基于特征选择和机器学习的阳澄湖叶绿素a遥感反演研究

利用2016-2020年Sentinel-2多光谱遥感影像和同步实测叶绿素a浓度数据,提出了一种基于特征选择和机器学习的叶绿素a遥感反演方法,并应用于阳澄湖.结果表明,特征选择方法在反演模型的自变量选取上具有较好的应用效果,基于此建立的随机森林模型在阳澄湖叶绿素a反演上具有较优的验证精度;2016-2020年阳澄湖叶绿...     

基于“哨兵3号”卫星OLCI影像和C2RCC算法的南黄海叶绿素a及总悬浮物反演效果分析

利用遥感数据处理软件SNAP中基于神经网络技术的C2RCC算法,对2019年5月9日南黄海“哨兵3号”卫星OLCI影像数据进行了叶绿素a及总悬浮物浓度反演,将其与5月间江苏省海洋环境监测预报中心的海水表层叶绿素a和悬浮物实测数据进行了比较分析。结果表明,叶绿素a的遥感反演尚未能达到业务化应用,总悬浮物遥感反演结果的空间分布与实测值的一致性相对较好。但在星地同日或相差一天监测的南通海域,遥感反演叶绿素a浓度的空间分布趋势以及总悬浮物遥感反演结果与海面实测结果的一致性较好,可达到一定的业务化应用效果。     

基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的巢湖叶绿素a的动态监测

环境一号卫星CCD数据具有获取周期短、空间分辨率高等特点,能够及时准确地监测叶绿素a的浓度变化和分布,其在内陆湖泊水质遥感监测方面具有良好的应用前景。文章通过星地同步地面实验,建立起巢湖水体的叶绿素a浓度遥感反演模型,利用2009年4月至2010年3月的环境一号卫星CCD数据,分季节对巢湖叶绿素a行动态监测和分析。结果表明,巢湖叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征,夏季叶绿素a浓度最高,冬季最低,秋季高于春季;西半湖湖区叶绿素a浓度一般高于东半湖湖区,西北部和中部湖区空间变化比较大,东部湖区变化较小。     

基于Landsat系列卫星分析1985—2015年东平湖叶绿素a浓度变化趋势

基于Landsat-5 TM数据和地面同步水质监测数据发现，近红外波段与红色波段比值与叶绿素a实测浓度存在较高相关性，并以此建立了提取水体表层叶绿素a浓度的遥感信息模型。经验证，该模型用于叶绿素a浓度反演的精度良好，平均相对误差为14.5%。将该模型应用于Landsat卫星系列数据，提取了东平湖1985-2015年每年度丰水期叶绿素a浓度信息，得到共31幅东平湖叶绿素a浓度分布图，并对其进行了时空分析。结果表明：1985-2015年，东平湖叶绿素a平均浓度范围为32.4~81.4 μg/L，空间分布上一般表现为湖周边浅水区高于湖中心深水区，且空间差异变化明显；时间序列上，东平湖叶绿素a浓度表现出一定的波动性，在1987、1988、1992年出现较高值，总体看来，在95%置信水平上秩相关系数为-0.592，浓度呈下降趋势。     

遥感技术在湖泊叶绿素ａ 监测中的应用研究———以太湖为例

水质遥感技术在湖泊水质监测领域内的应用具有十分积极的意义。在总结现有水质遥感反演方法的基础上，选取了遥感指数法和神经网络法两种理论完全不同的反演方法，构建太湖叶绿素a与MODIS影像波段间的函数关系，并从反演能力和反演精度两个角度对上述方法进行了比较研究。结果表明，神经网络模型的非线性特征能够敏感地把握住叶绿素a浓度变化在反射波谱信息上的微小响应，较为成功地反演出叶绿素a与反射光谱信息间的非线性关系。神经网络模型的反演能力和反演精度均优于遥感指数方法，具有较好的应用前景。     

水质参数的遥感反演和遥感监测

遥感技术由于具有快速、宏观、低成本和周期性的优点,便于探测水质的时空变化,已成为水质参数监测的重要手段。目前能够直接进行遥感反演的水质参数主要是悬浮物浓度、叶绿素a浓度、可溶解性有机物等光学活性物质,并已经建立了许多反演模型。但是这些模型直接用于水质的遥感监测仍存在一些问题。今后,利用3S技术将地面观测和遥感观测结合起来,可望推动水色遥感的实际应用。     

基于MODIS的西藏典型湖泊叶绿素a浓度反演

叶绿素a浓度是反映湖泊富营养化状态的一个重要参数。以MODIS L1B数据为基础，结合叶绿素a浓度实测数据，基于经验分析法实现了西藏典型湖泊叶绿素a浓度反演研究，并探索了西藏典型湖泊2019年春、夏、秋季叶绿素a浓度的时空变化特征。首先，利用叶绿素a浓度实测数据和MODIS L1B影像不同波段的反射率值进行组合试验，选择最佳波段组合建立模型；其次，分别选用2015年、2017年叶绿素a浓度实测值和反演值对模型进行对比验证；最后，利用叶绿素a浓度反演模型对西藏典型湖泊2019年春、夏、秋季叶绿素a浓度的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：在空间尺度上，西藏典型湖泊叶绿素a浓度整体上呈现出周围高、中部低的分布特征，且湖岸水体叶绿素a浓度变化较大；在季节尺度上，不同湖泊叶绿素a浓度的季节变化存在较大差异，格仁错和色林错的季节变化幅度较大，纳木错、塔若错和羊卓雍错的季节变化幅度较小。     

