珠三角典型河道49种抗生素污染现状及风险评估

为评估抗生素在珠三角地表水中的生态及健康风险,在石岐河布设20个监测点位,分别采集丰水期和枯水期样品,用固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-质谱法对4大类共49种抗生素进行检测。结果显示,在丰水期和枯水期样品中共检出抗生素30种,检出种类和抗生素总浓度都呈现出枯水期明显大于丰水期的现象。从总量上看,喹诺酮类是影响石岐河生态环境安全的主要抗生素类别。石岐河抗生素浓度在枯水期主要受污水处理设施出水的影响,在丰水期主要受沿岸养殖业排水的影响。采用风险熵法对生态风险进行评估,发现枯水期生态风险高于丰水期,头孢匹啉、克林霉素、诺氟沙星3种抗生素处于高生态风险级别,罗红霉素、磺胺二甲异恶唑和奥索利酸3种抗生素处于中等生态风险级别,另有4种抗生素处于低生态风险级别,应引起重视。采用健康风险评价模型对人群健康风险进行评价,发现石岐河抗生素致癌风险和非致癌风险皆处于可接受的健康风险范围内。     

京杭运河常州段泥水界面无机氮交换过程模拟研究

分别在枯水期、平水期、丰水期利用原柱样静态释放实验对京杭运河常州段4个点位的无机氮界面交换过程进行模拟,并借助模拟结果对运河不同形态氮的界面循环过程进行了初步探讨。结果表明,全年NH+4N界面交换特征均表现为底泥向上覆水体释放,平均交换速率比较结果为平水期[182.3mg/(m2·d)]>丰水期[94.0mg/(m2·d)]>枯水期[29.5mg/(m2·d)],而底泥污染严重的下游点位释放通量高于其他断面;丰水期底泥为上覆水NO-3N的源,平水期和丰水期则成汇,且平水期底泥平均吸附速率若为枯水期的6倍;全年NO-2N交换过程表现底泥吸附的特征,枯水期交换速率极低,全年底泥DIN(总无机氮)输入量>输出量,底泥对高浓度上覆水NO-3N的吸附作用可能是底泥污染逐渐加重的原因。     

黄河、海河和辽河水体中3种常用除草剂的分布特征

系统研究了黄河、海河和辽河中3种常用除草剂 MCPA、2，4-D 和 Bentazone 的分布特征及其来源。结果表明，3种除草剂除 Bentazone在黄河水体中未检出外，其余均有检出。季节和空间分析表明，大部分目标物丰水期质量浓度高于枯水期，可能与夏季农作物除草剂使用量较大有关；从上游到下游化合物质量浓度逐渐升高，可能是河岸面源污染引起。水生态风险初步分析显示，3种除草剂对研究水体中的水生生物均为低风险。     

辽宁省生态清洁小流域抗生素监测及生态风险评估

于2021年10月对辽宁省生态清洁小流域抗生素的赋存浓度、分布特征进行了调查。采用风险商值法对小流域的抗生素生态风险进行评价。结果表明,辽宁省生态清洁小流域中8种抗生素均有不同程度检出,检出总质量浓度范围为0013～0.313 μg/L,平均值为0.072 μg/L;小流域中抗生素质量浓度均低于我国大部分河流和流域。不同类型抗生素空间分布规律差异明显,检测出的抗生素中,质量浓度最高的是罗红霉素（ROX）,检出率最高的是磺胺甲噁唑（SMX）;各监测点位抗生素组分的占比排序为：SMX＞ROX＞替米考星（TIC）＞氟苯尼考（FFC）;抗生素主要来源是畜禽养殖和生活污水。生态风险评价结果显示,ROX、脱水红霉素（ERY-H₂O）、诺氟沙星（NOR）和SMX存在高风险,其余种类呈现中、低风险。生态清洁小流域水体中暴露出的抗生素生态风险不容忽视,亟待进一步探究环境风险并采取有效的防治措施。     

城市河流各水期水质变化分析

选取宁波市区20个监测断面作为研究对象,选择溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、铜、锌、挥发酚、石油类作为评价指标,利用主成分分析法分别对其枯水期、平水期、丰水期进行综合水质评价。根据计算结果提取了3个主成分因子(有机物因子、氨氮和重金属因子、挥发酚因子),累计方差贡献率达到84.02%,基本保留了选取指标的有效信息。结果发现,各监测断面污染状况均显示为枯水期>平水期>丰水期,枯水期、平水期、丰水期断面达标率分别为20%、50%、80%,主要超标水域为鄞州河网、中大河、鄞江下游,评价结果与实际情况相符合。     

