发光细菌法评价排污口污水中总有机污染物毒性

利用发光细菌发光原理,建立以明亮发光杆菌(photobacterium phosphoreum)T3变种作为毒性测试物种检测环境中总有机污染物毒性的方法,并用该方法评价环渤海排污口总有机物毒性分布状况。测试结果显示,建立的相关方程及相关性显著性检验P0.01,HgCl2 EC50值基本在0.10±0.02 mg/L范围内波动,指标符合方法规定要求,即发光菌监测排污口中总有机污染物毒性测试结果是准确可信的。用发光细菌法评价环渤海20个排污口,其中剧毒占10%,高毒占25%,重毒占5%,中毒占10%,低毒占50%。发光细菌法能客观、快速、准确地反映废水中总有机污染物毒性状况,该方法在水质监测总有机物毒性中有着广泛的应用前景。     

发光细菌毒性法在饮用水水质评估与预警中的应用

通过对温州地区水源地、自来水等水质指标的研究,评估发光细菌(费氏弧菌)生物预警毒性监测的有效性,并结合实际案例,探讨以发光细菌生物毒性指标评估、预警水质的可行性。在正常情况下,饮用水水源地水质在低发光抑制率区间(±18%),如果水质遭遇农药污染等非正常情况,发光抑制率明显升高。在自来水净水过程中的各个处理阶段,发光细菌的水质毒性检测表现出敏感性,可以用于水质安全在线实时监控。     

淡水发光菌对工业废水的生物毒性研究

发光菌作为指示生物用于污染源水体的生物毒性测定具有快速、灵敏、低廉等优点,现已广泛用于环境毒物综合急性毒性测定、筛查、监测及特异毒物监测中.文章利用淡水发光菌Q67对东北地区各行业典型企业的出水口进行急性毒性试验,同时结合化学指标进行了综合评估,试验结果表明:急性毒性试验和化学指标并非在任何水体都相关,但急性毒性试验是化学试验的必要补充.     

一种利用明亮发光杆菌快速测定石油污染土壤生物毒性的方法

在美国材料与实验协会(ASTM)固相样品发光菌毒性测试方法(D 5660-96)和我国《水质-急性毒性的测定-发光细菌法》(GB/T15441-1995)的基础上,通过正交试验和单因素实验建立了一种利用明亮发光杆菌快速测定石油污染土壤生物毒性的方法。所建方法前处理条件为土壤过20目筛、泥水比为1 ∶10、室温(18℃~25℃)振荡2h、静置或离心后再过滤,土壤样品平行样测试结果的相对偏差0.5%~12.1%,比ASTM提出的前处理方法减少了14h。采用上述快速前处理方法所测不同土壤生物毒性结果与ASTM方法所测结果无显著性差异。     

发光菌毒性试验在项目竣工环保验收监测中的应用

某敏感化工技改项目曾因超标排污引发跨地区厂群纠纷被责令停产整改,为考察该项目整改后废水处理设施的运行效果,保障水生生物安全,在该项目竣工环境保护验收监测时,采用发光细菌毒性试验检测废水的急性毒性.结果表明,达标排放的废水对生物的急性毒性为低毒,试验结果与常规验收监测结果有可比性,发光细菌毒性试验可用于必须公示的敏感项目竣工环境保护验收监测.     

发光细菌法监测废水综合毒性研究

运用发光细菌法对 2 6个污染源废水样的毒性进行测定。并以毒性较为稳定的 Hg Cl2 作参比毒物 ,使此法所测得的毒性定量化。据水质毒性分级标准 ,对水样毒性的测定结果进行评价 ,属 级低毒的 1 1个 , 级中毒 4个 , 级重毒1个 , 级高毒 3个 , 级剧毒 7个。另从辽阳化纤厂五个废水样可以看出距离污染源越近毒性越强。这一结果既与实际情况相符又与鱼的毒性试验结果一致 ,证明发光菌监测工业废水是可行的。     

典型化工污水处理厂废水及受纳水体的生物急性毒性监测方法应用研究

为了研究生物急性监测方法对监测典型化工污水处理厂废水的适用性,选择2家常州市典型的化工园区污水处理厂("常A"和"常B"),进行了发光细菌、藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵4种不同层次受试生物的急性毒性检测。研究表明,发光细菌急性毒性、藻类叶绿素荧光毒性在2个污水处理厂中均被检测到,发光细菌急性毒性通常进水大于出水,但在投放大量氧化消毒剂时,出水表现出剧毒。藻类叶绿素荧光毒性最高值出现在常B进水中。大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性仅在常B进出水样中有检出,受纳河道下游水样虽未表现出急性毒性,但可观察到斑马鱼卵各类发育畸形。4种生物急性毒性检测方法中,发光细菌适用范围最广,藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性方法可根据监测目的和工业园区特点相应选择。实验结论可为化工污水处理厂尾水排放过程中生物毒性监测的常态化提供方法选择,为管理部门制定排放标准提供依据。     

