南京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃变化特征

逐月采集南京市大气中不同粒径的颗粒物,采用HPLC分析了2010年每个月PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)颗粒物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的种类和浓度水平。结果表明:PM_(10)中PAHs年均值为25.07 ng/m~3,范围为11.03~53.56 ng/m3;PM_(2.5)中PAHs年均值为19.04 ng/m~3,范围为10.82~36.43 ng/m~3。PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中PAHs总体浓度有着相似的变化趋势,呈现凹形变化曲线;在南京市大气颗粒物中吸附的PAHs大部分以5~6环的高环数组分为主,大部分PAHs和∑PAHs的相关性较好,年度变化幅度不大,分析结果表明,颗粒物中PAHs的来源与稳定的排放源相关,机动车排放不容忽视,与北方城市燃煤污染有着较大的区别。     

PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations from the Qalabotjha Low-Smoke Fuels Macro-Scale Experiment in South Africa

This article presents results from the particulate monitoringcampaign conducted at Qalabotjha in South Africa during the winter of 1997. Combustion of D-grade domestic coal and low-smoke fuels were compared in a residential neighborhood to evaluate the extent of air quality improvement by switchinghousehold cooking and heating fuels.Comparisons are drawn between the gravimetric results from the two types of filter substrates (Teflon-membrane and quartz-fiber) as well as between the integrated and continuous samplers. It is demonstrated that the quartz-fiber filters reported 5 to 10% greater particulate mass than the Teflon-membrane filters, mainly due to the adsorption of organic gases onto the quartz-fiber filters. Due to heating of sampling stream to 50 °C in the TEOM continuous sampler and the high volatile content of the samples, approximately 15% of the particulate mass was lost during sampling.The USEPA 24-hr PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 65 g m^-3 and 150 g m^-3, respectively, were exceeded on several occasions during the 30-day field campaign. Average PMconcentrations are highest when D-grade domestic coal was used, and lowest between day 11 and day 20 of the experiment when a majority of the low-smoke fuels were phased in. Source impacts from residential coal combustion are also found to be influenced by changes in meteorology, especially wind velocity.PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass, elements, water-soluble cations (sodium, potassium, and ammonium), anions (chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), as well as organic and elemental carbonwere measured on 15 selected days during the field campaign. PM_2.5 constituted more than 85% of PM₁₀ at three Qalabotjha residential sites, and more than 70% of PM₁₀ at the gradient site in the adjacent community of Villiers. Carbonaceous aerosol is by far the most abundant component, accounting for more than half of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites, and for more than a third of PM mass at the gradient site. Secondary aerosols such as sulfate, nitrate,and ammonium are also significant, constituting 8 to 12% of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites and 15 to 20% at the Villiers gradient site.     

Air Pollution Concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 at Ambient and Kerbsite and Their Correlation in Metro City – Mumbai

Ambient concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are of concern with respect to effects on human health and environment. Increased levels of mortality and morbidity have been associated with respirable particulate air pollution. In India, it is not yet mandatory to monitor PM_2.5 levels therefore very limited information is available on PM_2.5 levels. To understand the fine particle pollution and also correlate with PM₁₀ which are monitored regularly in compliance with ambient air quality standards. This study was carried out to monitor PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ for about one year in a residential cum commercial area of Mumbai city with a view to understand their correlation. The average PM_2.5 concentration at ambient and Kerbsite was 43 and 69 μg/m³. The correlation coefficients between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at ambient and Kerbsite were 0.83 and 0.85 respectively thus indicating that most of the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are from similar sources. TSP, PM₁₀ levels exceeded Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB) standard during winter season. PM_2.5 levels also exceeded 24 hourly average USEPA standard during winter season indicating unhealthy air quality.     

