.     

Radiological study of exposure levels in El Maghara underground coal mine

Coal is largely composed of organic matter, but it is the inorganic matter in coal minerals and trace elements that have been cited as possible causes of health, environmental and technological problems associated with the use of coal. Some trace elements in coal are naturally radioactive. These radioactive elements include uranium (U), thorium (Th) and their numerous decay products, including radium (Ra) and radon (Rn). Although these elements are less chemically toxic than other coal constituents, such as arsenic, selenium or mercury, questions have been raised concerning the possible risk from radiation. In order to accurately address these questions and to predict the mobility of radioactive elements during the coal fuel cycle, it is important to determine the specific activity, distribution and form of radioactive elements in coal. The assessment of the radiation exposure from coal burning is critically dependent on the specific activity of radioactive elements in coal and in the fly ash that remains after combustion. The El-Maghara coal mine is the only producing coal mine in Egypt. It is located in the middle of the Sinai desert about 250 km north-east of Cairo, where a coal-fired power plant is intended to be built. In this study, a pre-operational radiological baseline of the site and the occupational radiation exposures due to radon progeny in the mine were determined. The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil and coal dust samples collected along the main gallery ranges were found to be 6-22.9, 9.6-47.3 and 77-489 Bq kg-1, respectively. Soil samples collected around the mine showed concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the ranges 2.7-20.2, 3.2-12.6 and 14.6-201 Bq kg-1, respectively. All of the mean values of radon progeny were lower than the action levels for working places recommended in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 65.     

The fate and behaviour of enhanced natural radioactivity with respect to environmental protection

In contrast to the monitoring and prevention of occupational radiation risk caused by enhanced natural radioactivity, relatively little attention has been paid to the environmental impact associated with residues containing enhanced activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides. Such materials are often deposited directly into the environment, a practice which is strictly forbidden in the management of other types of radioactive waste. In view of the new trends in radiation protection, the need to consider the occurrence of anthropogenically enhanced natural radioactivity as a particular unique case of environmental hazard is quite apparent. Residues containing high activity concentrations of some natural radionuclides differ from radioactive materials arising from the nuclear industry. In addition, the radiation risk is usually combined with the risk caused by other pollutants. As such and to date, there are no precise regulations regarding this matter and moreover, the non-nuclear industry is often not aware of potential environmental problems caused by natural radioactivity. This article discusses aspects of environmental radiation risks caused by anthropogenically enhanced natural radioactivity stored at unauthorised sites. Difficulties and inconclusiveness in the application of recommendations and models for radiation risk assessment are explored. General terms such as “environmental effects” and the basic parameters necessary to carry out consistent and comparable Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) have been developed and defined.     

放射源管理体制的改革

随着核技术应用领域的逐步扩展、放射源数量的增多及辐射事故突发频率的提高，2003年《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》发布并实施，该法明确了环境保护行政主管部门对放射源实行统一监督管理的职能。此项职能移交，逐步解决了放射源多家管理存在的问题和隐患，理顺了放射源监管体系，使我国放射源监管水平有望趋于国际化。     

Integrated exposure-monitoring

This paper outlines briefly the history of radiation protection, touches on some of the early incidents of overexposure, describes monitoring (detection and measurement) methods and the development of standards for health protection, and compares the monitoring of radioactive materials to that of nonradioactive toxic chemicals. The authors suggest that the lessons learned from the radiation experience will be helpful in dealing with the current problems of hazardous chemicals. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** AZ802019 00005     

Application of an environmental impact assessment methodology to a site discharging low levels of radioactivity to a freshwater environment in Norway

Significant shifts in opinion regarding environmental protection from ionising radiation have resulted in the development and availability of bespoke approaches for the assessment of impacts on wildlife from radioactive contaminants. The application of such assessment methodologies to actual situations, however, remains relatively limited. This paper describes the implementation of the ERICA Integrated Approach and associated tools within the context of routine discharges of radioactive materials to a freshwater environment. The article follows the implementation through its relevant stages and discusses strengths and weaknesses of the approach in relation to the case study. For current discharge levels, ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co constitute the main dose contributors to the majority of reference organisms studied, although ²⁴¹Am and ³H are the main contributors for the phyto- and zooplankton categories. Patterns are observed depending on whether the reference organism is sediment-associated or not. At current discharge levels, none of the reference organisms exceeded or approached the selected screening level, and impacts on biota could be regarded as negligible.     

Fragmentation of extracellular DNA by long-term exposure to radiation from uranium in aquatic environments

Persistent harmful scenarios associated with disposal of radioactive waste, high-background radiation areas and severe nuclear accidents are of great concern regarding consequences to both human health and the environment. Of particular concern is the extracellular DNA in aquatic environments contaminated by radiological substances. Strand breaks induced by radiation promote decrease in the transformation efficiency for extracellular DNA. The focus of this study is the quantification of DNA damage following long-term exposure (over one year) to low doses of natural uranium (an alpha particle emitter) to simulate natural conditions, since nothing is known about alpha radiation induced damage to extracellular DNA. A high-resolution Atomic Force Microscope was used to evaluate DNA fragments. Double-stranded plasmid pBS as a model for extracellular DNA was exposed to different amounts of natural uranium. It was demonstrated that low concentrations of U in water (50 to 150 ppm) produce appreciable numbers of double strand breaks, scaling with the square of the average doses. The importance of these findings for environment monitoring of radiological pollution is addressed.