环境地球物理在污染场地调查中的现状及展望

简述了国内外对不同污染场地调查环境地球物理方法的研究现状及成果,指出了目前存在的问题.针对污染场地调查污染深度浅、污染浓度低的特点,提出了建立重金属污染在浅层迁移的数学物理模型和提高设备检测精度的必要性.对环境地球物理方法在环境领域的应用进行了展望.     

污染场地土壤初步调查布点及采样方法探讨

结合我国污染场地的普遍特征以及场地初步调查的基本目标,从布点前期准备、布点原则、布点程序和布点方法等方面详细探讨了污染场地土壤初步调查的点位布设方法;并从采样准备、采集方法、采集程序以及现场记录等环节探讨了现场样品采集的注意事项和要求,以期为污染场地环境调查的土壤监测和采样提供借鉴。     

基于综合环境风险的砷污染场地优控筛选方法

污染场地的优控筛选是国家和地区污染场地管理的关键环节,有利于提高污染场地修复的高效性和经济性。研究以污染源强、污染途径脆弱性和受体敏感性作为筛选的主要因素,构建了基于综合环境风险的优控重金属污染场地筛选方法。通过调查某市15个砷渣污染场地,利用综合环境风险指数法分析区域不同污染场地的危害程度,据此推算不同污染场地危害 程度大小次序,并设置不同情景进行敏感性分析,从而筛选出某市优控砷渣污染场地名单。结果表明:污染场地H15和H12在不同权重情景下均处于高危害程度水平,为优控污染场地；H2在多数情景下危害程度较高,确定为备选优控污染场地。     

磷化工企业场地污染调查与健康风险评估实例研究

以江阴某磷化工企业搬离时,对遗留场地开展的污染调查与健康风险评估为实例,探讨污染场地健康风险评估的方法和进行场地修复的必要性。     

制订我国污染场地土壤风险筛选值的几点建议

近年来,我国大中城市陆续开展污染企业搬迁,环境管理上要求对搬迁场地进行商业开发前必须开展场地环境调查、风险评估和修复,客观上要求有一套场地环境评价标准和污染土壤修复标准.针对目前国内污染场地标准缺失及盲目引用国外相关筛选值出现的误区,分析了美国、荷兰和英国土壤筛选值差异的主要原因,为合理借鉴国外土壤筛选值及其制定方法学...     

污染场地调查与评估信息系统设计

为了管理和风险评估污染场地,结合调查和评价应用中的管理工作流程,对污染场地数据库的设计方案进行了分析,其中包括数据标准的制定、数据库总体结构设计和数据表设计等;同时具体介绍了调查与评估信息系统的设计方案,包括系统设计目标、总体结构和功能模块设计等内容,为系统的构建进一步提供技术支持.     

典型铅蓄电池场地土壤污染识别与调查研究

以成都平原某废弃铅蓄电池污染场地为例,调查识别典型工业场地主要污染物空间分布特征和剖面迁移特征。结果表明:场地主要潜在Pb污染源有建筑垃圾、土壤及残留废水,潜在污染途径为大气降尘、含Pb废水排放;建筑垃圾中Pb、Cd、As等污染严重;场地内酸液暂存池和清洗池地表水中Pb、Cd超标严重,均为劣Ⅴ类;场地内及周边环境地下水中Cd、Cr污染较重;区内表层土壤中Pb、Cd污染严重,且呈面源性,距循环水池及酸液暂存池1.2 m处土壤中Pb含量远高于周边区域。     

电化厂搬离场地污染调查与健康风险评估实例

以江阴某电化厂搬离时,对遗留场地开展的污染调查与健康风险评估为实例,通过对研究场地的生产历史和未来规划的分析,制定污染场地的布点采样和监测方案,对土壤和地下水中相关污染物浓度进行了监测和风险分析;并对后续场地再开发利用提出合理建议。     

膜界面探测器在工业污染场地调查中的应用

膜界面探测器是一项采用直接推进技术,可实时提供场地地下挥发性有机物近乎连续分布信息的直接感测工具。以某历史上从事有机氯农药生产的废弃工业场地为例,运用该技术,配置土壤电导率传感器、电子捕获检测器以及氢火焰离子化检测器,对该场地中潜在污染区域进行快速筛选调查,初步确定了土壤和地下水中挥发性有机物污染的热点区域及其三维分布和地层信息,为后续进一步调查方案优化、场地概念模型建立及后续修复方案设计等提供了重要的信息。     