基于实测光谱的烟台四十里湾水体叶绿素a遥感反演

水体叶绿素a含量是二类水体水色遥感反演的主要参数之一。通过分析烟台近海水体实测反射光谱曲线，选取了特征波段及波段组合，建立了研究区叶绿素a含量遥感反演模型。通过对比不同反演模型可知：三波段模型是烟台近海水体叶绿素a遥感反演的最优模型，决定系数为0?6608，均方根误差（RMSE）为0?59μg／L；其次是归一化荧光高度模型和反射峰面积模型，决定系数分别为0?6213和0?5589，RMSE分别为0?62μg／L和0?67μg／L。     

水体中泥沙对藻类光谱特征位置的影响分析

自然水体叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演中,泥沙的存在影响着反演精度.如何消除这种影响是提高叶绿素a遥感反演精度的关键,而了解泥沙对藻类光谱特征的影响是消除影响的前提.文章在人工控制条件下获取了不同泥沙浓度下藻类光谱曲线,通过分析光谱曲线特征位置的漂移和数值变化,总结泥沙对藻类光谱的影响并提出了消除影响的可能性.     

基于MODIS的烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度分布

利用实测光谱数据及水体叶绿素浓度数据建立了基于MODIS数据的叶绿素反演模型,并利用MODIS L1B数据对研究区的叶绿素浓度进行了反演。通过分析烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度分布得出,烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度由沿岸向海延伸,叶绿素的浓度逐渐增加;通过不同月份的叶绿素浓度分布状况发现,夏季水体叶绿素浓度含量最高,冬季最低。     

Higher Plants As Bioindicators Of Sulphur Dioxide Emissions In Urban Environments

The evaluation of certain vascular plants that grow in the city of Madrid as biomonitors of SO₂ air pollution in urban environments has been carried out. Total concentration of sulphur in leaves of the chosen higher plants as well as other parameters in close relation to this contaminant (visible injury symptoms, chlorophyll a- and b-content and peroxidase activity) have been determined in order to study the spatial distribution and temporal changes in SO₂ deposition. Results obtained show that coniferous species such as Pinus pinea, were more sensitive to SO₂ atmospheric concentration than leafy species as Quercux ilex subspecies ballota and, in the same way, bush species, such asPyracantha coccinea and Nerium oleander, were more sensitive than wooded species, such as Cedrus deodaraandPinus pinea, respectively. There is a higher accumulation of sulphur in vegetable species located near highways and dense traffic incidence roads and near areas with high density of population. The minimum values for accumulation of SO₂ were registered in winter and spring seasons (from January to April) due to the vegetative stop; while maximum values are obtained during the summer season (from June to September), due to the stoma opening. The highest increments in sulphur concentration, calculated as the difference between two consecutive months, are obtained in May and June for all considered species except forCedrus deodara and Pyracantha coccinea, both species have few seasonal changes during the whole year. Some species are more sensitive to natural washing than others, showing a decrease in sulphur concentration after rainfall periods.     

Fly-ash-induced oxidative stress and tolerance in Prosopis juliflora L. grown on different amended substrates

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of metal accumulation on malondialdehyde (MDA), cysteine and non-protein thiol (NPSH) contents in the plants of Prosopis juliflora grown on the fly ash (FA) amended with soil, blue green algae (BGA) biofertilizer, farm yard manure, press mud and Rhizobium inoculation. The analysis of data revealed that the level of MDA, cysteine and NPSH was higher in the roots of the plant than leaves, which was found positively correlated with metal accumulation. An increase of 361.14, 64.25 and 305.62% in MDA, cysteine and NPSH contents, respectively was observed after 45 days in the roots of the plants grown in 100% FA as compared to 100% garden soil (GS). The level of MDA, cysteine and NPSH was found less in the plants grown on various amendments of FA showing ameliorating effect on the toxicity induced due to the accumulation of metals. The decrease in MDA, cysteine and NPSH contents was higher in Rhizobium-inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated plants grown on 100% FA. The results showed a high tolerance potential of the plant, which is further increased by inoculating the plant with FA-tolerant Rhizobium showing feasibility of using P. juliflora in environmental monitoring of FA landfills.     

Using the Flow Cytometry to Quantify the Giardia Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Samples

The flow cytometry (FC) has been used to detect Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts quantitatively and instantaneously in this study. The experimental results showed that FC is potential to become a more precise method for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water. This study also evaluated the staining efficiencies for three commercial antibodies. After staining Cryptosporidium oocysts with direct immunofluorescent antibodies in water samples, two populations were detected in the scatter-plots (FL1 versus SSC) of the FC. The Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts are significantly separated from other particles while stained with direct immunofluorescent antibodies produced by Meridian Diagnostics and Waterborne^TM Inc.     

