污灌土壤中氨氮转化及其转化速率研究

本文对污灌土壤中的氨氮转化及其转化速率进行了模拟实验研究．结果表明，随污灌进入土壤中的氨氮迅速转化为硝酸盐氮和气态氮。其转化速率的影响因素主要是气温、土壤ｐＨ值和土壤通气条件。例如在气温１９～３５℃、土壤ｐＨ值８．２～８．６和土壤通气良好的条件下，氨氮在３天内转化８０％；１４天内转化９８％。     

NH_3－N分析中显色后稀释测定误差的探讨

ＮＨ_３－Ｎ分析中显色后稀释测定误差的探讨任晓梅（江苏扬州市环境监测站，扬州２２５）０２）溶液碱度变化影响了纳氏反应平衡，是产生误差的主要原因。稀释５倍时，ｐＨ降低０．５４，误差＜５％；而稀释ＳＯ倍时，与原浓度溶液的ｐＨ值相差１．４，相对误差则高达８?..     

纳氏剂比色法测氨氮数据可比性差的原因

ｐＨ值影响非常大：１１．７时几乎不显色;１１．７～１２．７范围内影响很大;１２．７～１２．９范围内,吸光度几乎无变化。改进办法：用０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸代替硼酸做蒸馏吸收液使ｐＨ值控制在１２．７以上。改进后还有如下优点：①蒸馏过程中逸出的ＣＯ２不会被吸收;②用ＮａＯＨ中和Ｈ２ＳＯ４时等当点附近ｐＨ值突跃大,终点易掌握;③即使不中和馏出液中的硫酸,在不稀释情况下加入纳氏剂,ｐＨ值为１２．８７,与绘制标准曲线时试样ｐＨ值相近,测定结果有足够的准确度。纳氏剂比色法测氨氮数据可比性差的原因@许秉信$新民市…     

pH计温度补偿的使用与纠正

ｐＨ计温度补偿的使用与纠正赵晓煜袁东光（黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市环境监测站，齐齐哈尔１６１００５）①设液温为３５℃的一酸性被测溶液，使标准缓冲液温度与之相同，置ｐＨ测试仪温度补偿装置到３５℃；②查得混合磷酸盐标准缓冲液此时ｐＨ为６８４，用其校准ｐＨ计。调...     

评价pH值精密度的有关问题

评价ｐＨ值精密度的有关问题刘乃芝（山东省烟台市环境监测站，烟台２６４０００）鉴于ｐＨ值不能象其它项目那样直接根据平行双样测得值求相对偏差评价其精密度，而三、四级站上报数据却时常忽略此点，故建议采用以下两种方法评价ｐＨ值精密度：①将平行双样的ｐＨ值换算...     

测定水中总氰化物时磷酸盐缓冲溶液pH值的探讨

用异烟酸－吡唑啉酮光度法测定水中总氰化物时,对所用磷酸盐缓冲溶液ｐＨ值的使用范围进行了探讨,通过多次实验,配制了３种不同ｐＨ值的缓冲液,结果表明,ｐＨ值在６．０￣７．２之间,标准曲线的相关性和方法的灵敏度无显著差异。     

玻璃电极法测pH值的点滴经验

玻璃电极法测ｐＨ值的点滴经验胡治州（川东天然气净化总厂环境监测站，四川长寿６３１２３６）①先用ｐＨ试纸粗测ｐＨ值大致范围，然后确定校正点。②若采用一点校正法，应选用与待测溶液ｐＨ值最接近的校正溶液进行校正并检验是否准确，选用另一校正溶液作为待测溶液进...     

“空气pH值”及测定方法

为了更进一步研究大气质量及探索酸雨形成问题，提出了一个新的概念－－“空气ｐＨ值”，并定义为大气通过曝气将其中的可溶物质溶于水后，导致水中氢离子、氢氧根离子相对含量发生变化所显示出的ｐＨ值。     

用灰色系统理论对乌鲁木齐市大气降水pH值进行预测分析

运用灰色系统理论建立灰色模型ＧＭ，对该模型进行了检验和残差修正。并用其模型分析和预测乌鲁木齐市１９９４＝１９９８年大气降水ｐＨ值。     

快速校准高精度酸度计的新方法

快速校准高精度酸度计的新方法赵晓煜，袁东光（黑龙江齐齐哈尔市环境监测站，齐齐哈尔１６１００５）在ｐＨ值的测试工作中，需用标准缓冲溶液校准仪器。这项工作要反复更换缓冲溶液，有时反复校准六、七次才达到所要求的精度。近年来，０．ｏｆ级数字显示ＰＨ计大量在化...     