RELEVANT ASPECTS OF AIR QUALITY IN OPORTO (PORTUGAL): PM10 AND O3

The air quality Framework Directive (FWD) and the correspondent Daughter Directives defined the new strategy for air quality management in Europe. In general, the new standards are more restrictive than those established by the previous legislation. In Portugal, some difficulties can be previewed to achieve those new standards. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating the impact of application of the FWD to Oporto Metropolitan Area in what concerns to the most critical air pollutants in the area (PM₁₀ and O₃). The specific objectives were: i) to analyse the concentration exceedances between 1999 and 2001; ii) to identify the main emission sources; iii) to evaluate the possibility of a new redistribution of the existing monitoring sites; iv) to contribute to the definition of a new strategy for air quality management. The results showed that; i) the standard values for PM₁₀ and O₃ were largely surpassed, possibly concluding that the FWD application implies a strong impact on the air quality management strategies; ii) the main emission sources (road traffic and the neighbour stationary sources localised upwind) affect all the Metropolitan area through intra-region pollutant transport; iii) it is safer maintaining the site localisation to avoid previewing exceedances through mathematical correlations; iv) the reduction of PM₁₀ and of ozone precursors must be performed considering new technologies for cleaner production and gaseous depuration, a rigorous urban and territory planning, the creation of an efficient public transport network and the definition of strict measures for car maintenance.     

空气自动监测中PM2.5与PM10 “倒挂”现象特征及原因

采用不同原理的自动监测仪器在不同季节同时测定PM2.5与PM10,对所得数据中的PM2.5与PM10"倒挂"现象进行分析。结果表明,当PM10采用振荡天平法时,PM2.5与PM10的"倒挂"率较高;冬季和夏季"倒挂"现象发生率明显高于其他季节;造成PM2.5与PM10"倒挂"的原因主要有监测过程中的随机误差,PM2.5与PM10的监测方法原理不同,监测方法之间存在显著差异等。     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

北京地区不同季节PM2.5和PM10浓度对地面气象因素的响应

利用2013年1月—2014年12月北京地区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)监测数据和同期近地面气象观测数据,采用非参数分析法(Spearman秩相关系数)研究了北京地区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的浓度对不同季节地面气象因素的响应。结果表明:北京地区大气颗粒物浓度水平具有明显的季节特征,冬季大气颗粒物污染最严重,夏季最轻。不同季节影响颗粒物浓度水平的气象因素各不相同,其中风速和日照时数为主要影响因素。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度对气象因素变化的响应程度也有较大区别,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值冬季最高,PM_(2.5)影响最大,春季最低,PM_(10)影响最大。这些结论可对制订科学有效的大气污染控制策略提供参考。     

大同市大气颗粒物浓度与水溶性离子季度分布特征

为研究大同市大气颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2、7、9、12月,分别对大同市及其对照点庞泉沟国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子,结果表明,大同市大气颗粒物污染1、4季度重于2、3季度,PM2.5季度均值全年均未超标,PM10仅第1季度超标1.4倍,污染状况总体良好,PM2.5与PM10相关系数R为0.75,说明大同市颗粒物污染有较为相近的来源,且不同季节均以粗颗粒物为主;大同市PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度分布为SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4Cl-、Ca2+K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,PM10中Ca2+浓度仅次于SO2-4、NO-3,控制扬尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季度的浓度与颗粒物浓度分布规律类似,1、4季度较高,2、3季度较低;由阴阳离子平衡计算结果可知,相关性方程的斜率K为1.045,表明大同市大气颗粒物中阳离子相对亏损,大气细粒子组分偏酸性。NO-3与SO2-4浓度比值均小于1,大同市以硫酸型污染为主,大气中的SO2-4主要来源于人类活动排放。     

Atmosphic pollutants study of particles ionic species during high wind speed (>7 m s-1) near Taiwan strait in central Taiwan from 2004 to 2005

This study monitored atmospheric pollutants during high wind speed (> 7 m s⁻¹) at two sampling sites: Taichung Harbor (TH) and Wuci traffic (WT) during March 2004 to January 2005 in central Taiwan. The correlation coefficient (R ²) between TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5−10 particle concentration vs. wind speed at the TH and WT sampling site during high wind speed (< 7 m s⁻¹) were also displayed in this study. In addition, the correlation coefficients between TSP, PM_2.5 and PM_2.5−10 of ionic species vs. high wind speed were also observed. The results indicated that the correlation coefficient order was TSP > PM_2.5−10 > PM_2.5 for particle at both sampling sites near Taiwan strait. In addition, the concentration of Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ were also analyzed in this study.     