长兴入太湖河网水文变化特征与水质时空差异

以长兴县入太湖的泗安塘-合溪-乌溪河网为研究对象，将入湖河网划分为水源区、河网区、西苕溪区和入湖区，于2018年8月和2019年1月分别对长兴县入太湖河网丰水期和枯水期的水质状况进行了调查，采用空间聚类法、水质标识指数对水质的时空分布进行评价。结果表明，长兴入太湖河网不同片区氨氮（NH₃-N）和总氮（TN）的质量浓度平均值呈现枯水期较丰水期高的特征，而高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）和总磷（TP）则呈现丰水期较枯水期高的特征。空间聚类分析结果表明，水质指标分布具有明显的空间差异性，呈现水源区>西苕溪区>河网区>入湖区的分布特征，入湖区是污染物聚集的主要区域。综合水质标识指数分析结果表明，长兴入太湖河网主要以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水为主；单因子水质标识指数分析结果表明，溶解氧（DO）、COD_Mn、NH₃-N、TP指标均优于Ⅲ类水标准，TN是入太湖河网的特征污染物，且在丰水期和枯水期质量浓度平均值分别达到2.24,3.49 mg/L。因此，进一步削减氮污染是缓解其河网富营养化的关键。     

骆马湖地区水体、沉积物中农药筛查和分布特征

采用气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）非靶向筛查技术,分别于2019年11月5—7日（枯水期）、2020年4月24—26日（平水期）和2020年7月15—16日（丰水期）对骆马湖地区水体和沉积物中的农药残留进行了筛查并对其空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,水中筛查出主要农药13种,除草剂占比62%,检出率＞95%的农药有丁草胺、环嗪酮、异丙甲草胺、多效唑、噻氟菌胺、稻瘟灵、毒死蜱、阿特拉津、避蚊胺和莠灭净,阿特拉津检出质量浓度最高（ND～10 599 ng/L,平均值为725.5 ng/L）,其次为多效唑（ND～2 089 ng/L,平均值为237.0 ng/L）和噻氟菌胺（ND～1 991 ng/L,平均值为237.2 ng/L）。与国内其他地区相比,骆马湖地区水中农药污染处于中等水平,其中阿特拉津、稻瘟灵和毒死蜱的生态风险值得重点关注。骆马湖及入湖河流水中农药总质量浓度呈现丰水期＞平水期＞枯水期的特点,与地表径流、农药的性质及其在水体中的释放等因素有关,丰水期入湖口和省界来水中农药对饮用水水源地的影响较大。沉积物中筛查出9种农药,总体含量不高,且仅扑灭净和避蚊胺检出率>95%,其余<20%。     

菏泽市主要河流中氟的分布及其影响因素

菏泽市地处鲁西南高氟地区,其河流中的高浓度氟化物不仅会通过径流过程影响南四湖水质,还会影响当地水生态平衡及人体健康。通过分析菏泽市主要河流中氟化物的时空分布特征,并结合地下水、土壤及废污水调查结果,探讨了影响河流中氟化物分布的主要因素。结果表明:研究区河流中氟化物的平均浓度在0.98~1.45 mg/L之间,氟化物浓度分布呈现出枯水期＞平水期＞丰水期、下游＞上游、支流＞干流的特征。氟化物浓度较高的河流呈现高pH、低钙的特点,水化学组分以Na-HCO₃型、Na-SO₄型为主。河流中氟化物的浓度主要受蒸发浓缩和岩石风化作用的影响。研究区地下水和土壤中氟化物的背景浓度整体较高。枯水期高氟地下水可能通过直接补给河流对河流水体产生影响,丰水期土壤中的氟也会通过径流过程汇入河流。人类工农业生产过程大量开采利用当地高氟地下水,而高氟废水最终则会进入河流,导致河流中氟化物的含量升高。     

梁子湖水体和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态健康风险评价

对枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体和沉积物中7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的污染水平及分布特征进行了研究,并评价了其健康风险和生态风险。结果表明,枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体中7种PAEs总量（∑PAEs）分别为0.10~3.56、0.16~1.78、0.57~2.16 μg/L,沉积物中∑PAEs分别为0.10~0.41、0.21~0.66、0.12~4.49 μg/g,3个水期的水体和沉积物中均以邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）占主要组分。与国内外其他河流/湖泊相比,梁子湖水体和沉积物中各PAE单体的含量均处于中等偏低水平。健康风险评价结果表明,梁子湖水体中PAEs的总非致癌风险值均远低于1,不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害;3个水期绝大部分或全部采样点位中DEHP对人体存在潜在的致癌风险。生态风险评价结果表明,枯水期和丰水期沉积物中PAEs总量对水藻类和鱼类达到中等风险程度,对其存在较大的毒性。     

