基于模糊综合模型的湿地沉积物重金属污染评价

应用模糊综合-加权模型,以及温州市3个典型湿地沉积物中7种重金属含量数据,对温瑞塘河重金属污染进行评价。模糊综合评价结果表明,温州市居民区河流三垟湿地沉积物属于Ⅴ级重金属污染水平,主要污染元素为Zn和Cd;山前上游河段卧龙河沉积物为Ⅲ级污染,主要污染物是Cd。工业区河流牛桥底河沉积物虽然也是Ⅴ级,但是Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd 5种重金属污染分值为1.0,小于前2个典型河段的1.2和3.3。内梅罗指数法和潜在生态危害系数法评价结果显示,沉积物的重金属污染程度为牛桥底河三垟湿地卧龙河,这与模糊综合评价结果相符。     

城市污染底泥及其蜂窝煤产品的浸出毒性研究

为了充分利用污染底泥中蕴含的能量,提出了一种以煤粉混合不同比例的污染底泥制作蜂窝煤的资源化途径。经检测,当底泥的添加量为30%时,可以生产出各项指标均符合《民用蜂窝煤》(GB/T 13593—1992)标准的底泥制蜂窝煤,同时探讨了高温焚烧对底泥制蜂窝煤中重金属的固化效果,以及不同p H值的酸雨对底泥制蜂窝煤焚烧灰渣中重金属浸出效果的影响,发现5种重金属的残渣态均有显著提高,说明高温焚烧对重金属有很好的固化效果。此外,不同p H值对不同重金属的浸出效果影响均不同。在温州市酸雨的影响下,灰渣中重金属的浸出量均低于生活垃圾填埋场污染物控制标准,可作生活垃圾填埋。     

湿地公园底泥污染及生态疏浚研究

底泥生态疏浚是一项集工程、环境、生态等为一体的修复技术,本文在充分了解与认识国内外生态疏浚技术方法的基础上,通过采样分析的方法获取了南京上秦淮湿地底泥分布及污染情况数据,在此基础上提出了针对性的南京上秦淮湿地公园生态疏浚方案,并从生态疏浚分区、深度控制、疏浚方式、机械设备、技术关键点、疏浚后处理措施等方面提出了生态疏浚的具体措施。     

水库底泥制备陶粒技术应用研究

制备陶粒是水库底泥的资源化途径之一,具有较好的环境经济效益和推广前景。采用沿海地区某水库底泥,通过高温焚烧的方式,试验研究了底泥制备陶粒的工艺条件和配比,并分析了制备温度、底泥添加量、粘结剂添加量对底泥陶粒各种性质的影响趋势。同时系统分析了各主要化学成分在底泥陶粒烧成中的作用、底泥陶粒孔隙形成机理以及固相反应机理。为底泥制备陶粒提供了工艺和产业化的理论基础。     

污泥处理及其资源化

较系统地介绍了目前污泥处理技术及污泥资源化的一些新进展。着重探讨了污泥脱水、堆肥过程中的主要影响因素。指出了今后要遵循环境可持续发展的思想，做到污泥的稳定化、资源化和无害化处置。     

城市污泥的处置及资源化展望

简述了国内外污泥处置的现状,并对目前各种污泥处理处置方法进行了比较.提出了污泥资源化的一些途径,指出污泥资源化将是我国污泥处置的主要发展方向.     

镇江内江底泥重金属分布特征及潜在生态危害评价

对镇江内江的底泥进行采集,测定底泥中的Cu、As、Hg、Cr、Pb、Cd、Zn、总磷、总氮、有机质的含量,采用潜在生态风险评价和相关性分析的方法,研究了底泥中重金属的污染水平、生态危害、分布特征和溯源。结果表明,(1)内江底泥中的重金属污染主要为Hg、Cd、As。各重金属单项潜在生态危害指数大小关系为Hg>Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn。(2)内江的整体生态环境受重金属的危害程度处在中等水平,重金属的生态威胁主要来自Hg,建议在达到强生态威胁程度的3#、8#、20#、21#采样点附近清理淤泥。(3)由重金属分布特征可知,湿地生态系统对重金属具有较好的吸附去除作用;在内江流速慢、死水多的地方易造成重金属富集;入江河口重金属富集也较明显;污染企业与重金属含量有直接关系。(4)由相关性探源可知,Cu、Zn、Cr主要来自于自然界,Hg、Cd、Pb主要来自于企业污水排放,As则来自于自然界和人为排放。     