Vegetation Mapping for Change Detection on an Arid-Zone River

A vegetation mapping system for change detection was tested at the Havasu National Wildlife Refuge (HNWR) on the Lower Colorado River. A low-cost, aerial photomosaic of the 4200 ha, study area was constructed utilizing an automated digital camera system, supplemented with oblique photographs to aid in determining species composition and plant heights. Ground-truth plots showed high accuracy in distinguishing native cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix gooddingii) trees from other vegetation on aerial photos. Marsh vegetation (mainly cattails, Typha domengensis) was also easily identified. However, shrubby terrestrial vegetation, consisting of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), arrowweed (Pluchea sericea), and mesquite trees (Prosopis spp.), could not be accurately distinguished from each other and were combined into a single shrub layer on the final vegetation map. The final map took the form of a base, shrub and marsh layer, which was displayed as a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index map from a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) image to show vegetation intensity. Native willow and cottonwood trees were digitized manually on the photomosaic and overlain on the shrub layer in a GIS. By contrast to present, qualitative mapping systems used on the Lower Colorado River, this mapping system provides quantitative information that can be used for accurate change detection. However, better methods to distinguish between saltcedar, mesquite, and arrowweed are needed to map the shrub layer.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Evaluation of air pollution phytotoxicity downwind of a phosphate fertilizer factory in India

The effects of air pollution on plants downwind of a fertilizer factory at Udaipur, India, were studied using three woody perennials. Seedlings of these species including a shrub (Carissa carandas L.), a leguminous avenue tree (Cassia fistula L.) and a fruit tree (Psidium guajava L.) were grown in earthen pots at different study sites receiving varying levels of air pollution input. Changes in plant growth, morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigment, ascorbic acid, N and S contents and in dry matter allocation were considered in relation to the status of ambient air quality. Observations with these parameters have indicated that the ambient air around the factory contained pollutants at phytotoxic levels. Plant height, basal diameter, conopy area, leaf area and chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and foliar-N concentrations decreased with increasing pollution load. However, foliar-S increased slightly at polluted sites. Air pollution load around the factory have also altered the biomass allocation. Root:shoot ratios increased in C. fistula and P. guajava at polluted sites. In contrast, for C. carandas the above ground parts, where foliage assumed predominance showed precedence over the root growth. This species responded characteristically to air pollution stress by allocating more of its photosynthate towards leaf production and shoot growth.     

Distribution of metals in aquatic edible plants: Trapa natans (Roxb.) Makino and Ipomoea aquatica Forsk

Most of the water bodies being used for the cultivation ofedible aquatic plants (Trapa natans and Ipomoeaaquatica) in Lucknow district, U.P., India, were found to becontaminated with a variety of toxic metals (Fe, Cu, Cr, Mn andPb). The concentration of metals Cr, Pb and Fe in water was muchhigher than recommended permissible limits of WHO (1995). Theedible parts of these plants bioconcentrated metals from theirsurrounding water significantly. Therefore, the present studywas planned to assess the metal concentration in edible part ofplants which was collected from various water bodies used forcultivation of these crops. Despite varying levels of metalsfound in various fruit parts of T. natans, the metalaccumulation in kernel was alarming. However, metal contentdecreased significantly in various parts after boiling thefruit. Similarly, I. aquatica also accumulatedsignificantly higher amounts of these metals in leaves, howeverthe metal accumulating potential varied considerably dependingupon level of metal contamination in the water body in which they were growing. The importance of these findings in theexploitation of these aquatic crops to meet the demand of foodand health perspectives for human beings is highlighted.     

Optical Resilience of the Paraíba do Sul River (Brazil) during a Toxic Spill of a Wood-Pulping Factory: The Cataguazes Accident

This study investigates the inherent optical properties (IOP) of a Brazilian river during a non-natural, anthropogenically mediated, toxic spill of a wood-pulping factory (the ‘Cataguazes accident’). The results indicated an outstanding transformation in the river water chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) pools. For instance, increases in CDOM absorption coefficients, a _CDOM (λ), which were averaged at specific spectral intervals, , ranged from 58-fold at the UV-B and UV-A ranges to 95-fold at the PAR range. As a result, the water color expressed as CDOM absorption at 440 nm, a _CDOM (440), varied from 4.16 to 365.03 m^-1. For S-coefficient, the variations ranged from ∼1.1 to 5.6-fold, respectively, at the 300–650 nm and UV-B range. The variability of S as a proxy of dissolved chromophores was thus clearly influenced by the spectral range used. Optical proportions were also investigated through the use of and S ratios at the UV-B, UV-A, and PAR ranges and, in the case of , also at the NIR range. This approach also showed clear variations between the water samples, likely reflecting changes in the composition of optically active substances in the river system. As a whole, the findings obtained here indicated that both the quantity and quality of the chromophoric material dissolved in the river water were greatly altered by the toxic spill. The changes in the optical properties of the river water, although extreme and likely with no parallel in the literature, were quite rapid as indicated by the optical resilience of the system. Overall, this study indicates that IOP might be thought, and possibly used, as a metric tool for monitoring the state of waters and aquatic ecosystems.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).