典型水源地地下水污染风险评价

地下水污染是由含水层本身的脆弱性与人类活动产生的污染负荷造成的。污染物的荷载可以控制或改变,但是含水层的敏感性是本质的、天然的特性。污染风险不仅取决于相对稳定、不宜改变的含水层天然特征,还取决于主观的污染活动。因此,从地下水天然防污性能、地下水污染源荷载以及地下水社会效益3个方面评价了典型水源地地下水受污染的风险。     

地下水环境智慧监管技术集成与平台应用研究

针对"双源"地下水(地下水污染源和集中式地下水型饮用水源)环境监管需求,研发了一套集地下水污染在线监测预警、评价溯源、预测应急于一体的可视化技术集成与应用平台。该平台将物联网、地下水数值模拟、大数据、云计算等技术集成应用于环境监管,实现了工业园区地下水环境实时动态监测评价及预警、地下水污染路径溯源计算、地下水事故污染预测及应急支撑等网络服务与计算功能,并通过地下空间三维数字化处理,构建了"所见即所得"的三维虚拟现实界面,实现了对地下水环境的便捷、高效监管与决策。该平台兼容手机、平板电脑、台式计算机等固定和移动设备,可为"双源"地下水污染监控、管理和应急提供实时、高效的科技支撑。     

污染因子相关分析判定地下水污染源

把相关分析用于地下水污染源的判定,在安阳市劳教所一带地下水污染事故中成功地判定了污染源     

某铝厂邻近自然村环境氟污染现状监测及分析评价

通过对某铝冶炼厂邻近自然村地下水、地表水、土壤中氟化物含量进行监测,并对其氟污染程度进行分析及评价.结果表明,自然村地下水、地表水、土壤都不同程度地受到了氟污染,从平均质量指数来看,地下水受到了中度氟污染,地表水受到了重度氟污染,土壤受到轻度氟污染.氟是对植物、动物、人类有较高毒性的积累性污染物,为防止自然村地下水、地表水、土壤的氟污染现状进一步恶化,应当从源头上对氟污染源进行治理及控制,及时有效地解决当地铝冶炼造成的环境氟污染.     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了"十四五"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。     

常州市老城区水体有机污染分布特征及原因初探

为了老城区河道的合理整治,采用总有机碳（TOC）分析仪对常州市老城区3条河流及区域内浅层地下水的14个采样点水样进行3个月的总有机碳含量检测。老城区水环境受到不同程度的有机污染,某些地下水的TOC含量高于地表水,原因为地表水补给地下水,且老城区水体污染源主要来源于周边地区的生活污水,并受到关河、雨水等的影响,这为常州市老城区水污染治理提供了依据。     

面向水源保护与污染监控的广东地下水环境监测网研究

通过系统整理分析自然资源、水利、生态环境等部门已有地下水监测网,针对广东地下水监测存在的问题和未来地下水环境管理需求,提出较大空间尺度和水质监控的地下水环境监测网建设框架及广东省"三层七级"共237个网点的层级化地下水环境监测网建设方案,并与水文地质单元、浅层地下水功能区划进行了空间叠加分析。结果表明,广东省三大部门监测网在空间上分布总体较为分散,相互补充性好,提出的监测网方案总体上与广东省地下水本底条件、地下水资源开发利用现状、地下水环境功能分区、重点污染源空间分布特征等相匹配,契合地下水饮用水源保护和重点污染源监控两大管理需求,构建的地下水环境监测网框架可为其他地区提供参考,提出的地下水环境监测网建设方案可为广东省地下水环境管理和污染防控提供决策支持。     

典型产业集聚区地下水优先控制污染物筛选

为明确地下水污染高风险区环境管控目标，快速识别优先控制污染物，于2022年以典型产业集聚区为研究对象，利用污染源产排污状况和地下水基础环境状况调查结果，将污染评价和环境风险相结合，优选污染源超标率、地下水环境污染等级、生物毒性参数和环境迁移转化参数作为筛选因子，利用层次分析法和综合分析法，计算各污染指标综合得分，建立筛选地下水优先控制污染物的方法体系。筛选结果显示，该产业集聚区的优先控制污染物相关指标包括：硝酸盐、耗氧量、石油类、总硬度、亚硝酸盐、镍、锌、硫酸盐、甲苯、氨氮等。筛选结果与园区主导行业产排污特征和地下水质量现状相符，具有一定的可靠性，可为科学、精准管控高风险区地下水质量提供依据。     

淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水污染分析

以淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水为研究对象，通过对当地影响较大的污染源调查采样，分析了该地区所采602组水样的无机和有机污染状况。研究表明，区内浅层地下水无机污染较严重，基本形成面状污染，地下水超标率高达83．4％，超标率最高为碘化物。有机污染物检出率34．2％，主要包括二氯甲烷、萘和1，2-二氯乙烷等，以点状分布为主。在此基础上阐述了大气降水、污水灌溉、农业施肥以及地下水开采等人类活动对浅层地下水的影响和污染状况。     

国家污染源监测数据管理系统构建

针对全国污染源监测数据管理和应用需求，设计了一套污染源监测数据指标集，分析了污染源排放达标评价对象及评价结果表征方法，突破了建立电子化排放标准库、数据录入全过程多层次质量控制等关键技术，并在需求分析、功能设计和技术方案选择的基础上，开发了覆盖国家、省、市3级应用的污染源监测数据管理信息软件平台，取得了很好的应用效果。     

论水污染物排放统计指标体系

水污染物排放统计指标体系包括水污染物排放统计指标以及排放管理指标,统计对象主要是规模以上点源。实施统计的污染源的规模应当是全国统一的。统计指标区分为指标、主要参数和辅助参数,既便于理解也便于管理;将排放指标细化为污染源排放量、入河排放量和通量使得排放概念更加清晰,有利于水环境管理。对入河排放量和污染源排放量的比较,可以确定纳入统计范围的污染源的代表性,对通量和入河排放量的比较可以推断非点源污染物排放状况。以流域为单元的,以通量、入河排放量和污染源排放量为主要概念的排放统计管理方式,有助于提高流域水污染防治的确定性和一致性。     

基于组织机构代码的污染源标识研究

简述了中国环境保护多项业务中污染源代码现状,其污染源编码都是根据当时的环境管理工作需要,独立确定的一套编码规则,这些不同的标识方式,在污染源的编码格式上不具有稳定性与统一性,不利于污染源基础信息的共享,形成多个信息孤岛。提出了基于组织机构代码的污染源编码规则,确定了编码结构及表示形式,使新污染源编码规则具有较强的实用性、标识的唯一性以及结构的规范性。基于污染源代码,可以有效整合环境信息资源,形成污染源档案,为环境监管提供全面的、详实的数据支撑。根据当前环境管理业务信息系统的实际,提出了今后实施工作的建议。     

A Fuzzy Logic Approach to Assess Groundwater Pollution Levels Below Agricultural Fields

A fuzzy logic approach has been developed to assess the groundwater pollution levels below agricultural fields. The data collected for Kumluca Plain of Turkey have been utilized to develop the approach. The plain is known with its intensive agricultural activities, which imply excessive application of fertilizers. The characteristics of the soils and underlying groundwater for this plain were monitored during the years 1999 and 2000. Additionally, an extensive field survey related to the types and yields of crops, fertilizer application and irrigation water was carried out. Both the soil and groundwater have exhibited high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and salinity with considerable spatial and temporal variations. The pollution level of groundwater at several established stations within the plain were assessed using Fuzzy Logic. Water Pollution Index (WPI) values are calculated by Fuzzy Logic utilizing the most significant groundwater pollutants in the area namely nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate together with the groundwater vulnerability to pollution. The results of the calculated WPI and the monitoring study have yielded good agreement. WPI indicated high to moderate water pollution levels at Kumluca plain depending on factors such as agricultural age, depth to groundwater, soil characteristics and vulnerability of groundwater to pollution. Fuzzy Logic approach has shown to be a practical, simple and useful tool to assess groundwater pollution levels.     

Estimating nutrient loadings using chemical mass balance approach

The river Hindon is one of the important tributaries of river Yamuna in western Uttar Pradesh (India) and carries pollution loads from various municipal and industrial units and surrounding agricultural areas. The main sources of pollution in the river include municipal wastes from Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar and Ghaziabad urban areas and industrial effluents of sugar, pulp and paper, distilleries and other miscellaneous industries through tributaries as well as direct inputs. In this paper, chemical mass balance approach has been used to assess the contribution from non-point sources of pollution to the river. The river system has been divided into three stretches depending on the land use pattern. The contribution of point sources in the upper and lower stretches are 95 and 81% respectively of the total flow of the river while there is no point source input in the middle stretch. Mass balance calculations indicate that contribution of nitrate and phosphate from non-point sources amounts to 15.5 and 6.9% in the upper stretch and 13.1 and 16.6% in the lower stretch respectively. Observed differences in the load along the river may be attributed to uncharacterized sources of pollution due to agricultural activities, remobilization from or entrainment of contaminated bottom sediments, ground water contribution or a combination of these sources.     

