β射线法固定污染源废气颗粒物快速测定方法研究

通过实验室模拟及现场检测,对烟道外过滤的β射线法测定固定污染源废气中颗粒物浓度的检出限、精密度、准确度、可靠性等进行分析研究。结果表明：β射线法监测颗粒物方法检出限为0.1 mg/m3;低、中、高3个不同质量浓度水平的颗粒物标准样品6次监测结果的RSD分别为4.6%、2.7%、1.6%,相对误差分别为（2.9±9.5）%、（0.8±5.5）%、（1.5±3.2）%,标准样品测定的颗粒物质量浓度越高,精密度和准确度越好。将该方法与重量法监测结果对比,发现两种方法测量数值变化趋势一致,且颗粒物浓度越高,两种方法相对偏差越小,一致性越高。     

固定污染源颗粒物在线监测现状——以济南市为例

于2019年对济南市固定污染源颗粒物在线监测设备的品牌、方法原理和手工监测比对情况进行了分析。结果表明,4种激光前向散射法颗粒物在线设备比对结果符合性较好,带加热功能的采样头可以有效降低水滴的干扰;激光后向散射法颗粒物在线设备比对结果符合性较差,零点漂移达到3. 3%,2/3的手工比对数据绝对误差±5 mg/m3。指出,激光后向散射法设备不适用于超低排放企业,激光前向散射法设备因适用高湿度低量程环境,测量精度高,在济南市的适用性更好。     

湿度对使用便携式气相色谱—氢火焰离子化检测器监测苯系物的影响

由于湿度会对挥发性有机物（VOCs）的测定产生影响，因此针对现行常用的非甲烷总烃、苯系物分析方法，使用了干标气和加湿标气对便携式气相色谱仪［搭载氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）］进行了测试。实验发现，当存在一定湿度时，苯系物在FID上的响应略高于干气，湿度对测定结果影响不大，最多增大13.5%，而湿度在短时间（24 h）内基本不影响气袋对苯系物的保留效果。在VOCs的检测过程中，加湿气体稀释仪能够提供更为接近实际样品条件的标准气体，保证仪器在测量实际样品时数据更为可靠。     

典型超低排放烟气中颗粒物组分特征研究

为了解超低排放改造后工业源烟气颗粒物排放状况及其组分特征,于2020年1—5月对2家垃圾焚烧企业和2家燃煤电厂外排烟气开展了调查,同步采集外排烟气中的可过滤颗粒物（FPM）和可凝结颗粒物（CPM）,测定质量浓度及其离子组分、元素组分,对各组分浓度范围及平均值进行统计评价。结果表明：4家企业外排烟气中CPM和FPM质量浓度平均值的比值分别为30.5,10.3,3.0,0.94,CPM的排放不可忽视;离子分析结果发现,烟气处理过程中产生的铵离子和硫酸根离子等水溶性离子,在FPM中基本未检出,在CPM中检出且浓度较高;金属元素分析结果发现,检出的铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）3种元素主要存在于FPM中,而砷（As）、汞（Hg）元素则更多地存在于CPM中;CPM中水溶性离子为主要成分,以水溶性离子作为CPM排放的控制因子是可行的。     

铵盐气溶胶对烟气排放连续监测系统颗粒物比对监测的影响研究

利用拉曼光谱对采样后的滤筒进行分析,发现废气中的硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵气溶胶是造成成都市部分企业烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)颗粒物比对监测结果不合格的主要原因。通过比较分析得出:在对含硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵气溶胶废气进行颗粒物浓度比对监测时,参比方法(重量法)测定的颗粒物浓度是一定标干采样体积下废气中固体微粒和硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵液体微粒结晶后产生的晶体的总质量,基于光散射法的CEMS颗粒物浓度测试系统测定的颗粒物浓度只是一定标干采样体积下废气中固体微粒的质量,由此导致参比方法测出的颗粒物浓度远大于CEMS测出的浓度,造成比对误差远超出允许值范围。     

