室内外空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统影响的研究

通过对污染区和对照区 2 0 0 0多名学龄儿童呼吸系统症状、疾病患病率比较 ,并运用非条件 Logistic回归分析方法 ,就室内外空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统健康的影响 ,进行了研究。结果显示 ,污染区室内外空气污染较严重 ,大气中TSP、SO2 和 NOx 的浓度均超过国家二级标准 ,其儿童呼吸系统症状、疾病患病率明显高于对照区。对儿童呼吸系统发病有显著影响的环境因素是 :大气污染、被动吸烟、家庭燃煤、冬季取暖和室内油烟污染程度。其中咳嗽与以上五个因素有显著的正相关关系 (P<0 .0 5) ;除被动吸烟外 ,支气管炎与其它四个因素呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 5) ;咳痰与大气污染、被动吸烟、冬季取暖和室内油烟污染程度 ,气喘和呼吸系统疾病住院率与大气污染和室内油烟污染正相关关系显著 (P<0 .0 5)。哮喘与室内外空气污染无显著的统计学联系     

儿童呼吸系统疾病对肺功能影响的探讨

通过 1 995～ 1 996年 3次肺功能测量和家庭健康问卷调查发现 ,患过感冒咳嗽、咳痰、气喘、哮喘和支气管炎的儿童中 FEV1 / FVC、FEV1 /预测值以及 FVC/预测值的异常率比未患过这 5种疾病的儿童都高 ,且前者达到显著性水平。FVC/预测值、FEV1 /预测值有部分疾病异常率达到显著水平。患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量异常的儿童比未患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量正常儿童的 FVC调整预测值下降 3 4 5～ 4 1 8ml,FEV1 调整预测值下降 3 56～ 4 75ml,FEV1 /FVC平均下降 1 4 .2 %～ 1 9.4 %。说明曾患过呼吸系统疾病儿童的肺功能已受到了一定程度的影响     

学龄儿童呼吸系统疾病、症状影响因素研究

用非条件 Logistic回归分析方法研究空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统疾病、症状的影响。结果表明 ,控制年龄、性别、父亲和母亲受教育水平、住房结构、家庭烹饪燃料、厨房抽风设备、被动吸烟等因素 ,污染区儿童因呼吸系统疾病住院、患支气管炎和出现喘息症状的危险性分别是相对清洁区的 1 .6、1 .5和 1 .2倍 ;不感冒咳嗽或不感冒咳痰的发生与室外空气污染水平的关系均不明显 ;家庭烹饪使用不洁燃料、厨房通风不良、被动吸烟使喘息症状的发生机会增加 (尤其是厨房的通风状况不良 )     

重庆大气气溶胶污染现状与回顾

通过近几年重庆市大气气溶胶污染的监测及几种监测方法的比较 ,介绍了重庆大气气溶胶的污染现状 ,推导出TSP手工与自动采样之间、PM1 0 和地面站 β射线法测定结果之间、PM1 0 和 PM2 .5 之间浓度的定量关系。以此 ,计算出大气气溶胶从 1 981年至 1 998年的逐年变化值。这些都为环境管理和烟尘治理提供了科学数据     

淮安市区大气中颗粒物PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染水平

通过对淮安市大气颗粒物中PM10、PM2．5的监测与污染水平分析，得出了淮安市区PM10与PM2．5浓度呈冬秋季高，夏春季低的特征。PM2.5和PM10的比值范围在0．62～0．65之间，即PM2．5在PM10以下颗粒物中所占比例大约为63％。     

北京地区PM_(2.5)与空气污染物的关系模型

为了研究北京地区PM2.5与空气污染物的质量浓度关系。从PM2.5监测网收集2013-04-01~2014-05-15期间PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3等主要空气污染物数据,用多元线性回归模型建立PM2.5与空气污染物的质量浓度关系。结果表明:北京地区PM2.5与空气污染物PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3的质量浓度相关系数分别为0.9172、0.6332、0.7683、0.8166和-0.1797,优化的拟合方程为:[PM2.5]=-22.5925+0.569109×[PM10]+23.94913×[CO]+0.113025×[BPM2.5],模型的估算值与观测值相关系数为0.9426,此方程能较好地模拟北京地区的PM2.5质量浓度。     