苏州大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度异常“倒挂”现象的成因及影响分析

为深入研究PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度异常“倒挂”现象的成因及影响,在苏州市相城区国控点开展比对监测分析,回顾性分析了2016—2020年苏州全部国控点颗粒物浓度数据。苏州市相城区国控点PM_2.5浓度的比对分析结果表明：该国控点频繁出现PM_2.5浓度高于其他国控点PM_2.5浓度和高于该站点PM₁₀浓度(“倒挂”率高达34%)的“双高”现象,PM_2.5平均浓度比其他9个国控点高12.5%～37.2%,比位于同一站点的备用监测仪器(“倒挂”率为0)高38.1%。2016—2020年,苏州全部国控点“倒挂”时间的总体趋势都是逐年递增,且集中发生在相对湿度较高的20:00至次日07:00。这5年间各国控点PM_2.5浓度异常偏高导致的异常“倒挂”现象对全市年均浓度产生的正误差分别为1.6%、2.8%、6.0%、6.2%和4.1%,基本呈现出逐年递增的趋势。上述结果表明：苏州PM_2.5浓度偏高是由动态加...     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析西宁大气PM2.5的来源

为研究影响西宁市大气环境PM_(2.5)污染水平的主要来源,于2014年采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季依托西宁市大气地面观测网络在11个监测点采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其化学组分(元素、离子和碳)进行分析。研究同步采集了4类固定源、14类移动源和4类开放源的PM_(2.5)样品,并构建源排放成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB)开展源解析研究。源解析结果表明,观测期间西宁市PM_(2.5)主要来源包括城市扬尘(分担率为26.4%)、燃煤尘(14.5%)、机动车尾气(12.8%)、二次硫酸盐(9.0%)、生物质燃烧(6.6%)、二次硝酸盐(5.7%)、钢铁尘(4.7%)、锌冶炼尘(3.4%)、建筑尘(4.4%)、土壤尘(4.4%)、餐饮排放(2.9%)和其他未识别的来源(5.2%)。大力开展城市扬尘为主的开放源污染控制,严格控制本地燃煤、机动车等污染源的PM_(2.5)排放,是改善西宁市空气质量的重要途径。     

Distribution of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 in PM10 Fraction in Ambient Air Due to Vehicular Pollution in Kolkata Megacity

This research paper aims at establishing baseline PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentration levels, which could be effectively used to develop and upgrade the standards in air pollution in developing countries. The relative contribution of fine fractions (PM_2.5) and coarser fractions (PM_10-2.5) to PM₁₀ fractions were investigates in a megacity which is overcrowded and congested due to lack of road network and deteriorated air quality because of vehicular pollution. The present study was carried out during the winter of 2002. The average 24h PM₁₀ concentration was 304 μg/m³, which is 3 times more than the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and higher PM₁₀ concentration was due to fine fraction (PM_2.5) released by vehicular exhaust. The 24h average PM_2.5 concentration was found 179 μg/m³, which is exceeded USEPA and EU standards of 65 and 50 μg/m³ respectively for the winter. India does not have any PM_2.5 standards. The 24 h average PM_10-2.5 concentrations were found 126 μg/m³. The PM_2.5 constituted more than 59% of PM₁₀ and whereas PM₁₀-PM_2.5 fractions constituted 41% of PM₁₀. The correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was found higher as PM_2.5 comprised major proportion of PM₁₀ fractions contributed by vehicular emissions.     