北京市妫水河水质现状评价

2017年分3个时期(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)采集妫水河及其支流12个断面表层水样,分析了COD、氨氮、TP、DO、pH值等水质指标,采用单因子评价法、水污染指数法、主成分分析法和模糊综合评价法对水质进行评价,根据4种水质评价方法的评价结果,分析4种方法在小流域河流评价中的适用性。结果表明:目前妫水河12个断面中S2、S10和Z2 3个断面水质较差,基本属于地表Ⅴ类水,污染程度为重度污染;其他9个断面水质等级为地表Ⅳ类水,污染程度为中度污染;中段世园会段水质较好,优于上段和下段,主要污染指标为COD;妫水河主要污染源于农业和生活,枯水期水质优于平水期和丰水期。水污染指数法更适合小流域水体水质的定性定量评价,且计算方便简单。     

Sources and seasonal variation of PAHs in the sediments of drinking water reservoirs in Hong Kong and the Dongjiang River (China)

The main objective of this study was to investigate occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sources of the drinking water supply of Hong Kong. The main emphasis was on the Dongjiang River in mainland China which is the major source, supplying 80% of the total consumption in Hong Kong (the remaining 20% is obtained from rain water). Sediments were collected from four sites along the Dongjiang River and four reservoirs in Hong Kong during both the dry and wet weather seasons. The concentrations of total PAHs in the sediments ranged between 36 and 539 microg/kg dry wt. The lower levels were detected at the upstream site on the Dongjiang River and at the reservoirs in Hong Kong (44-85 microg/kg dry wt), while the mid- and downstream sites on the Dongjiang River were more polluted (588-658 microg/kg dry wt). Examination of the PAH profiles revealed that the mid- and downstream sections of the Dongjiang River contained high percentages of 4,5,6-ring PAHs, similar to the amounts of atmospheric particulate matter and road dust collected during the dry weather season from the Pearl River Delta region as reported in the literature. Seasonal changes were revealed in the reservoirs of Hong Kong, with higher PAH levels in the wet weather season than in the dry weather season. For those reservoirs in Hong Kong that store water from the Dongjiang River, a distinct seasonal pattern was also observed, namely, that under dry weather season conditions the PAHs found in the sediments were primarily from petrogenic source, while under wet weather season conditions they were from pyrolytic sources. No such pattern was detected in the reservoirs which stored only rain water.     

Distribution, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in drinking water sources within the Pearl River Delta

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region is one of the most population-dense areas in China. The safety of its drinking source water is essential to human health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted attention from the scientific community and the general public due to their toxicity and wide distribution in the global environment. In this work, PAHs pollution levels from the drinking source water in nine main cities within the PRD were investigated. ∑15 PAHs concentrations during the wet season varied from 32.0 to 754.8 ng L(-1) in the dissolved phase, and from 13.4 to 3017.8 ng L(-1) in the particulate phase. During the dry season, dissolved PAHs ranged from 48.1 to 113.6 ng L(-1), and particulate PAHs from 8.6 to 69.6 ng L(-1). Overall, ∑15 PAHs concentrations were extremely high in the XC and ZHQ stations during the wet season in 2008 and 2009. In most sites, PAHs originated from mixed sources. Hazard ratios based on non-cancerous and cancerous risks were extremely higher in XC compared with the others during the wet season, though they were much less than 1. Nevertheless, risks caused by the combined toxicity of ∑15 PAHs and other organics should be seriously considered. PAHs toxic equivalent quantities ranged from 0.508 to 177.077 ng L(-1).     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface water of Taizi River, Northeast of China

Spatial and seasonal distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), identified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency, were investigated in the surface water of the Taizi River in Liaoning Province, northeast of China. Samples were collected from the mainstream, and tributaries of the Taizi River in dry, wet, and normal seasons. Five important industrial point sources were also monitored. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 454.5 to 1,379.7 ng l^?1 in the dry season, 1,801.6 to 5,868.9 ng l^?1 in the wet season, and 367.0 to 5,794.5 ng l^?1 in the normal season. The total PAH concentrations were significantly increased in the order of wet season > normal season > dry season. The profile of PAHs in the surface water samples was dominated by low molecular weight PAHs particularly with two- and three-ring components in the three seasons, suggesting that the PAHs were from a relatively recent local source. Source identification inferred that the PAHs in the surface water of the Taizi River came from both petrogenic inputs and pyrogenic sources.     