基于GIS的石家庄市PM10和PM2.5时空分布研究

利用2018年261个乡镇环境空气自动监测站监测数据,结合GIS空间分析技术,对石家庄市PM10和PM2.5的时空污染特征进行了研究。结果表明,石家庄地区PM10和PM2.5污染的空间分布整体表现为西北部山区好于东南部的平原地区,主城区好于周边县(市、区)的特征。采暖期PM10和PM2.5的污染程度明显重于非采暖期。PM2.5稳定性差于PM10,PM10和PM2.5的稳定性与污染程度具有一定的负相关性,表现出污染越轻的区域稳定性越差。两者的日均值浓度变化在时间序列上呈极强正相关,且污染越重的区域时间相关性越强。与日均值相关性不同,污染程度越轻的区域PM10和PM2.5年均值的线性相关性越强。     

兰州市空气污染物的变化规律与特征

论述了兰州市 1 993～ 1 996年间 ,室内外空气污染物 ,特别是一些非常规监测指标 ,如 PM1 0 、PM2 .5～ 1 0 和 PM2 .5 的污染规律和分布特征。结果表明兰州市仍以尘污染为主 ,PM1 0 在 TSP中平均占 3 3 %左右 ,而 PM2 .5 占了 PM1 0 的大部分     

2015年新疆阿克苏市沙尘污染与气象因素关系的分析

应用阿克苏市国家基准站及2个环保局监测站2015年大风沙尘天气过程前后PM10浓度变化及其与污染源、NECP全球再分析资料、风、监测站周边环境等关系进行分析.结果表明,阿克苏市春季沙尘天气的首要污染物均为PM10,PM10的变化曲线呈正态分布,春季中度及以上污染日均出现在污染日当日或次日.造成阿克苏市沙尘天气污染源分本地型、外来型以及二者共同影响型三种.本地型沙尘污染强度取决于北风风速大小及强风持续时间,PM10浓度变化与风速呈正相关.而外来型污染多发生在本地型沙尘天气之后,"东灌"冷空气裹挟沙尘进入南疆盆地,造成地面加压,浮尘天气造成PM10浓度增大,并持续数天.总结出沙尘天气污染预警的几个必要条件,后续在地区环保局、县局监测站建立的情况下,为分析阿克苏地区"八县一市"污染物与气象因素的关系提供借鉴,同时为实际的空气质量预警提供参考.     

库尔勒市大气颗粒物污染特征与影响因素分析

针对库尔勒市PM 10、PM 2.5年均浓度超标现象,基于市区3个环境监测站2013—2017年的逐时观测数据,分析PM 10、PM 2.5污染特征、成因及其主要影响因素。结果表明:①2013—2017年库尔勒市PM 10年均浓度变化较大且无明显趋势,PM 2.5年均浓度整体呈下降趋势;②季节尺度上,库尔勒市PM 10在每年2—5月呈现高浓度,PM 2.5高浓度期则为10月至翌年5月;③城郊的开发区站PM 10浓度最高,老城区的州政府站PM 2.5浓度最高,在PM 10和PM 2.5的高浓度期空间差异尤其显著;④PM 10与风速显著正相关,来自塔克拉玛干沙漠的风蚀沙尘颗粒物是库尔勒地区颗粒污染物的主要来源;⑤库尔勒市PM 10主要为外源输入,PM 2.5则以城市内源为主,相对湿度、风速、风向、温度等气象条件是影响大气颗粒物浓度及分布的重要因素。     

遵义市PM10中元素污染特征、来源与生态风险评价

采集2012年3月-2013年2月遵义市丁字口（市区点）、凤凰山（背景点）监测点的 PM10样品，并对 PM10中元素污染特征、来源和生态风险进行分析与评价。结果表明，遵义市 PM10质量浓度季节变化为：冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季，且市区点高于背景点，冬季超标率均为100％。PM10中 As、Pb、Hg、Mn质量浓度市区点高于背景点，且均为冬季最高。富集因子分析表明，Pb、As、Cd、Hg、Mn、Cu、Zn来自人为污染，生态危害顺序为：Cd＞Pb ＞As＞Cu ＞Zn ＞Ni ＞Cr，其中 Cd 的潜在生态危害为极强。     

Particulate Matter Over A Seven Year Period in Urban and Rural Areas Within, Proximal and Far from Mining and Power Station Operations in Greece

Lignite mining operations and lignite-fired power stations result in major particulate pollution (fly ash and fugitive dust) problems in the areas surrounding these activities. The problem is more complicated, especially, for urban areas located not far from these activities, due to additional contribution from the urban pollution sources. Knowledge of the distribution of airborne particulate matter into size fraction has become an increasing area of focus when examining the effects of particulate pollution. On the other hand, airborne particle concentration measurements are useful in order to assess the air pollution levels based on national and international air quality standards. These measurements are also necessary for developing air pollutants control strategies or for evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies, especially, for long periods. In this study an attempt is made in order to investigate the particle size distribution of fly ash and fugitive dust in a heavy industrialized (mining and power stations operations) area with complex terrain in the northwestern part of Greece. Parallel total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) concentrations are analyzed. These measurements gathered from thirteen monitoring stations located in the greater area of interest. Spatial, temporal variation and trend are analyzed over the last seven years. Furthermore, the geographical variation of PM10 – TSP correlation and PM10/TSP ratio are investigated and compared to those in the literature. The analysis has indicated that a complex system of sources and meteorological conditions modulate the particulate pollution of the examined area.     