发光细菌法在环境监测中的应用

阐述了发光细菌的生理特性及其应用原理，重点评述了发光细菌法在工业废水、水域水质毒性及其他相关领域监测中的应用。与其他生物监测方法相比，具有快速、简便、灵敏等特点，测试结果与传统的鱼类毒性试验具有良好的相关性，实际应用方便可行。同时，结合现代电子技术和化学分析技术，对发光细菌法的发展进行了展望。     

陆源排海污水生物毒性控制限值研究——以秦皇岛市为例

在枯水期和丰水期,对秦皇岛市15个典型入海排污口污水进行生物效应监测,选用发光细菌(费歇尔弧菌)、藻类(中肋骨条藻)、甲壳类(卤虫)、鱼类(海水青鳉幼鱼) 4种不同的生物毒性测试生物对污水进行短期急性毒性测试。结果表明:排海污水的毒性大小易受雨水稀释影响;海水青鳉幼鱼对污水最为敏感,其次为卤虫和中肋骨条藻,费歇尔弧菌敏感性最低。对排海污水毒性评估结果与理化指标的相关性分析进一步表明,仅仅依靠理化指标来评估污水的环境影响具有局限性。     

厌氧-缺氧-好氧处理工艺的污水处理厂进出水的毒性评价

为了准确评估厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A²/O）处理工艺对废水毒性的削减效率，采用斑马鱼胚胎急性毒性实验、发光细菌急性毒性实验和小鼠L929细胞毒性实验进行测试，结合理化指标，通过毒性当量（TU）法、平均毒性（AvTx）法、毒性指数（TxPr）法、最敏感测试（MST）法和潜在生态毒性效应（PEEP）法对常州市6家污水处理厂（生活污水、综合废水、化工废水、制药废水）进水和出水的生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明，斑马鱼胚胎的毒性敏感程度最高，3种受试生物的毒性评价结果具有较好的一致性。理化达标的污水处理厂出水仍存在一定的生物毒性效应，出水毒性较大的是综合污水处理厂，排入受纳水体后可能会对周围的生态环境产生潜在的生态风险。A²/O处理工艺对各污水处理厂进水的毒性削减较好，其中对制药废水的毒性削减最高，AvTx、TxPr、MST和PEEP的毒性削减率分别为99.45%、99.64%、99.48%和69.66%。与AvTx、TxPr、MST法相比，PEEP法能够更综合地评价废水毒性。     

The continuous monitoring of field water samples with a novel multi-channel two-stage mini-bioreactor system

Toxicity monitoring of field water samples was performed using a novel multi-channel two-stage mini-bioreactor system and genetically engineered bioluminescent bacteria for the continuous monitoring and classification of the toxicity present in the samples. The toxicity of various samples spiked with known endocrine disrupting chemicals and phenol was also investigated for system characterization. The field samples used in this study were obtained from two different sites on a monthly basis--from a drinking water treatment plant, referred to as site N, and from a stream near a dam which is currently being constructed, referred to as site T. These samples were either pumped or injected into the second mini-bioreactors to initiate the toxicity test. Most of the samples did not show any specific toxicity. However, one sample showed to have, based upon the detection results, and was deemed toxic. The samples spiked with phenol showed possible responses in the DPD2540 and TV1061 channels, indicating the occurrence of both membrane and protein damage due to phenol. In the tests using an endocrine disrupting chemical, bisphenol A, DNA damage was detected in the DPD2794 channel with a concentration of 2 ppm. Finally, a simple but novel early warning protocol that can be used in a drinking water reservoir and a suspected place where effluents of toxic materials enter the water sourse was suggested with a schematic diagram. In conclusion, this system showed good feasibility for use as a toxicity monitoring system in the field and as an early warning system, indicating if effluents are toxic.     

京杭运河(苏州段)水质急性综合毒性研究

从2009年3月至2010年10月对京杭运河(苏州段)的4个监测断面进行了水质急性综合毒性和地表水主要理化项目的调查,结果表明:京杭运河(苏州段)水质急性综合毒性基本处在低毒水平,各断面基本呈现水质急性毒性水平枯水期>平水期>丰水期的规律,水质急性综合毒性测定结果基本与同步理化监测结果一致。     

双层管用于发光细菌检测水样毒性时的色度修正

阐述了应用发光细菌检测有色水样毒性时,水样色度会引起附加发光抑制的原因,提出应用同心双层检测玻管,可以对有色水样色度引起的附加发光抑制加以修正.通过比较单层管和双层管测定标准曲线间的差异、设置阴性对照和阳性对照评价该方法的可靠性,以及用该方法检测有色水样活性黑KN-B溶液的急性毒性实验,结果表明,用同心双层检测玻管可以有效修正由水样色度引起的附加发光抑制.     

