强化汽车排气污染治理改善兰州大气环境质量

分析了兰州废气主要污染物排放量，表明机动车排气污染物排放量已上升到占兰州废气污染物排放总量的３０％。指出了其严重性和危害性。对汽车排气污染防治技术作了简析，提出了防治汽车排气污染的建议和对策。     

湟水河生物性污染及对黄河水质的影响

报告湟水河多年来生物性污染的监测结果，从监测结果看出，湟水河的污染是黄河兰州段生物污染的生物污染的重要来源。     

兰州市排水对黄河兰州下游段的水质影响

讨论了黄河兰州下游段水质变化规律，介绍四龙口上断面水质综合评价结论及四个污染项目，着重分析污染项目的污染原因，得出兰州市排水对四个项目污染影响程度的结论。     

黄河兰州段水污染现状调查与防治

阐述了黄河兰州段水资源环境污染现状及存在的问题，提出了防治措施与建议。     

黄河兰州段苯系物污染现状调查与评价

在对黄河兰州段（小川－宁安波）污染源调查、取样分析的基础上,利用气相色谱分析数据评价了苯系物对该河段的污染现状。结果表明：兰州河段除小川断面未受到污染外,其它各断面已受到了严重污染,苯、对二甲苯污染指数超标数１０倍。并就今后兰州段开展苯系物的监测,促使废污水达标排放提出了一些建议。     

实施全过程污染控制是实现污水达标排放的根本保证

结合兰州炼油厂的环保工作实际，从建设项目“三同时”、清洁生产、污染治理、环境管理等不同角度，全面论述了实施全过程污染控制是实现污水达标排放的根本保证。     

大气细粒子研究进展

根据国内外对大气细粒子的研究情况，系统综述了其危害和污染源特征，并对目前的研究方法以及细粒子的污染特征进行论述，污染特征包括细粒子质量浓度的时间、空间分布和来源解析．     

兰州市区大气污染治理方案的初步研究

兰州是国内大气污染最严重的几个大城市之一，煤烟型污染是其主要原因，根据兰州的自然环境、技术、经济条件，认为采用集中供热、煤制气、型煤等工程为主要技术措施，制定大气污染治理方案是适宜的，初步计算表明其环境效益是明显的。     

齐齐哈尔市大气微生物污染水平

通过对不同月份大气微生物数据分析得出：一年中１、２月份污染轻；６～１０月份污染重，通过对不同功能区大气微生物数据分析得出：人群密集、绿化差的“一百”采样点污染重，人群稀疏、绿化较好的“二厂”采样点污染较轻．与此同时应用制定的污染分级标准划分了各功能区、各月污染状况．     

克拉玛依市区大气尘污染研究

对克拉玛依市区大气尘污染的特征及变化规律进行了全面的分析和研究。结果表明，市区的尘污染有加重的趋势，降尘属中度污染，道路尘污 染也较严重。提出了一些具体的防治对策。     

南通市某钢丝绳行业集中区降尘中重金属污染状况评价

针对南通市钢丝绳行业集中区重金属污染问题,分析降尘中的铅、镉、铬、铜、镍、铁、锌、锰等重金属含量,并采用污染指数法和地累积指数法对降尘中重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该集中区降尘中重金属污染程度依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr,铅、锌为主要污染因子,铅、锌污染级别均处于重污染级别。     

室外空气污染对成人呼吸系统健康影响的分析

报告在广州、武汉、兰州、重庆市 8所小学共 80 0 0余名学生父母患呼吸系统疾病的病症率受空气污染影响的分析结果。每个城市城区污染点的成人感冒咳嗽和咳痰、未感冒咳嗽和咳痰、支气管炎等病症的发生率均高于相应城市的郊区对照点 ,且男性比女性更高。呼吸系统的病症率与空气 PM1 0 、PM2 .5 污染呈正相关。调整了混杂因子的影响后 ,这种相关关系仍保持不变。结论是 :空气中 PM1 0 的污染与成人 (男女 )的感冒或未感冒时咳嗽、男性未感冒时咳痰、哮喘、支气管炎有明显正相关关系 ;空气 SO2 污染与成人 (男女 )感冒时咳嗽、咳痰呈显著正相关 ;空气中 NOx 污染对成人呼吸系统病症率的影响相对较弱     

黄河流域甘肃段面源污染估算与空间分析

采用遥感分布式面源污染评估模型（DPeRS）,对2018年黄河流域(甘肃段)面源污染空间分布特征进行分析,具体包括多类型污染量产排特征解析和流域优先管控单元识别。结果表明,污染量上,2018年黄河流域（甘肃段）总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃^-N)、化学需氧量(COD_Cr)的面源污染排放负荷分别为65.6,11.8,19.1和77.2 kg/km²,入河量分别为836.7,33.3,220.2和1 353.3 t;空间分布上,氮型(TN和NH₃^-N)排放负荷高值区主要分布在流域中部和东部局部地区,流域大部分地区TP排放负荷均较高,COD_Cr面源污染排放负荷高值区分布较为零散。与排放负荷相比,黄河流域（甘肃段）面源污染入河负荷并不突出,这与该地区水资源量少有密切关系。筛选出黄河流域（甘肃段）面源污染优先控制单元15个,面积占比为85.2%,I类优控单元主要分布在庆阳市、天水市、兰州市和白银市等地区,II类优控单元主要分布在甘南藏族自治州,且TN、TP、NH₃^-N和COD_Cr面源污染优控单元识别结果的平均精度达到80%。     