水处理污泥处理处置研究进展

污水污泥是城市废水处理后的终端产物,既是一种生物质原料,可以被有效地资源化和能源化,同时又含有大量有毒有害物质,如何妥善地处理处置污水污泥,已成为全社会关注的课题。浅析了污水污泥的处理处置方法以及当前的研究热点和新技术。污泥处理处置的发展方向为减量化、稳定化,以及在无害化前提下的资源化、能源化。     

氟化钙污泥处置及资源化利用

综述了现有的氟化钙污泥处理处置技术,包括浮选富集回用氟化钙,熔融焚烧实现减量化,应用于陶瓷、水泥、混凝土制作,以及利用其化学性质,作为添加剂用于飞灰的固化稳定,或者在钢铁行业中充当萤石成为助熔剂。理论分析和试验检测表明上述方法均可实现含氟污泥的减量化、无害化、资源化,在处理氟化钙污泥时可以根据实际情况选择相应的工艺技术。     

苏南地区农村河塘底泥中重金属污染调查与评价

对苏南地区农村河塘底泥中重金属的污染物状况及分布特征进行了调查,分别在镇江、宜兴和常州采集了农村居民生活区、农田附近和养殖厂周围13个底泥样品,对底泥中的5种重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr质量比进行了分析研究,并利用Hakason生态风险指数法评价了底泥中5种重金属对其所在水域的污染程度,对水域和周围环境造成的潜在风险影响.结果表明,苏南地区部分农村河塘底泥已受到轻度的重金属污染,部分采样点Cd、Cu和Zn已达到中度污染;不同类型底泥的重金属的污染程度趋势为:居民生活区＞养殖厂周围＞农田附近.     

污水中抗生素生化去除研究进展

综述了活性污泥法、膜生物反应器、人工湿地等国内外常见抗生素生化去除方法的优缺点与适用范围,通过工艺对比发现,膜生物反应器和人工湿地能有效去除污水中的抗生素,活性污泥法对抗生素的去除率不高,且选择性较强;污泥龄和水力停留时间对抗生素的去除率有着显著影响,多数情况下反应器的运行改进也能提高抗生素的去除效果。针对抗生素污染问题,提出了采取加强型的复合式处理工艺、开展分区研究、出台相关管理政策等建议。     

Statistical software for microcomputers—A user's view

The selection of statistical software for use on microcomputers requires a thorough definition of the goal, plus knowledge of the capabilities of the user, the hardware and the software. These factors form a complex, interacting system which is limited by its weakest component. This paper suggests criteria to be used in the selection of software and hardware for statistical applications. Additional sources of information and several examples of statistical software are cited.

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微波消解—原子吸收/原子荧光光度法测定活性污泥中的Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、K、As、Hg

通过实验,建立了活性污泥中金属和重金属的测定方法。活性污泥样品经硝酸—氢氟酸或硝酸—高氯酸微波消解处理后,Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、K选用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定,Cd用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定,As、Hg用原子荧光光度法测定。该方法操作简单,结果准确,重现性好。样品加标回收率为93%-108%,相对标准偏差〈5%。     

Constructed wetlands using aluminium-based drinking water treatment sludge as P-removing substrate: should aluminium release be a concern?

This study investigated an important issue of aluminium (Al) release from a novel reuse of Al-based water treatment sludge (Al-WTS) in constructed wetland system (CWs) as alternative substrate for wastewater treatment. Al-WTS is an inevitable by-product of drinking water treatment plants that use Al-salt as coagulant for raw water purification. It has recently been demonstrated that Al-WTS can be reused as a low-cost phosphorus (P) adsorbent and biofilm carrier in CWs for wastewater treatment. However, to facilitate the large scale application of Al-WTS in CWs as wetland substrate, concerns about Al leaching during its reuse in CWs must be addressed as Al is a dominant constituent in Al-WTS. In this study, a desk review of literature on Al release during Al-WTS reuse was conducted. Furthermore, a 42-week Al monitoring was carried out on a pilot field-scale CWs employing Al-WTS as main substrate. Results show that 22 out of the 35 studies reviewed, reported Al release with levels of soluble Al reported ranging from 0.01 to about 20 mg L(-1). Monitoring of Al in the pilot field-scale CWs shows that there was Al leaching. However, except for the first three weeks of operation, effluents concentrations of both total- and soluble-Al were all below the general regulatory guideline limit of 0.2 mg L(-1). Overall, the study addresses a vital concern regarding the successful application of Al-WTS in CWs and shows that Al release during such novel reuse is quite low and should not preclude its use.     