宁波市区冬季大气颗粒物及其主要组分的污染特征分析

为了更好地研究影响宁波市区环境空气质量的污染物变化特征,于2010年1月20—30日进行了加强监测。研究结果表明,宁波市区大气中PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度较高,其中PM_2.5/PM₁₀为0.5~0.85。对PM₁₀和PM_2.5采样膜分析,水溶性粒子和含碳组分分别占PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的56.7%和66.9%,其中二次污染的水溶性离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是PM₁₀和PM_2.5中浓度较高的离子组分;PM_2.5样品中OC与EC的相关性较好,表明OC与EC的来源相对一致,可能主要来自机动车尾气的贡献;但PM₁₀样品中OC与EC的相关性较差,表明其来源相对复杂;其中SOC的浓度占OC的13%~35%,说明宁波市区冬季导致二次污染的光化学反应不活跃。     

Analysis of acidic components, heavy metals and PAHS of particulate in the Changwon–Masan area of Korea

This study is an analysis of the concentrations and components of heavy metals in PM_2.5 and the total suspended particulate (TSP) collected at a mechanical industrial complex (IC) site in Changwon and at a residential site in Masan, Korea. Particulate was collected during two sampling periods, from the late summer to the early fall and from the middle to late fall, at the IC site and one sampling period, from the middle fall to the early winter, at the residential site. PM_2.5 and TSP samples were taken by an annular denuder system and a hi-volume air sampler, respectively. The authors also identified the concentrations and components of heavy metals extracted from the PM_2.5 and TSP filters, the acidic components extracted from the PM_2.5 filters, and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) extracted from polyurethane foam (PUF) plug. The average concentrations of the PM_2.5 collected at the IC and residential sites were very similar. Major sources of PM_2.5 at the study sites, however, were air emissions from vehicles and industry as well as emissions from residential heating and soil origins, respectively. The higher concentrations of the TSP at the IC site, as compared to those at the residential site, were due to either increased suspended dust from vehicle emissions or re-suspended road dust because of increased vehicle speeds near the IC site. Heavy metal concentrations in the TSPs were higher than those in the PM_2.5. The heavy metal concentrations in the PM_2.5 and TSP at the IC site with heavy traffic were substantially greater than those at the residential site. The concentrations of TSP and heavy metals and PAHs in PM during the period of the middle to late fall was much higher than those during the period of the late summer to early fall at the IC site. This is because of the difference in meteorological characteristics and energy uses between two periods. The residential site also showed higher concentrations of acidic anions while the IC site showed higher concentrations of acidic cation. Secondary aerosols or particulates, such as ammonium nitrate or ammonium nitrite, might have been important constituents of the PM_2.5 at the residential site. The PAHs in the TSP collected at the IC site was greatly affected by traffic and industry emissions consisting mostly of high molecular weight PAHs with two to four rings. PAHs in the TSP at the site, however, were affected by residential heating and air emissions from small chemical plants having higher concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs with five to six rings.     

Effects of meteorological conditions on PM10 concentrations - A study in Macau

Review on the annual PM₁₀ concentrations over a 10-year period shows that Macau is subjected to severe fine particulate pollution. Investigations of its variation in monthly and daily time scales with the local meteorological records reveal further details. It is found that a distinct feature of the Asian monsoon climates, the changes of wind direction, mainly controls the general trend of PM₁₀ concentration in a year. The monsoon driven winter north-easterly winds bring upon Macau dry and particle enriched air masses leading to a higher concentration in that period while the summer south-westerly winds transport humid and cleaner air to the region leading to a lower PM₁₀ value. This distinct seasonal feature is further enhanced by the lower rainfall volume and frequency as well as mixing height in winter and their higher counterparts in summer. It is also found that the development of tropical cyclones near Macau could also impose episode like PM₁₀ concentration spikes due to the pre-typhoon induced stagnant air motion followed by the swing of wind direction to the northerly.     

宜都市PM2.5与O3季节性分布特征及潜在源区分析

为了解宜都市PM_2.5与O₃的污染特征及潜在来源,利用宜都市2020年3月至2022年2月在线监测数据及气象数据,对宜都市PM_2.5与O₃质量浓度变化特征、气象影响因素及潜在源区进行了分析,结果表明:宜都市PM_2.5质量浓度冬高夏低,日变化呈双峰特征,O₃质量浓度夏高冬低,日变化呈单峰特征。高湿、静稳的气象条件以及较强偏北风作用下的区域污染传输对PM_2.5污染有重要影响,高温以及中湿度对O₃污染过程有重要作用。春、夏、秋季偏南方向气流轨迹占主导,且携带较高的污染物浓度,冬季来自湖北东北及西南方向的气流占比较高且携带的PM_2.5浓度较高;宜都市PM_2.5、O₃的潜在源区具有季节性差异,总体来看,主要分布在河南南部、湖北东部及湖南的北部区域。     