城市化进程对城市热岛效应因子的对比分析

采用1990～2004年乌鲁木齐市和其郊区的温度差值作为衡量其城市热岛效应的标准,以乌鲁木齐市城市化七项指标作为城市热岛效应的形成因子.通过多元回归模型分析了各热岛效应因子对城市热岛的影响.文章主要结论包括乌鲁木齐市各热岛效应因子时城市热岛的影响是不同的,居民生活条件的改善和公共基础设施的改善减轻了热岛效应的影响,热岛效应也符合环境库兹涅茨曲线规律.     

氯胺酮对水生生物的毒性效应及生态风险评估

通过检索在国内外期刊发表的文献中关于我国河流、湖泊中氯胺酮(KET)的数据，评估其在地表水中的暴露水平，利用风险商（RQ）初步分析KET在我国部分地表水环境中的生态风险。结果表明，我国地表水中KET的检出率为20%~100%，最高检出值为420 ng/L，基于发育、繁殖和行为等慢性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度（PNEC）为1.36×10^-6mg/L；基于慢性毒性计算的风险商值为0.03~36.76，表明我国地表水中KET存在风险，其中台湾淡水河、金梅河和广东珠江具有高风险，而北方大部分河流潜在风险较低。     

乌鲁木齐市硫酸盐化速率关键影响因子分析

对硫酸盐化速率与大气中污染物质浓度和气象因素的分析结果表明,硫酸盐化速率不仅取决于SO2的浓度,还与PM10显著相关,是因为PM10表面为SO2的催化氧化提供了载体。气压和空气相对湿度对硫酸盐化速率有积极的促进作用,空气中的气态H2O具有凝结污染物质的能力,而降水对污染物质的冲刷效应降低了硫酸盐化速率。影响硫酸盐化速率的是空气中气态H2O而非降水。气温通过影响逆温层和风速共同影响着污染物浓度的扩散和稀释,从而决定着硫酸盐化速率的增减。     

Simulation of mixing depths incorporating the urban heat island effect

The main objective of this paper was to establish the effect of anthropogenic heat flux on the formation of mixing depth specially in urban areas. In this study an energy balance mixing depth model was developed for the simulation of mixing depth incorporating the heat island effect. To demonstrate the effect of heat island, mixing depths were simulated under two conditions. Under the first condition, hourly gridded anthropogenic heat flux and variant surface characteristics were considered, while under the second condition anthropogenic heat flux term was ignored and constant surface characteristics were considered throughout the modelling domain. The release of anthropogenic heat flux in the urban environment was found to be responsible for the growth of the unstable layer in the lower atmosphere even during the night. This resulted in higher mixing depth values in urban areas compared to the surrounding countryside. The maximum differential surfaces sensible heat flux between urban and rural areas was estimated as 130 W/m². From the simulation of mixing depth, it was revealed that the maximum increment in mixing depth in urban areas was 300 m due to the heat island effect. This increment in mixing depth in urban areas can provide an extra space for dilution and mixing of pollutants.     

A Numerical and Experimental Study of Pollutant Dispersion in a Traffic Tunnel

Three-dimensional turbulent flow and dispersion of gaseous pollutants carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in a road tunnel was modeled using the standard k–ε turbulence model and solved numerically using the finite volume method. Vehicle emissions were estimated from the measured traffic flow rates and modeled as banded line sources along the tunnel floor. The effects of fan ventilation and piston effect of moving vehicles on the airflow and pollutant dilution were examined. The numerical results reveal that a peak velocity exists near the tunnel floor due to the piston effect of vehicles. The cross-sectional concentrations of air pollutants are non-uniformly distributed and concentrations rise with downstream distance. The piston effect of vehicles can alone provide 25%–34% dilution of air pollutants in the tunnel, compounded 43%–70% dilution effect according to the ventilation condition.     

