水污染事件应急跟踪监测期分析的质量控制

随着环境应急事故处理的规范化要求不断深入,在水污染事件应急监测的不同阶段应做好相关质量控制工作。研究以某突发水环境污染事件为例,探讨跟踪监测阶段分析质量控制措施,包括实验室手工分析和采用自动分析设备分析。质量控制数据统计结果表明:该污染事件跟踪监测期间实验室分析数据处于可控状态,自动分析仪器所得数据与实验室分析数据可比。案例结果表明:在确定主要污染物后的污染事件跟踪监测期内,实验室分析应严格按照相关标准规范要求开展质量控制。建议在水污染事件应急监测中,通过方法比对和规范的质量控制措施,使监测处于受控状态,进一步提高应急监测数据质量,保证监测结果的及时、科学、准确和可靠。     

微生物应急监测流动实验室建设方案探讨

微生物应急监测是生态环境应急监测的重要组成部分，流动实验室在开展水质微生物指标应急监测方面存在一定的优势。在详细梳理微生物流动实验室在环境条件、硬件设施、设备物资、监测过程以及实验室管理等方面的各项要求的基础上，以北京市某地废水微生物应急监测为案例，列举了流动实验室在"人、机、料、法、环、测"等方面采取的措施和取得的效果。结果表明，建立微生物应急监测流动实验室既存在一定的必然性也存在可行性，并启发出能够满足质量管理要求的微生物应急监测流动实验室标准化建设思路。     

以嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件为例探讨《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测中的应用

以"1.20"嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件应急监测为例,阐述了《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测工作中的应用。通过实例分析了应急监测全过程中的监测方案编制、样品采集安排、监测实验室设置、监测方法选择、监测结果报送、污染趋势预测以及应急状态终止等内容,结果表明《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》能够指导应急监测工作顺利开展,该案例可为相关突发水环境事件的现场处置和应急监测工作提供技术参考。     

一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性研究

研究了一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性,并与现行仲裁标准方法进行比较分析。研究表明:该便携式荧光测油仪测定海水中油类样品仅需100 mL水样,平均每个样品所需的前处理时间约340 s,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,测定下限为0.012 mg/L。测定用标准物质配制的不同浓度海水样品,相对标准偏差为0.08%~0.87%,测定标准样品的相对误差为0.49%~4.50%,实际样品加标回收率为90%~107%。对标准物质配制的海水样品进行检测,与现行仲裁标准方法在0.05水平下无显著性差异。在渤海中部海上监测中,连续6 d测定不同标准样品的相对标准偏差为0.26%~0.83%。研究结果表明,该便携式荧光测油仪适用于现场对油类的定量分析和水质评价。     

便携式GC-MS选择离子快速测定水中丙烯醛和丙烯腈

便携式气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)能同时对多组分复杂有机物进行定性、定量分析,在环境监测尤其是事故现场应急监测中发挥越来越重要的作用。文章建立了便携式顶空-GC-MS选择离子测定水中丙烯醛、丙烯腈的分析方法,其相关性大于0.997,检测限为5～10μg/L,回收率为93.3%～99.5%,该方法适用于水中丙烯腈、丙烯醛的应急现场及日常实验室分析工作。     

由石油类应急监测现状探寻水中石油类监测的突破

突发环境事件发生后,对污染物质、污染物浓度、污染范围及其动态变化情况进行监测是环境应急监测的基本工作要求。在不能利用管理手段有效获取污染来源等信息的情况下,开展溯源应急监测成为突发环境事件处理处置的重要需求。然而通过资料调研及应急监测案例分析发现,石油类水体突发环境事件应急监测大多存在采样代表性不够、溯源手段不健全、特征污染物监测不全面,以及现行石油类监测方法不能完整说清污染状况等问题或不足。因此,建议通过优化整合水中石油类指标监测标准,构建与石油类污染特征相适应的技术规范及配套监测分析方法,以达到精准、全面反映石油类水体污染状况的目的。     