Siting analyses for water quality sampling in a catchment

Pollution loads discharged from upstream development or human activities significantly degrade the water quality of a reservoir. The design of an appropriate water quality sampling network is therefore important for detecting potential pollution events and monitoring pollution trends. However, under a limited budgetary constraint, how to site an appropriate number of sampling stations is a challenging task. A previous study proposed a method applying the simulated annealing algorithm to design the sampling network based on three cost factors including the number of reaches, bank length, and subcatchment area. However, these factors are not directly related to the distribution of possible pollution. Thus, this study modified the method by considering three additional factors, i.e. total phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment loads. The larger the possible load, the higher the probability of a pollution event may occur. The study area was the Derchi reservoir catchment in Taiwan. Pollution loads were derived from the AGNPS model with rainfall intensity estimated using the Thiessen method. Analyses for a network with various numbers of sampling sites were implemented. The results obtained based on varied cost factors were compared and discussed. With the three additional factors, the chosen sampling network is expected to properly detect pollution events and monitor pollution distribution and temporal trends.     

A GIS-based Study for Optimizing the Total Emission Control Strategy in Lanzhou City

A geographic information system (GIS)-based approach with spatial analysis advantages was developed to optimize the total emission control scheme on air pollution in Lanzhou, combined with Models-3 modeling system and a linear programming model. GIS system is mainly used for establishing a multifactor assessment model to quantitatively divide environmental functional zone, and also used for selecting control sites in linear programming model. The results show that most of the urban area belongs to the second type of function, which is 122.8 km² occupying about 76.5% and the third type of about 32.9 km² occupying 20.5%. To reach the air quality up to the national standard in the entire control area, some large-emission factories need to cut emissions from 19% to 27%. For small but low-emission height sources, the cut may be as high 40%. The improvement of the ecological environment is urgently needed for controlling the background particle pollution in Lanzhou city.     

Assessment of urban sustainability efficiency based on general data envelopment analysis: a case study of two cities in western and eastern China

Sustainable urban development focuses on enhancing urban well-being, while also balancing the demands of urban social and economic development, natural resource consumption, and environmental pollution. This work used general data envelopment analysis to assess the urban sustainability efficiency (USE) and sustainability potential (SP) in Lanzhou and Xiamen, two cities that are characteristic of urban areas in western and eastern China. The assessment indicator system included important natural and urban welfare factors as input and output indices, respectively. The results showed that overall urban sustainability efficiency increased in Lanzhou and Xiamen from 1985 to 2010, but that the sustainability of natural resources clearly decreased. The urban sustainability efficiency of Xiamen was higher than that of Lanzhou, and the sustainability potential of Xiamen was lower than that of Lanzhou; this indicates that Xiamen performed better in terms of urban sustainable development. The urban sustainability efficiency in Xiamen has increased with increasing urban population, and the rate and scale of economic development have been higher than in Lanzhou. The assessment and analysis performed in this study show that cities with different natural resources and development characteristics have different forms, patterns, and trajectories of sustainable development.     

江苏近岸海域富营养化现状评价与成因分析

应用综合污染指数法和富营养化指数法评价了2010年度江苏近岸海域水质状况。结果表明,50%的海水水质测点已显现出不同程度的富营养化迹象;影响江苏近岸海域的首要污染物为无机氮和活性磷酸盐,二者污染分担率之和近50%;现阶段造成江苏近岸海域水体富营养化的主要因素来源于入海河流和直排海污染源的氮磷输入,与"十五"末相比,全省主要入海河流TN排放量增长约284%,TP排放量增长约451%。     

Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments

Heavy metal pollution of sediments is a growing concern in most parts of the world, and numerous studies focussed on identifying contaminated sediments by using a range of digestion methods and pollution indices to estimate sediment contamination have been described in the literature. The current work provides a critical review of the more commonly used sediment digestion methods and identifies that weak acid digestion is more likely to provide guidance on elements that are likely to be bioavailable than other traditional methods of digestion. This work also reviews common pollution indices and identifies the Nemerow Pollution Index as the most appropriate method for establishing overall sediment quality. Consequently, a modified Pollution Index that can lead to a more reliable understanding of whole sediment quality is proposed. This modified pollution index is then tested against a number of existing studies and demonstrated to give a reliable and rapid estimate of sediment contamination and quality.     

我国西北典型大城市大气可吸入颗粒物浓度分布特征

我国西北地区冬季寒冷、春季多风沙天气,空气中的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度较高,利用兰州、西宁、乌鲁木齐、银川、呼和浩特等城市2000年6月～2007年12月每日浓度最高的大气主要污染物(SO2,NO2,PM10)浓度资料,研究了5个省会城市PM10分布特征。结果表明,五个城市PM10污染都较严重,PM10为主要污染物的日数每月平均超过20天。五个城市的季节分布特征类似,冬春季浓度较高,平均值都达到了国家二级污染标准,夏秋季相对低一些。其中,兰州和乌鲁木齐冬季浓度值远高于其他城市。五个城市均属煤烟沙尘型污染,但煤烟和沙尘的影响程度有所不同。