基于精准调查的污染场地模型研究

以天津某污染场地为对象，开展了污染识别、初步采样及补充分层监测，依次构建了初步场地概念模型、污染表征概念模型、地下水流-溶质运移数值模型，更新优化的场地概念模型能够直观地展示污染空间分布与地层结构，明确污染成因。结果表明，该场地以氯代烃类污染为主，污染物以独立污染源为中心向四周扩散，且多积聚在浅层潜水层，粉质黏土层有效阻滞了其垂向迁移。数值模型污染预测结果表明，污染区域范围内的污染物质量浓度随时间的延长而降低，对流弥散作用对其影响较小。基于精准调查建立的场地概念模型与数值模型相结合的方法，可为掌握场地实际污染状况及后期管理决策提供数据支撑。     

Conjunctive Vadose and Saturated Zone Monitoring for Subsurface Contamination

A comprehensive subsurface monitoring program should include contaminant detectors in both the vadose and saturated zones. Vadose zone detectors can provide an early warning of an impending groundwater contamination problem, and also yield information relevant to placing groundwater monitoring wells. Moisture probes, gas monitoring wells, and pore-liquid samplers deployed in the vadose zone complement groundwater detection wells. The objective(s) of a monitoring program, spatial-scales, and hydrogeology are important considerations for designing subsurface monitoring networks. Often, these networks are used to detect potential releases or characterize existing contamination beneath land-based waste storage facilities. A case study in Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., illustrates the utility of vadose zone monitoring in characterizing a gasoline contamination problem and guiding the placement of groundwater monitoring wells.     

广东省地下水环境监测井现状及管理对策

在广东省范围内开展了地下水环境监测井资料收集和现场排查,统计可用监测井3 620个,分析监测井的数量、分布、功能和监测情况。结果表明,尚存在环评井建设与监测任务落实不到位、地下水环境监测井管理体制不够健全、监测井信息化管理水平低、监测网络布局不完善等问题。结合地下水污染防治管理需求,针对性提出了完善监测井管理法规标准体系、加强地下水环境监测井建设与维护、推进监测井信息化建设与数据共享、完善地下水环境监测网络等对策。     

复杂岩溶条件下锰矿尾矿库地下水溶质运移特征数值模拟研究

受构造、地层等复杂地质情况综合影响的岩溶地区地下水,其溶质运移及流场模拟向来是水文地质、环境地质研究中的难点。以贵州省松桃县某锰矿尾矿库为例,在充分分析研究区周边水文地质、环境地质条件的基础上,建立地质模型,概化边界条件,利用有限元软件FEFLOW进行流场拟合。在此基础上,模拟特征污染物锰及氨氮的弥散情况。模拟结果表明,在不做任何防渗处理的情况下,特征污染物将在F201断层、地层产状等边界条件的影响下汇入地下暗河,最终流入地表水系及地下水系,流向东部的松江河。因此,必须对锰矿尾矿库采取防渗措施,从而降低其对地下水、地表水的污染风险。     

Time-lapse resistivity investigation of salinity changes at an ex-promontory land: a case study of Carey Island, Selangor, Malaysia

Time-lapse resistivity measurements and groundwater geochemistry were used to study salinity effect on groundwater aquifer at the ex-promontory-land of Carey Island in Malaysia. Resistivity was measured by ABEM Terrameter SAS4000 and ES10-64 electrode selector. Relationship between earth resistivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) was derived, and with resistivity images, used to identify water types: fresh (ρ ( e ) > 6.5 Ω m), brackish (3 Ω m < ρ ( e ) < 6.5 Ω m), or saline (ρ ( e ) < 3 Ω m). Long-term monitoring of the studied area's groundwater quality via measurements of its time-lapse resistivity showed salinity changes in the island's groundwater aquifers not conforming to seawater-freshwater hydraulic gradient. In some aquifers far from the coast, saline water was dominant, while in some others, freshwater 30 m thick showed groundwater potential. Land transformation is believed to have changed the island's hydrogeology, which receives saltwater pressure all the time, limiting freshwater recharge to the groundwater system. The time-lapse resistivity measurements showed active salinity changes at resistivity-image bottom moving up the image for two seasons' (wet and dry) conditions. The salinity changes are believed to have been caused by incremental tide passing through highly porous material in the active-salinity-change area. The study's results were used to plan a strategy for sustainable groundwater exploration of the island.     

面向水源保护与污染监控的广东地下水环境监测网研究

通过系统整理分析自然资源、水利、生态环境等部门已有地下水监测网,针对广东地下水监测存在的问题和未来地下水环境管理需求,提出较大空间尺度和水质监控的地下水环境监测网建设框架及广东省"三层七级"共237个网点的层级化地下水环境监测网建设方案,并与水文地质单元、浅层地下水功能区划进行了空间叠加分析。结果表明,广东省三大部门监测网在空间上分布总体较为分散,相互补充性好,提出的监测网方案总体上与广东省地下水本底条件、地下水资源开发利用现状、地下水环境功能分区、重点污染源空间分布特征等相匹配,契合地下水饮用水源保护和重点污染源监控两大管理需求,构建的地下水环境监测网框架可为其他地区提供参考,提出的地下水环境监测网建设方案可为广东省地下水环境管理和污染防控提供决策支持。     