济南市面源污染现状及防治对策

在对农村生活污染源、规模化畜禽养殖污染源、农田及城市地表径流污染进行深入调查的基础上,分析了济南市面源污染原因,提出了对策建议。     

污染当量数在区域现状污染源评价中的应用

阐述了污染当量数评价法中的污染当量含义和污染当量的应用、污染当量值、污染当量数以及计算等,介绍r污染当量评价方法和特点。通过对等标污染负荷法和污染当量数评价法的两种评价方法比较,表明污染当量数评价法的评价结果可靠、直观,具有可比性和合理性,是评价污染源区域现状简便、实用的方法。     

The impact of point source pollution on shallow groundwater used for human consumption in a threshold country

Many developing and threshold countries rely on shallow groundwater wells for their water supply whilst pit latrines are used for sanitation. We employed a unified strategy involving satellite images and environmental monitoring of 16 physico-chemical and microbiological water quality parameters to identify significant land uses that can lead to unacceptable deterioration of source water, in a region with a subtropical climate and seasonally restricted torrential rainfall in Northern Argentina. Agricultural and non-agricultural sources of nitrate were illustrated in satellite images and used to assess the organic load discharged. The estimated human organic load per year was 28.5 BOD(5) tons and the N load was 7.5 tons, while for poultry farms it was 9940-BOD(5) tons and 1037-N tons, respectively. Concentrations of nitrates and organics were significantly different between seasons in well water (p values of 0.026 and 0.039, respectively). The onset of the wet season had an extraordinarily negative impact on well water due in part to the high permeability of soils made up of fine gravels and coarse sand. Discriminant analysis showed that land uses had a pronounced seasonal influence on nitrates and introduced additional microbial contamination, causing nitrification and denitrification in shallow groundwater. P-well was highly impacted by a poultry farm while S-well was affected by anthropogenic pollution and background load, as revealed by Principal Component Analysis. The application of microbial source tracking techniques is recommended to corroborate local sources of human versus animal origin.     

Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey

The sources of groundwater pollution in Turkey are identified, and pathways of contaminants to groundwater are first described. Then, the effects of groundwater quality on health in Turkey are evaluated. In general, sources of groundwater contamination fall into two main categories: natural and anthropogenic sources. Important sources of natural groundwater pollution in Turkey include geological formations, seawater intrusion, and geothermal fluid(s). The major sources of anthropogenic groundwater contamination are agricultural activities, mining waste, industrial waste, on-site septic tank systems, and pollution from imperfect well constructions. The analysis results revealed that natural contamination due to salt and gypsum are mostly found in Central and Mediterranean regions and arsenic in Aegean region. Geothermal fluids which contain fluoride poses a danger for skeleton, dental, and bone problems, especially in the areas of Denizli, Isparta, and Ayd?n. Discharges from surface water bodies contaminate groundwater by infiltration. Evidence of such contamination is found in Upper K?z?l?rmak basin, Gediz basin, and Büyük Melen river basin and some drinking water reservoirs in ?stanbul. Additionally, seawater intrusion causes groundwater quality problems in coastal regions, especially in the Aegean coast. Industrial wastes are also polluting surface and groundwater in industrialized regions of Turkey. Deterioration of water quality as a result of fertilizers and pesticides is another major problem especially in the regions of Mediterranean, Aegean, Central Anatolia, and Marmara. Abandoned mercury mines in the western regions of Turkey, especially in ?anakkale, ?zmir, Mu?la, Kütahya, and Bal?kesir, cause serious groundwater quality problems.     

基于多元统计方法的某地浅层地下水污染来源分析

为查明某地农田灌溉水井水质污染致使作物生长受损事件的污染来源,对研究区10眼水井进行了水质检测分析,并采用多元统计方法判断污染来源。结果表明:研究区水样中全盐量普遍超过农田灌溉水质标准,总硬度、硫酸盐、氨氮和氰化物等也存在不同程度的超标;水样中全盐量、氨氮与氰化物的含量之间存在显著正相关,具有共同的来源,且与河流A补给关系密切;地下水中盐分过高是造成作物受损的主要原因;地下水中全盐量、氨氮及氰化物等主要污染物来源于上游的焦化企业。基于多元统计方法的地下水污染来源分析结果可为当地地下水污染防治及管控提供环境管理依据。