海洋核动力平台核事故应急监测策略研究综

综述了国外核事故应急监测策略研究进展,以及我国在核应急监测法规标准、应急监测方法、应急辐射环境监测技术等方面的研究现状,从海洋核动力平台的法规标准、应急监测方案、应急辐射监测项目和应急监测方法4个方面进行了探讨,并提出了制定核应急监测政策及标准规范、建立应急监测预案库、加快研发应急采样与监测方法、建立海洋放射性监测体系等建议。     

突发事故水环境污染应急监测系统建立及运行

对水环境污染应急监测系统的建立进行了策划,阐述了应急监测系统及野战实验室的构成,对应急监测系统的运行进行了论述。     

便携式分光光度计在地表水环境应急监测中的适用性分析

考察了便携式分光光度计对地表水中化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、氟化物(F~-)、总磷(TP)和六价铬(Cr~(6+))的应急监测的适用性。对方法精密度和准确度进行测定,并将便携式方法与实验室方法的测定结果进行比对。结果表明,方法精密度为2.3%~7.4%,标准样品除Cr6+外,其他均在保证值范围内;加标回收率为86.0%~110%,2种方法比对的相对偏差为2.9%~6.4%。该方法精密度与准确度良好,可以较好地应用于地表水环境应急监测中。     

水中Cs-137在辐射应急监测中优化分析的研究

针对辐射应急工作中在移动放射性实验室中开展环境样品中Cs-137放射性测量的相关问题,提出了相应的解决方案。该方案以新型的移动放射性实验室为平台,充分考虑应急监测的实际需求,实时高效的对辐射应急条件下监测水中Cs-137做出优化分析。实验结果表明,该实验方案可以在现场局限环境中保证基本准确度的情况下快速地测量水样中Cs-137放射性浓度。     

荧光法生物气溶胶监测仪标准物质研制及校准方法研究

生物气溶胶监测仪是利用激光或紫外光诱导生物粒子发射荧光,从而实现对空气中的生物气溶胶进行监测的仪器。目前,国内尚无生物气溶胶监测仪校准用标准物质和评价方法。以聚苯乙烯微球为核,通过Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应,研制出能够自身受激发产生荧光的聚苯乙烯(PS-PB)微球。PS-PB微球粒径分布的相对标准偏差为1.3%,严格单分散。通过雾化法发尘,将PS-PB微球应用于生物气溶胶监测仪的校准,计数误差在±10%以内。用校准后的仪器检测白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)发生的生物气溶胶和商品化的荧光微球发生的气溶胶,计数误差均与PS-PB微球计数误差接近。研究结果表明,PS-PB微球可作为标准物质用于生物气溶胶监测仪器的校准,基于雾化发尘的静态箱法校准装置可用于生物气溶胶监测仪的评价。     

环境监测质量控制中水质标准物质应用问题的研究

对环境监测质量控制中水质标准物质的应用问题进行了分析和论述。分别从实验室分析测试标准、质量控制标准的不确定度、质量控制方式的选择以及实验分析的准确度和分析方法研究等方面,讨论了实验室质量控制过程中水质标准物质应用出现的误区和问题。对如何做好实验室分析的质量控制,从多个不同的方面介绍了在使用分析校准用标准物质及水质质量控制用标准物质过程中,如何避免或减少分析误差的方法和措施。同时对计量、质量控制的重要工具水质标准物质的正确使用以及标准物质的规范应用方面提出了相关建议。     

牡蛎中多环芳烃(PAHs)标准物质的研制

介绍了牡蛎中多环芳烃标准物质的研究、制备方法 ,进行了均匀性检验、稳定性检验 ,统计计算了检验结果 ,基本确定主要参数。检验结果表明 ,研制的牡蛎中难降解有机物标准物质均匀 ,在一年保存期间内稳定 ,可用于海洋环境监测中     