A Compartmental Model for Stable Time-Dependent Modeling of Surface Water and Groundwater

Water resource system planners make decisions that guide water management policy. The fundamental tools for assessing management and infrastructure strategies are combined hydro-economic models of river basins (RBHE models). These models have improved the economic efficiency of water use in situations of competition for scarce water resources. In RBHE models, a groundwater model is coupled with surface water models of the various water resources. Today, the groundwater models used in an RBHE model can be of two types: cell models or numerical models. Cell models are easy to use, but they are too simple to realistically describe the geology and hydrology of the area under investigation. Numerical models, in contrast, are closer to the physical behavior of the aquifer. However, the vast quantity of data to be analyzed makes them impractical for many management scenarios. Moreover, the calibrations of these high-resolution models are generally difficult and sensitive to the variation of parameters, especially when boundary conditions are dynamic. This is the case when dynamic river data or dynamic surface lake data are present. In this work, a compartmental cell model is built on the hydrogeology of the aquifer. In this approach, the hydrogeology of the aquifer and the dynamic boundary conditions are treated with separate models. A general mathematical formulation is presented where the calibration stage, the validation stage, and the prediction stage are formulated as a series of sub-model calibrations and solved using a general least squares routine. With this approach, it becomes possible to treat both the water level and the pumping rate in each cell as variables to be predicted. In most of the models, the pumping rates are known and the goals of the computation are to estimate the groundwater level. However, when for political or technical reasons access to some of the wells is difficult, the pumping rates are only partially known. Then, both groundwater levels and pumping rates are variables to be predicted by the groundwater model. A computer program was developed using MATLAB, with a Visual Basic graphical user interface using COM technology to access the advanced mathematical libraries. The approach was implemented with a real case study of the Yarkon–Taninim aquifer in Israel. The results indicate that the method is more stable than the classical approach.     

Groundwater quality and water quality index at Bhandara District

The present investigation reports the results of a monitoring study focusing on groundwater quality of Bhandara District of central India. Since, remediation of groundwater is very difficult, knowledge of the existing nature, magnitude, and sources of the various pollution loads is a prerequisite to assessing groundwater quality. The water quality index (WQI) value as a function of various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters was determined for groundwater obtained from a total of 21 locations. The WQI during pre-monsoon season varied from 68 to 83, while for post-monsoon, it was between 56 and 76. Significantly (P < 0.01) lower WQI for the post-monsoon season was observed, indicating deterioration of the groundwater overall in corresponding season. The study revealed that groundwater from only 19% locations was fit for domestic use, thus indicating the need of proper treatment before use.     

我国地下水环境监测现状和工作建议

基于近些年的调查和监测结果，统计分析了我国地下水环境质量基本状况及主要超标指标的地区分布情况。指出，当前我国地下水环境监测工作主要由自然资源、水利、生态环境等部门分别组织开展，存在地下水监测信息共享与整合难度较大、尚未形成全国统一的地下水环境监测体系、“双源”地下水监测现状尚未摸清、地下水监测能力明显不足、地下水监测的生态环境保护作用尚未体现等问题。提出，进一步推动部门资源共享与整〖JP2〗合、统一全国地下水监测体系、优化完善考核机制、尽快摸清地下水监测现状和逐步提升监测能力等工作建议，以期为下一阶段全国地下水环境监测工作提供借鉴。     

A proposed coast-wide reference monitoring system for evaluating wetland restoration trajectories in Louisiana

Wetland restoration efforts conducted in Louisiana under the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act require monitoring the effectiveness of individual projects as well as monitoring the cumulative effects of all projects in restoring, creating, enhancing, and protecting the coastal landscape. The effectiveness of the traditional paired-reference monitoring approach in Louisiana has been limited because of difficulty in finding comparable reference sites. A multiple reference approach is proposed that uses aspects of hydrogeomorphic functional assessments and probabilistic sampling. This approach includes a suite of sites that encompass the range of ecological condition for each stratum, with projects placed on a continuum of conditions found for that stratum. Trajectories in reference sites through time are then compared with project trajectories through time. Plant community zonation complicated selection of indicators, strata, and sample size. The approach proposed could serve as a model for evaluating wetland ecosystems.     

地下水有机污染调查采样精密度评估方法探讨

对国际标准化组织(ISO)在《水样采集与处理的质量控制指南》中提出的采样精密度控制方法不完全适用于地下水有机污染调查评价工作的部分进行了分析。在华北平原地下水有机污染调查评价工作的基础上,探讨了一种改进的采样精密度控制与评估方法,提高相关工作的质量控制水平。