A Multi-Channel Continuous Water Toxicity Monitoring System: Its Evaluation and Application to Water Discharged from a Power Plant

A multi-channel continuous water toxicity monitoring system was, after confirming the systems' performance, implemented to samples of water discharged from power plants to detect and classify their toxicity using several recombinant bioluminescent bacteria. Each channel of the system is composed of a series of two mini-bioreactors to enable a continuous operation, i.e., without system interruption due to highly toxic samples. A different recombinant bacterial strain was present in each channel: DPD2540 (fabA::lux CDABE), DPD2794 (recA::luxCDABE), and TV1061 (grpE::luxCDABE), which are induced by cell membrane-, DNA-, and protein-damaging agents, respectively. GC2 (lac::luxCDABE) is a constitutive strain, whose bioluminescence is reduced by an increase in cellular toxicity. Phenol and mitomycin C (MMC) were used for evaluating the system's performance to detect toxic chemicals. These samples were injected into the second mini-bioreactor according to a step or bell-curve manner. The field samples used in this study were obtained from the water discharged from two different power plants in Korea – from a nuclear power plant and a thermo-electronic power plant, and were injected into the second mini-bioreactor to initiate the toxicity test. Each channel showed specific bioluminescent (BL) response profiles due to the toxic compounds present in the water samples. Comparing the BL signals between the standard toxic chemical samples and discharged water samples, the equivalent toxicity of the field water could be estimated. Finally, it was proved that this novel continuous toxicity monitoring system can be used as an alternative tool for the quick monitoring and control of water quality, as well as aid in the setting up of a new monitoring strategy to protect the source of tap water and in the prevention of polluted water discharge.     

As水质毒性发光细菌及微生物燃料电池在线监测技术的比选研究

针对实际应用需要,对比研究了发光细菌和微生物燃料电池两种不同毒性预警技术对典型类金属砷离子的响应差异,并考察了丰水期、枯水期河水水质背景干扰对响应信号的影响。结果表明,发光细菌法对砷离子响应较为灵敏,微生物燃料电池法对砷离子的响应非常灵敏。发光细菌法受水体水质背景干扰大,且不同生产厂家的仪器差异显著,推测可能是由于菌株来源不同、仪器响应灵敏度差异所造成。微生物燃料电池法对背景干扰的抗性较强,稳定性较高,河水加标与纯水加标样本的剂量-效应曲线差别不大。基于上述研究结果,分析了两种技术监测类金属砷的优缺点并提出实际在线运行的相关建议。     

Characterization of phytotoxicity of metal engraving effluent samples

Two effluent samples were collected from an acid bath of a metal engraving industry. Sample A was lime-treated to pH 6 and sample B, pH 9. Zn concentrations in samples A and B were 1207 and 4.24 mg L^-1, respectively. Both samples A and B caused 100% inhibition on millet seed germination. Sample A was more toxic than B. The 60% concentration of sample A caused 96% inhibition, whereas the 60% concentration of sample B caused 60% inhibition. The toxicity of sample B was not likely due to the presence of cyanide and zinc ions. The results of using various adsorbents and resins for the effluent treatment showed that only powdered activated carbon was partially effective in toxicity removal. By a combination of treatment methods, including using sodium hydroxide precipitation and carbon column adsorption, toxicity removal was calculated to be 29%.     

集中式饮用水水源地环境监控预警体系构建

系统阐述了集中式饮用水水源地环境监控预警体系构建的内容和要素,并介绍了如何建立由风险监控系统、信息发布系统和预警响应系统等组成的水源地监控预警平台,以实现水源地环境监控预警信息和技术的统一管理和资源共享,为饮用水安全保障提供决策支持。     

Toxicity Testing of Leachate from Waste Landfills Using Medaka (Oryzias Latipes) for Monitoring Environmental Safety

To investigate the environmental safety of waste disposal landfill sites and of land reclaimed from such sites, we evaluated the toxicity of leachate from these sites by a combination of bioassays in the Japanese killifish medaka Oryzias latipes. We tested for lethal toxicity in adult and larval medaka and for hatching inhibition of embryos from eggs. As biochemical evidence of the effects of leachate exposure, CYP1A (EROD activity) and vitellogenin (Vtg) were induced. We also bioassayed water-treated leachate and downstream river water. Leachate solution was lethal to larval and adult medaka. Embryo hatchability was inhibited, and abnormal hatching, spinal deformity and anisophthalmia occurred in embryos exposed to leachate solution. CYP1A was induced by exposure to leachate solution diluted to 1.0%, and EROD activity was significantly higher than in control. Vtg and unknown proteins were induced in the sera of male medaka exposed to the diluted leachate solution. Conventional water treatments worked effectively to remove toxic compounds but did not work well to remove element ions, including heavy metals. Treated leachate produced neither lethal toxicity nor hatching abnormalities during the exposure period. Fish toxicity tests for leachate would be useful for monitoring the environmental safety of landfill sites.