基于实验模拟的广州市餐饮油烟VOCs排放特征及风险评估

随着城市餐饮行业的快速发展,餐饮源已逐渐成为大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要来源之一。为深入了解广州市餐饮油烟的排放特征,科学制定广州市餐饮源的减排对策,在实验室搭建烹饪平台模拟烹饪过程,探讨不同油温、食用油种类和菜系类型对烹饪油烟排放VOCs组分的影响,并采集广州市典型商圈川菜馆、湘菜馆、粤菜馆、越南菜馆4家餐馆排放的餐饮油烟废气,利用气相色谱质谱仪分析研究4家餐馆油烟废气VOCs组分特征。结果表明：不同食用油、不同油温和不同菜系下所产生的VOCs浓度及组分特征存在较大差异。烹饪油烟VOCs的排放质量浓度与温度呈正相关。东南亚和川菜烹饪方式产生的油烟VOCs均以羰基化合物为主,而油炸类烹饪方式（炸薯条）则以羰基化合物和烷烃类同为主导。炸薯条、东南亚菜和川菜烹饪油烟VOCs的羰基化合物中,乙醛占比突出。乙醛在猪油油烟中占比最高（60.4%）,其次是花生油（53%）。对比环境空气样品,部分醛类物质（丁烯醛、甲基丙烯醛、苯甲醛、戊醛和己醛）在餐饮油烟VOCs中均有检出。结合实验模拟和外场监测结果表明,静电式的油烟净化器可以有效去除乙醛。苯系物在餐饮油烟废气中检出浓度的最小值均高于周边环境样品。4家餐馆中仅湘菜馆的油烟废气中苯的致癌风险＞10^-4,有显著致致癌风险。建议应依据餐饮油烟VOCs关键组分和污染类型,对餐饮行业进行规范科学的管理。     

重量法与光散射法监测北京市PM_(2.5)的结果比对分析

选择大气污染较重的北京西三环典型交通带作为研究区域,采用重量法和光散射法监测PM_(2.5)。参照美国EPA关于PM_(2.5)连续监测仪器手工采样比对测试的性能指标和认证方法,结合我国现行的相关技术规范,采用平行性检验及线性回归分析两种方法测定结果间的有效性和可比性。结果表明:两种方法测定PM_(2.5)的结果具有较好的相关性,然而受颗粒物物理性质、化学组成及温湿度等的影响,测定结果间存在一定偏差,采用光散射法监测PM_(2.5)仍需用重量法做修正。     

湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的测量方法及组分特征

为全面测量固定源湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的排放浓度及其离子组成特征，提出了一种基于一级冷凝、二级过滤和一级冲击吸收的多形态烟气颗粒物的同步测量方法，外场实测了3种湿法脱硫和除尘工艺的排放水平。现场测试表明：简易湿法除尘脱硫（NaOH法）一体化装置烟气中可过滤颗粒物（FPM）浓度为（36±11）mg/m³，可逃逸颗粒物（EPM）浓度为（33±7）mg/m³；氧化镁法+布袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度为（14±5）mg/m³，EPM浓度为（13±6）mg/m³；石灰石-石膏脱硫+电袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度低，小于3 mg/m³，EPM浓度为（6±1）mg/m³；烟气中EPM是传统滤膜法检测FPM浓度的0.7~5.7倍，EPM的主要存在形态为冷凝液中的可溶解颗粒物（DPM），颗粒物的组分与脱硫方法密切相关，各形态颗粒物的主要组分是SO₄^2-、SO₃^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺等离子。     

提高TEOM数据准确性和有效率的方法

基于振荡天平法颗粒物自动监测仪器在实际应用中存在的问题，在分析其工作原理的基础上，提出了增加光散射组件的辅助方案。实测结果表明：两者结合可以提高仪器检测数据的准确性和有效率，增强仪器的稳定性和可靠性，使仪器更加"皮实耐用"。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水样中马拉硫磷残留

采用C-18小柱萃取、毛细管柱分离、气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）测定水样中的马拉硫磷,检测限为0．12μg／L。试验了样品流量和洗脱剂对回收率的影响,结果表明样品流量为6mL／min、二氯甲烷作洗脱剂时,回收率较好。测定蒸馏水、地下水和河水样品,相对标准偏差〈2．2％。加标回收率在79．0％-109％之间。     