Estrogenic activity profiles and risks in surface waters and sediments of the Pearl River system in South China assessed by chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay

Estrogenic activity risks in the Pearl River system (Liuxi River, Zhujiang River and Shijing River) in South China were assessed by combined chemical analysis and recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay for surface waters and sediments collected in both dry and wet seasons. The xenoestrogens 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A were detected at almost every sampling site at concentrations of several ng L(-1) (ng g(-1)) to tens of μg L(-1) (μg g(-1)) in surface waters (and sediments). The estrogens estrone and 17β-estradiol were also detected in most of the samples with concentrations from several ng L(-1) (ng g(-1)) to tens of ng L(-1) (ng g(-1)) in surface waters (and sediments). However, synthetic estrogens diethylstilbestrol and 17α-ethinylestradiol were only detected at a few sites. The 17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQ) screened by the YES bioassay were in the range of 0.23-324 ng L(-1) in surface waters and from not detected to 101 ng g(-1) in sediments. Shijing River displayed one to two orders of magnitude higher levels for both measured chemical concentrations and estrogenic activities than the Zhujiang River and the Liuxi River. A risk assessment for the surface waters showed high risks for the downstream reaches of the Liuxi River and the upstream to midstream reaches of the Zhujiang River and the Shijing River. Higher estrogenic risks were observed in the wet season than in the dry season for surface waters, probably due to the input of runoff and direct overflow of small urban streams during heavy rain events. Only small variations in estrogenic risk were found for the sediments between the two seasons, suggesting that sediments are a sink for these estrogenic compounds in the rivers.     

水环境背景元素的时间差异变化规律

研究化学元素在枯、丰、平三个水季悬浮态、可溶态、沉积态的含量变化。以黄梨树水文站作为动态观测点，三年观测得出水化学要素、重金属元素及稀有、稀土元素变化最大的是丰水季；悬浮体相当于枯水季的２５０倍；悬浮态和可溶态元素含量（原水）同样形成丰水季＞平水季＞枯水季的趋势；而可溶态元素含量（过滤水）各个水期无大的变化差异。沉积物在三个水季中元素含量变化差异也较小，但有机质相反，含量出现枯水季＞平水季＞丰水季这样的规律。     

新疆头屯河河道生态基流的分析研究

头屯河流域在主要河道上修建2处拦河水库及多处引水工程,虽然每年不同程度,周期性向拦河控制性工程以下河段下泄河道生态水量,但是尚未分析论证下泄的河道生态水量及下泄周期是否满足全年河道生态需求。尤其在枯水季节头屯河水库下游往往干涸断流,洪水季节易发污染事故,河道生态达不到预期保护效果。河道生态基流分析计算及提出头屯河流域生态保护的保障措施已经到了非解决不可的地步,河道生态基流分析计算成果作为流域水行政主管部门提出头屯河流域生态保护的保障措施的重要技术支撑,从水资源合理利用与节约,河道两库联合调度、合理利用,维护水生态、保障河道基流量等方面进行工程、调度及制度建设。     

Total estrogenic activity and nonylphenol concentration in the Donggang River, Taiwan

We report a survey on the occurrence and distribution of nonylphenol (NP) and 17β-estradiol equivalent quotient (EEQ) concentrations in Donggang River, Taiwan. Concentrations of NP were measured with a high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescent system and EEQs were carried with an MVLN cell line. Concentrations of NP ranged from less than 93 to 511 ng/L; EEQs ranged from less than 0.16 to 8.64 ng-E2/L. Concentrations of NP were higher in the dry season than in the wet season, which was affected by a high flow rate. In the main watercourse, higher EEQ occurred in the wet season than in the dry season; rainfall may have flushed substances containing estrogenic activity. NP and EEQ concentrations occurred in seawater only in the dry season, especially high EEQ values, and were not detected in the wet season. The reasons are not clear at this moment. Furthermore, NP concentrations provided low contribution to the total estrogenic activity.     

Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminations in surface water from the Hun River, Northeast China

The objectives of this study were to investigate the levels, dispersion patterns, seasonal variation, and sources of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 EPA-PAHs) in the Hun River of Liaoning Province, China. Samples of surface water were collected from upstream to downstream locations, and also from the main tributaries of the Hun River in dry period, flood period, and level period, respectively. After appropriate preparation, all samples were analyzed for 16 EPA-PAHs. Total PAHs concentrations varied from 124.55 to 439.27 ng l^?1 in surface water in dry period, 1,615.75 to 5,270.04 ng l^?1 in flood period, and 2,247.42 to 7,767.9 ng l^?1 in level period. The 16 EPA-PAHs concentrations were significantly increased in the order of level period > flood period > dry period. The composition pattern of PAHs in surface water was dominated by low molecular weight PAHs, in particular two- to three-ring PAHs. In addition, two-ring PAH accounted for 39.33 to 88.27 % of the total PAHs in level period. Low molecular weight PAHs predomination together with higher levels of PAHs in flood and level period suggested a relatively recent local source of PAHs. Special PAHs ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene indicated that under dry weather season conditions, the PAHs found in surface water were primarily from petrogenic source, while under wet weather season conditions they were from mixed source of both petrogenic inputs and combustion sources. The comparison of PAHs contamination among different types of areas in China suggested that atmospheric depositions might be the most important approaches of PAHs into water system. Although the Hun River exists low PAHs ecological risk now, potential toxic effects will be existed in the future especially in flood and level period.