Monitoring of toxic elements present in sludge of industrial waste using CF-LIBS

Industrial waste is one of the main causes of environmental pollution. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to detect the toxic metals in the sludge of industrial waste water. Sludge on filter paper was obtained after filtering the collected waste water samples from different sections of a water treatment plant situated in an industrial area of Kanpur City. The LIBS spectra of the sludge samples were recorded in the spectral range of 200 to 500 nm by focusing the laser light on sludge. Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technique was used for the quantitative measurement of toxic elements such as Cr and Pb present in the sample. We also used the traditional calibration curve approach to quantify these elements. The results obtained from CF-LIBS are in good agreement with the results from the calibration curve approach. Thus, our results demonstrate that CF-LIBS is an appropriate technique for quantitative analysis where reference/standard samples are not available to make the calibration curve. The results of the present experiment are alarming to the people living nearby areas of industrial activities, as the concentrations of toxic elements are quite high compared to the admissible limits of these substances.     

浮游植物半定量活检法在蓝藻预警监测中的应用

通过夏季太湖梅梁湾监测点位浮游植物的定性和定量研究,提出了半定量活检的蓝藻预警监测方法.半定量活检法不但能够及时、准确地确定蓝藻水华种类,而且通过与鲁哥氏液固定法的比对实验,在确定水华优势种和优势度方面也具有较好的可靠性.     

我国环境标准样品发展及应用

环境标准样品广泛应用于我国的环境监测活动中,为监测数据的一致性、可比性和准确性提供了重要的技术支撑。该文综述了环境标准样品发展及应用现状,根据国外环境标准样品体系分析了我国环境标准样品体系存在的问题,并对环境监测工作中环境标准样品应用问题提出了相关建议,为环境监测工作者认识和使用环境标准样品提供了指导。     

Effective monitoring of pollution by toxic trace elements in waters,sediment and biota of the Derwent River Estuary,Tasmania, through long-term retention of analytical facilities

This study considers the effectiveness of the monitoring of toxic trace elements in various media from a polluted river estuary over a period of 15 years, using the same analytical techniques, facilities and, in some cases, the same operators. It shows that reliable comparisons can be made for monitoring waters, sediment and biota from the Derwent River Estuary between 1975 data and that from 1990. Rigorous studies were undertaken before and during 1975 to ensure that reliable data was achieved at that time. Such studies are reviewed and included the evaluation of digestion techniques for a range of heavy metals, specific attention to the reliability of mercury determination in sediments between laboratories, a comparison of direct calibration and standard addition techniques for metals in seawater, recoveries of an organomercury compound from fish, and sources of error arising from sample preparation of biota for subsequent metal analysis. Comparative results for standard reference materials in both 1975 and 1990 show good agreement and are considered reliable except for lead at low concentrations. The long-term retention of the analytical facilities permits a direct comparison of data from 2 monitoring programmes over the space of 15 years.     

A New Approach to Plant Diversity Assessment Combining HPLC Data, Simplex Mixture Design and Discriminant Analysis

The quantitative assessment of plant diversity and its monitoring with time represent a key environmental issue for management and conservation of natural resources. Assessment of plant diversity could be based on chemical analyses of secondary metabolites (e.g. flavonoids, terpenoids), because of the substantial quantitative and qualitative between-individual variability in such compounds. At a geographical scale, the plant populations become widely dispersed, and their monitoring from numerous routine individual analyses could become restricting. To overcome such constraint, this study develops a multivariate calibration model giving the relative frequency of a particular taxon from a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of a plant mixture. The model was built from a complete set of mixtures combining different taxons, according to an experimental design (Scheffé’s matrix). For each mixture, a reference HPLC pattern was simulated by averaging the individual HPLC profiles of the constitutive taxons. The calibration models, based on Bayesian discriminant analysis (BDA), gave statistical relationships between the contributions of each taxon in mixtures and reference HPLC patterns of these mixtures. Finally, these models were validated on new mixtures by using outside plants. This new biodiversity survey approach is illustrated on four chemical taxons (four chemotypes) of Astragalus caprinus (Fabaceae). The more differentiated the taxon, the better predicted its contributions (in mixtures) were by BDA calibration model. This new approach could be very useful for a global routine survey of plant diversity.