液体节煤固硫添加剂对锅炉排污的影响研究

通过对在同一种原煤上使用液体节煤固硫添加剂前、后锅炉废气的对比测试，分析了加入添加剂后锅炉排放废气中烟尘粒径、烟尘浓度、二氧化硫、氮氧化物浓度等变化的原因及趋势。结果表明，在使用液体节煤固硫添加剂后，锅炉排放废气中烟尘、二氧化硫浓度均有显著降低，氮氧化物浓度基本不变，排放烟尘粒径呈现由较大向较小转化的趋势。     

南京市机动车污染物减排因素分析

以南京市机动车排污监控系统的实时检测数据为基础,简述了南京市机动车减排效果,在“十二五”期间南京市机动车保有量增长71.8%的背景下,实现了污染物排放量削减18.8%,单车平均排放CO、HC、NOx较3年前分别下降了33%,31%和36%;排放标准和使用年限二因素方差分析表明,其对NOx、CO和HC排放值的影响由大到小排序均为：油品质量〉排放标准〉使用年限。提出,进一步提升油品质量至关重要。     

典型燃煤电厂机组二氧化碳排放测试及核算研究

为验证二氧化碳排放量的测试技术适用性及可行性，获取燃煤电厂机组碳排放特征，系统比较不同测试方法之间碳排放量的差异，对某典型火电机组二氧化碳排放开展测试，结果表明，不同测试原理及设备二氧化碳排放实测体积分数均较为接近。测试机组CO₂实测体积分数为11.28%～14.21%,与负荷变化呈一定的正相关关系，不同负荷下基准氧含量(体积分数6%)基本无变化。测试机组排放量与负荷正相关，使用了缺省值的指南排放量最高，与其他方法排放量相对偏差均值为31.6%;使用入炉煤实测数据的指南排放量差异不大，相对偏差为0.1%;使用入炉煤实测数据的2版指南排放量高于直接测量法，相对偏差均值为4.9%;直接测量各类方法间相对偏差均值为1.0%,其中在线法与手工法间相对偏差均值为1.2%。CO₂排放强度与负荷负相关，实验条件下，机组负荷越高，碳排放强度越低。     

Multiparametric approach for an exemplary study of laser printer emissions

The aim of this work was the study, by a multiparametric approach, of emissions from a laser printer in an experimental box-chamber, with particular attention to nanoparticles release. The experimental design included number concentration measurements by Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) and chemical characterizations (elements) of size segregated samples collected by Nanomoudi cascade impactor. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were also sampled by charcoal sorbent tubes by personal sampling pumps. Monitoring of ozone, total volatile organic compounds concentrations and of temperature and humidity values inside the experimental box during the printing processes were also performed by automatic analyzers. The performed monitoring allowed to evidence different ways for particles emissions by laser printers, in particular showing that nanoparticles, characterised by high concentrations of Ba, Zn, B, K, Sr and Na, are set free at the beginning of the printing process. This emission seems to be directly ascribable to the use of toner powder, as all these elements are present in it. The emission of larger particles (ca. 100-320 nm) was observed in subsequent phases of the print process, probably due to the condensation of vapours released during the progressive heating of the fuser roller. This contribution was proved by both the FMPS measurements and the cascade impactor results. Also, a low emission of particles in higher size ranges was evidenced, mainly due to paper related particles. A very high concentration of VOCs was detected inside the chamber and the chemical speciation shows that the major contribution is associated to toner components, even if some species are released from other printer components. Although the formation of secondary species by reaction of VOCs with ozone cannot be excluded, these species were present inside the chamber at concentrations lower than the detection limit.     

Volatile hydrocarbon emissions from vehicles and vertical ventilations in the Hsuehshan traffic tunnel, Taiwan

The concentrations of 56 volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) were measured simultaneously in the southbound bore, the northbound bore and the exhaust air shafts of the Hsuehshan tunnel near Yilan, Taiwan during 2007 and 2008. A total of 60 integrated air samples were collected using stainless steel canisters and analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The highest temperature and lowest relative humidity were observed at the exit of the tunnel owing to the accumulation in the tunnel of waste heat that was exhausted from vehicles. The five most abundant species in all samples were ethylene, acetylene, isopentane, propylene, and toluene. The exit/entrance ratios of total non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentration were 7.8 and 4.8 for the southbound and northbound bores, respectively. Furthermore, the most abundant species of emission rate (ER) is toluene (21.93-42.89 mg s(-1)), followed by isopentane, ethylene, propylene and 1-butene, with ER ranging from 2.50 to 9.31 mg s(-1) for the three shafts. The ozone formation potential (OFP)/total NMHC ratios in three exhaust air shafts show that the reactivities of these emissions are similar to those of vehicle emissions.     