Emergy-based evaluation of system sustainability and ecosystem value of a large-scale constructed wetland in North China

Constructed wetland has been widely adopted to deal with degraded natural wetlands and water bodies; thus, more attention should be focused on ecological–economic sustainability and ecological efficiency of these projects for long-term success. Emergy accounting was conducted to investigate the energy and resource flows in constructed wetlands during the restoration process. Emergy-based indexes were adopted to evaluate the sustainability of a pilot large-scale constructed wetland in a large wetland restoration project in North China, carried out to enhance the river water quality and offset the degradation of natural wetland. Emergy and emdollar values for ecosystem services and natural capital were also calculated. The results showed that when outflow was considered as the product, the studied large-scale constructed wetland was more self-supporting and could be operated with lesser financial investment, although the waste treatment efficiency and the sustainability index were lower than conventional small-scale treatment constructed wetlands. Compared with natural wetlands, more visits from tourists and lesser financial investment coming in as feedback into the wetland would reduce system environment loading and promote system self-support ability, ultimately generating sustainability. In addition, the studied large-scale constructed wetland can effectively simulate energy and resource flows of natural wetland ecosystem and contribute a roughly equal value of ecosystem services in term of gross primary production. The studied large-scale constructed wetland can successfully achieve ecosystem functions as replacement for natural wetland and hasten the restoration process, although the restoration effectiveness of ecosystem structures in terms of living biomass and water using emergy-value accounting is still inconclusive.     

Wetland loss under the impact of agricultural development in the Sanjiang Plain, NE China

Wetland loss has been the major environmental problem in Sanjiang Plain, NE China in recent years because of the dramatic agricultural development. We determined the spatial associations of the wetland loss rates in an 11,000-km² study area for two intervals of period 1 (1975–1989) and period 2 (1989–2004) spanning 30 years by using geographic information systems. The landscape of this area was simple with five categories, composed of ten types, and including three natural wetland types—open water, marsh, and wet meadow. Extensive agriculture was the principal cultivation form in terms of large size farm units in the area. Agriculture has become the principal land use category replacing natural wetlands over the 30-year period. It has changed the whole landscape of the region and the landscape pattern, causing wetland loss and fragmentation. The wetland loss rate of the area was very different between the two intervals, while wetland loss was not uniform throughout the region and was influenced by the landscape characteristics, such as topography, geomorphology, and the location of the wetlands in the watershed. Despite the remarkable land use changes, the wetlands distribution in the landscapes was similar compared to their original pattern. These results indicated that agricultural development affected the areas more than the distribution pattern of the wetlands in this region.     

Comparison between availability of heavy metals in dry and wetland tailing of an abandoned copper tailing pond

Wetland sediments are generally considered as a sink for metals and, in the anoxic zone, may contain very high concentrations of heavy metals in reduced state. A comprehensive study was carried out to compare the differences of total, environmentally available (Env-Av), HOAC, EDTA and DTPA available heavy metal fraction in tailing of the marshy area of a copper tailing pond and the dry tailing. The average concentrations of all the seven metals in the wetland tailing were found higher than dry tailing. Regarding pH, organic carbon, availailable N, P and K also found higher in marshy wetland tailing compare to the dry tailing. This information is needed in order to understand wetland system and to assure that wetlands do not themselves eventually become sources of metal contamination to surrounding areas. But as levels of pollutants increases, the ability of a wetland system to incorporate waste can be impaired and the wetland can become a source of toxicity.     

滩涂湿地污灌系统生态监测指标体系的研究与构建

对在滩涂湿地建立的生态工业园区进行调查研究,用生态方法和化学成分分析方法对各物种和生物体进行研究,初步构建了滩涂湿地污灌系统生态监测指标体系,期望能够对造纸废水的处理、滩涂湿地的开发利用以及滩涂湿地生态系统起到较好的保护和改善作用,为生态工业园区建设提供较好的安全保障.     

华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系构建研究

以华北地区滨海湿地中的天津宁河七里海湿地为例,以PSR模型作为评价基础框架,运用可持续发展的理论、环境生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学等科学理论,结合社会经济资料收集、地面数据的采集与生态环境现状调查,应用层次分析法(AHP),在咨询专家意见的基础上,利用T L Saaty的标度法,构建了华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系。体系由压力子系统、状态子系统、响应子系统构成,共筛选出三大类共计19项综合指标,其中压力指标6项、状态指标9项、响应指标4项。通过实际验证,该评价体系能客观地反映出湿地生态系统健康水平,可为环境管理部门的科学决策以及湿地的可持续发展提供技术支持,可供其他滨海地区湿地评价时参考。     

对城市污水厂污泥中矿物油和动植物油测定方法的改进

研究了用超声波萃取城市污水处理厂污泥中动植物油和矿物油的方法,并与索氏提取法进行比较.结果表明,超声波萃取法对污泥中矿物油和动植物油测定操作简单快速,标样回收率高,精密度好.