无锡市区大气污染物状况及变化趋势分析

使用2012—2015年无锡市区的6种大气污染物监测数据,对无锡市区各污染物的年度变化、空间分布、影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2012—2015年无锡市区SO_2、O_3质量浓度呈下降趋势,且趋势显著;NO_2质量浓度呈下降趋势,但不明显;CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的质量浓度年际变化比较平稳。(2)无锡市区SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、CO的空气质量分指数(IAQI)均为冬季最高、夏季最低;O_3的IAQI则为夏季最高、冬季最低。(3)SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、CO浓度间呈两两正相关,且相关性极显著;O_3浓度与NO_2、CO呈显著负相关,与SO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度之间没有明显的关联。(4)分析了无锡市区各项大气污染物浓度的空间分布特征。(5)SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)浓度周内变化具有"周末效应"的特征,而O_3、CO和PM_(2.5)浓度周内变化出现"反周末效应"。     

大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外学者对大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展,介绍了痕量金属元素的地球化学行为,以及大气气溶胶中痕量金属的源解析方法、在环境中的循环与污染、生物有效性及对人体的健康效应。建议研发更可靠的分析方法或在线检测仪器,避免采样和样品前处理过程中痕量金属的污染和损失;建立监测网络,形成区域性的大气监测模式,更全面地分析污染来源;与监测超级站建设、空气污染流行病学设计和毒性机制研究相结合,建立更加完善的研究体系。     

不同类型机动车尾气挥发性有机化合物排放特征研究

机动车尾气主要成分包括一氧化碳、氮氧化物、碳氢化合物、铅及苯并[a]芘等.其中,挥发性有机化合物由于其对光化学烟雾的贡献及对人体健康的影响而成为近年来大气化学研究的热点.文章首次对北京市9种车辆、5种燃料在不同工况下排放挥发性有机化合物特征进行了定量研究.结果表明,车型、燃料、净化器及工况等因素对排放量产生影响,电喷车比化油器车排放低,其中,夏利比富康与奥迪排放量高;LPG与汽油车排放量最高,柴油车与CNG车排放最低.其中,-10#柴油车比0#柴油车排放更低;使用净化器可以降低挥发性有机化合物排放量;不同工况对排放量的影响随车型、燃料类型的不同而不同.因此,使用清洁燃料、安装净化器和使用电喷装置,可减少尾气中挥发性有机化合物含量.     

基于区域环境空气质量和碳排放数据的减污降碳协同效果评估

化石燃料燃烧产生的温室气体与大气污染物具有同根同源性，但具体治理中减污降碳的协同效果尚不明确。以浙江省11个设区市为研究样本，对环境空气质量和二氧化碳(CO₂)排放数据进行分析研究，结果显示：2016—2020年浙江省环境空气质量持续改善，但CO₂排放总量仍处于增长阶段。11个设区城市PM_2.5年均浓度降幅在26%～41%之间，二氧化氮(NO₂)年均浓度下降趋势不明显，大部分城市呈现碳排放增加、NO₂浓度下降的特征，只有杭州和温州两市呈现碳排放总量和NO₂、PM_2.5浓度协同下降的趋势。因子相关性分析结果表明，各设区市呈现NO₂浓度与碳排放相关性较大、协同性强，PM_2.5浓度与碳排放相关性较小的特点。进一步通过减污降碳协同定量评价分析表明，浙江地区在环境空气质量改善和温室气体减排已表现出一定成效，但各设区市因产业结构、环境基础条件、协同程度等不同导致减污降碳综合绩效有明显差异。从源头减排实现...     

Ecotoxicological Classification of the Berlin River System Using Bioassays in Respect to the European Water Framework Directive

Bioassays as well as biochemical responses (biomarkers) in ecosystems due to environmental stress provide us with signals (environmentally signalling) of potential damage in the environment. If these responses are perceived in this early stage in ecosystems, the eventual damage can be prevented. Once ecosystem damage has occurred, the remedial action processes for recovery could be expensive and pose certain logistical problems. Ideally, “early warning signals” in ecosystems using sensing systems of biochemical responses (biomarkers) would not only tell us the initial levels of damage, but these signals will also provide us with answers by the development of control strategies and precautionary measures in respect to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Clear technical guidelines or technical specifications on monitoring are necessary to establish and characterise reference conditions for use in an ecological status classification system for surface water bodies. For the Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment (ERA) of endocrine effects we used an approach of the exposure – dose – response concept. Based on the “Ecototoxicological Classification System of Sediments” that uses pT-values to classify effects in different river systems, we transferred the bio-monitoring data to the five-level ecological system of the WFD. To understand the complexity of the structure of populations and processes behind the health of populations, communities and ecosystems an ERA should establish links between natural factors, chemicals, and biological responses so as to assess causality. So, our ecological monitoring assessment has incorporated exposure & effects data.