Study of urban atmospheric pollution in Navarre (Northern Spain)

An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels of ozone, NO_x, and SO₂ were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM₁₀ measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM₁₀ levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM₁₀ concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m⁻³, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM₁₀ limit as well as the PM₁₀ temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM₁₀ levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O₃ concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and NO₂ levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m⁻³, respectively). Mean SO₂ levels were 8 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and 5 μg m⁻³ in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM₁₀, NO and NO₂ showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic origin of PM₁₀, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks.     

西宁市城区冬季PM2.5和PM10中有机碳、元素碳污染特征

2014年11月—2015年1月对西宁市冬季开展PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的连续监测。利用DRI 2001A型热光碳分析仪(美国)对有机碳和元素碳进行分析,结果表明:西宁市冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中碳气溶胶所占比例分别为33.13%±6.83%、24.21%±6.27%,说明碳气溶胶主要集中在PM_(2.5)中;OC/EC值均大于2,说明西宁市大气中存在二次污染;SOC占PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的质量浓度比例分别为46.50%和57.40%,PM_(2.5)中SOC浓度占PM_(10)中SOC浓度的61.88%,说明SOC主要存在于PM_(2.5)中,且SOC形成的二次污染和直接排放的一次污染都是西宁市碳气溶胶的主要来源;与其他城市比较发现,西宁市冬季PM_(2.5)中的碳气溶胶含量普遍高于其他城市,PM_(10)中OC质量浓度相对其他城市较高,EC质量浓度偏低;OC和EC的相关性不显著,说明来源不统一;进一步对OC和EC各组分质量浓度进行分析知,西宁市冬季碳气溶胶主要来源于机动车汽油排放、燃煤和生物质燃烧。     

中国北方地区采暖期颗粒物污染现状

分析了2013—2016年冬季采暖期与非采暖期中国北方地区颗粒物污染现状及时空变化特征。结果表明:中国北方地区空气污染比较严重,采暖期尤为突出。2016年,中国北方地区重度及以上污染天数比例超过10%,采暖期优良天数比例较非采暖期下降22.8%,重度及以上污染天数比例升高10.1个百分点。颗粒物浓度呈现明显的冬季高、夏季低的特点,最高值一般出现在12月至次年1月,最低值一般出现在7—9月。2013—2016年,北方地区空气质量呈较为明显的改善趋势,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度总体呈下降趋势,但2014年以来采暖期同期比较显示,PM2.5浓度呈缓慢升高趋势,采暖期空气污染形势十分严峻。颗粒物浓度呈现明显的空间分布规律,采暖期石家庄、保定、衡水、邢台、邯郸、安阳等城市为京津冀区域污染最严重的城市。     

2018—2021年安徽省PM2.5和O3时空分布特征及其健康风险分析

利用2018—2021年安徽省空气质量监测数据分析了PM_2.5和O₃时空分布特征及其引发的健康风险。结果表明:从时间分布来看,2018—2021年安徽省PM_2.5年均值下降25.5%,而O₃-8 h年均值则保持持平;PM_2.5和O₃-8 h月均值具有明显的季节变化特征,PM_2.5月均质量浓度和超标天数均在冬季达到最大值,O₃-8 h月均值和超标天数则在夏季达到最大值。从空间分布来看,PM_2.5、O₃-8 h年均值和超标天数均为皖北最高,其次为皖中,最后为皖南。夏季O₃是主要的健康风险因子,冬季PM_2.5是主要的健康风险因子。当PM_2.5超标时,除2021年皖北地区外(PM₁₀是主要的健康风险因子),PM_2.5均是主要的健康风险因子;当O₃-8 h超标时,O₃是主要的健康风险因子。