Assessment of the Status of Urban Air pollution And Its Impact on Human Health in the City of Kolkata

Air pollution has significant effects on exacerbation of asthma, allergy and other respiratory diseases. Like many other magacities in the world the ambient air quality of Kolkata is also being deteriorated day by day. Automobile exhausts and certain industrial pollutants produce O₃ by photochemical reactions. The particulate matter, particularly less than 10 μ in size, can pass through the natural protective mechanism of human respiratory system and plays an important role in genesis and augmentation of allergic disorders. Sources of air pollution in the area and the unique problem arising out of the emission from the vehicles, industries, etc. have been described. Ambient air quality was monitored along with micrometeorological data and the results are discussed. The status of air pollution in the area has been evaluated and a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate the allergic symptoms and exposure to assess the respiratory disorders. The data are analysed to evaluate the critical situation arising out of the emission of air pollutants and the impact on human health due to respirable diseases (RDs) to middle class sub-population (activity-wise) in the area are assessed. A strategic air quality management plan has been proposed. For the mitigation of air pollution problems in the city, the different measures to be adopted to maintain the balance between sustainable development and environmental management have been discussed.     

重庆市主城区PM 10 与能见度相关性研究

分析了2000年以来重庆市主城区能见度变化趋势及2006年PM10的污染现状，能见度和PM10质量浓度负相关，尤其采样期间的相关系数为-0．76。根据PM10源解析和PM10成分与能见度的相关性分析结果，提出应重点控制燃煤和机动车尾气污染。     

广州市空气可吸入性颗粒物的污染水平

报告了中美合作“广州市大气污染对儿童肺功能影响研究”课题可吸入性颗粒物的两年监测结果。用安德森双道采样器、Ｔｅｆｌｏｎ膜采集细颗粒物（＜２５μｍ,ＰＭ２５）和粗颗粒物（２５≤＜１０μｍ,ＰＭ２５１０）,两者之和为ＰＭ１０,每季度采１５天,每天采一个２４小时样品。结果表明,广州市城区大气可吸入性颗粒物的污染相当严重,尤其是细颗粒物（ＰＭ２５）的污染,应引起公众和政府有关部门的重视。     

大气颗粒物监测分析及今后研究课题

概述了 PM1 0 和 PM2 .5今后的研究方向。目前我国尚未开展 PM2 .5的常规监测 ,PM1 0 的自动监测中尚存在一些技术问题 ,且尚未公布 PM1 0 自动监测的技术性标准 ,为了满足各级环境监测站的工作需求 ,在附录中介绍了国外关于PM1 0 和 PM2 .5的监测仪器和方法标准 ,并介绍了 2 0 0 0年日本颁布的 PM2 .5自动监测技术规定     

Chemical Composition and Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China

Aerosol samples of PM10 and PM2.5 are collected in summertime at four monitoring sites in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC), inorganic ions, and elements in PM10 and PM2.5 are also quantified. Our study aims to: (1) characterize the particulate concentrations and associated chemical species in urban atmosphere (2) identify the potential sources and estimate their apportionment. The results show that average concentration of PM2.5 (97.54 μg m⁻³) in Guangzhou significantly exceeds the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg m⁻³. OC, EC, Sulfate, ammonium, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Se are mainly in PM2.5 fraction of particles, while chloride, nitrate, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn are mainly in PM2.5-10 fraction. The major components such as sulfate, OC and EC account for about 70–90% of the particulate mass. Enrichment factors (EF) for elements are calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, Pb, As, Se, V, Ni, Cu and Cd) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn). Ambient and source data are used in the multi-variable linearly regression analysis for source identification and apportionment, indicating that major sources and their apportionments of ambient particulate aerosols in Guangzhou are vehicle exhaust by 38.4% and coal combustion by 26.0%, respetively.     

南京大气细颗粒中有机碳与元素碳污染特征

为了解南京城区大气细颗粒物中有机碳与元素碳的污染特征,在国控点草场门进行了连续一年的PM2.5采样,分析了有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)污染特征和变化规律。结果表明,采样期间有些PM2.5的日均值超过了《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准,ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)为0.77～4.98,平均值为1.92。PM2.5样品中OC约占18%、EC约占9%。