基于颗粒物光量子雷达的颗粒物排放实时溯源及应用

在大气污染治理中,传统探测方式在局地大气颗粒物排放源的精准定位和实时溯源方面还有所不足。自主研发的1 550 nm波长颗粒物光量子雷达,具备探测效率高、人眼安全等特点,360°水平扫描一周仅需8.5 min。基于该雷达水平扫描监测,结合迭代拼接法和新发展的颗粒物示踪系数及污染源定位方法,可准确识别并定位出当地的污染排放源位置。对于部分污染排放定位溯源案例,结合多图展现并分析了颗粒物排放、扩散、传输、消散过程中的烟羽变化,并结合卫星图像确认了相应工业生产和建筑扬尘等典型颗粒物排放源。地面监测数据分析了部分污染源对监测站点颗粒物浓度的影响。该雷达通过低仰角、可重复性的快速扫描,结合符合颗粒物扩散规律的分析过程,在颗粒物污染实时溯源定位方面展现了极高的准确性。     

Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

In the metropolitan area of S?o Paulo, Brazil, ozone and particulate matter (PM) are the air pollutants that pose the greatest threat to air quality, since the PM and the ozone precursors (nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds) are the main source of air pollution from vehicular emissions. Vehicular emissions can be measured inside road tunnels, and those measurements can provide information about emission factors of in-use vehicles. Emission factors are used to estimate vehicular emissions and are described as the amount of species emitted per vehicle distance driven or per volume of fuel consumed. This study presents emission factor data for fine particles, coarse particles, inhalable particulate matter and black carbon, as well as size distribution data for inhalable particulate matter, as measured in March and May of 2004, respectively, in the Janio Quadros and Maria Maluf road tunnels, both located in S?o Paulo. The Janio Quadros tunnel carries mainly light-duty vehicles, whereas the Maria Maluf tunnel carries light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. In the Janio Quadros tunnel, the estimated light-duty vehicle emission factors for the trace elements copper and bromine were 261 and 220 microg km(-1), respectively, and 16, 197, 127 and 92 mg km(-1), respectively, for black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles. The mean contribution of heavy-duty vehicles to the emissions of black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles was, respectively 29, 4, 6 and 6 times higher than that of light-duty vehicles. The inhalable particulate matter emission factor for heavy-duty vehicles was 1.2 times higher than that found during dynamometer testing. In general, the particle emissions in S?o Paulo tunnels are higher than those found in other cities of the world.     

南京北郊气溶胶散射特性观测研究

南京北郊是重工业区,空气污染严重。该文利用浊度仪对大气气溶胶散射系数进行了四季观测,研究了该区气溶胶散射系数、后向散射比、质量散射系数及散射系数与能见度的关系,结果表明,观测期间散射系数波动较大,平均值为344.84 Mm^-1,标准差为215.99 Mm^-1,散射系数季节差异明显,主要受气象条件和外界污染排放的影响;后向散射比平均值为0.139,春季变化剧烈,夏、秋、冬季在波动中缓慢上升,大气中细粒子污染严重且含量有增加的趋势;散射系数与PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数达到0.91,质量散射系数平均值为1.87m²/g;散射系数与能见度之间存在-0.66的相关性,两者呈负幂函数关系。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水质可萃取性石油烃C10~C40

建立了以环己烷为萃取剂、气相色谱法(氢火焰离子化检测器,FID)测定水质样品中可萃取性石油烃(C_(10)～C_(40))的分析方法。以正构烷烃混合标准溶液为定性和定量校准标准,以色谱峰面积总和与混合标准溶液总浓度建立校准曲线进行外标法定量。方法检出限为0.01 mg/L,经验证方法精密度和准确度良好。同时,分别以气相色谱法和红外光度法测定了地表水、污水处理厂出水、海水和化工废水等实际样品,对比实验结果表明,在可萃取性石油烃C_(10)～C_(40)的碳数范围内,气相色谱法的测试结果与红外光度法无明显差异,有较好的可比性。