流动注射法测定水中氨氮

1　原理铵离子在碱性条件下以亚硝基铁氰化钠作催化剂 ,利用二氯异三聚氰酸盐在碱性溶液中水解成的次氯酸离子和水杨酸盐生成蓝色产物。当反应带处于比色皿中时蠕动泵停止工作 ,于 690ｎｍ波长处 ,在指定的时间测定铵的浓度。2　试验2 1　主要仪器和试剂ＰＥ - 30 0流动注射分     

水杨酸法检测水质氨氮的改进方法

该氨氮检测方法是对水杨酸分光光度法的改进,通过将50 g/L的水杨酸改为150 g/L的水杨酸钠,将有效氯为3. 5 g/L的次氯酸钠溶液改为5 g/L的二氯异氰尿酸钠溶液,增加了检测试剂的稳定性和贮存时间,同时将氨氮测定上限从1 mg/L提高至2. 5 mg/L,并将显色时间从60 min优化为30 min,使得此方法更为便捷。该方法的氨氮标准曲线线性关系良好,相关系数为0. 999 6,准确性和精密度高,加标回收率良好,适用于不同类型水质中氨氮的检测。     

淡水中氨氮高效快速测定方法的优化研究

基于氨氮与纳氏试剂进行显色反应的原理,建立反应体系为1 mL的小体系淡水中氨氮的测定方法。新方法的显色剂用量为20μL、显色时间为10~30 min、盐度<0.5%、pH值为3~11,纳氏试剂以6000 r/min、5 min进行离心处理,采用酶标仪96孔板在420 nm波长下测定显色反应溶液的吸光度。将该方法与《水质氨氮的测定纳氏试剂分光光度法》(HJ 535—2009)(国标法)测定氨氮的吸光度进行正交验证,结果表明2种方法具有良好的拟合度。新方法的检测范围从国标法的0~2.0 mg/L提升到0~4.8 mg/L。方法测定淡水中氨氮的质量浓度具有简便、连续、快速、高批量的优点,适用于实地、实时地测定淡水中的氨氮。     

水杨酸—次氯酸钠光度法测定水中氨氮

环境监测分析中,应用于氨氮测定的两个常用方法:纳氏试剂比色法和苯酚一次氯酸盐比色法,其灵敏度均不高(￡′≈4.5～5×10~3)。前法虽简便快速,但显色体系稳定差,后法精密度好,但显色时间长,且苯酚试剂放置日久易变质。本文研究了亚硝酰铁氰化钠催化水杨酸光度法,结果表明不仅克服了上述方法的缺点,而且灵敏度提高两倍多。应用于水中氨氮的测定,获得了较满意的结果。     

纳氏试剂测定氨氮常见的异常现象及排除

1加入纳氏试剂后不显色 :对于没有前处理的样品 ,应先将水样的 p H值调至中性后再进行测定。2加入纳氏试剂后溶液变浑浊 :污染源监测时 ,因氨氮含量太高 ,可采取直接稀释法 ,取少量已显色溶液加入空白溶液进行比色 ,计算氨氮值应乘以稀释倍数 ;若显色后溶液颜色较浅 ,说明氨氮     

苯酚一次氯酸钠光度法测定水中微量苯胺

在亚硝基铁氰化钾存在下，苯胺在磷酸盐介质（pH＝11．4）中与次氯酸钠、苯酚反应形成靛酚。苯胺在0．06－6．40mg/L内服从比耳定律，用于环境水中微量苯胺的测定，结果与标准方法吻合。     

吸光光度法测定工业污水中NH_4~ —N含量

本法根据ＮＨ＋４与水杨酸在次氯酸钠和亚硝基铁氰化钠的作用下形成一种有色配合物的反应,最大吸收波长为７００ｎｍ,体系中ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ浓度在０～１４μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合朗伯—比耳定律,测得摩尔吸光系数ε＝１１×１０４。本法灵敏、准确、重现性好,测试误差小于３％,回收率为９６～１０２３１％。     

纳氏试剂比色法测定海水中的氨氮

进行了用纳氏试剂比色法直接测定海水中氨氮的试验。试验表明，可用酒石酸钾钠溶液—氢氧化钠溶液作为掩蔽剂排除海水中钙、镁离子对测定的干扰。着重对氢氧化钠溶液用量、显色剂用量和显色时间进行了试验，以用200g／L氢氧化钠溶液2．5mL，纳氏试剂1．5mL，显色25min为最佳测定条件，并对水样中的盐度影响作了考察。氨氮质量浓度在0．01mg／L—0．40mg/L范围内符合比耳定律，检出限为0．01mg／L；平行样相对偏差为9％，加标回收率在91％—108％之间；相对盐度为10—32的海水可以直接测定。     

水杨酸-次氯酸盐光度法测量氨氮时pH对氨氮在线监测仪测量结果的影响

采用水杨酸-次氯酸盐光度法,研究了pH对KS2301氨氮在线监测仪测量结果的影响。研究结果表明,酸碱度对仪器测量结果的准确性均有影响,其中,酸度的影响较碱度的影响要大。当PH为11.6~11.7时,显色剂的显色效果最好,仪器在这个值附近测量结果最稳定。     

浅海氨氧监测方法

1标准系列的制备 :取 6支 1 0 0 ml量瓶 ,分别加入 0 ,0 .30 ,0 .6 0 ,0 .90 ,1 .2 0 ,1 .50 ml铵标准使用液 ( 1 0 .0 mg/L- N) ,加无氨蒸馏水至标线 ,混匀。系列各点的浓度分别为 0 ,0 .0 3,0 .0 6 ,0 .0 9,0 .1 2 ,0 .1 5mg/L- N。移取 35.0 ml上述各点溶液分别置于 50 ml具塞比色管中 ,各加入 1 .0 ml柠檬酸钠溶液混匀→ 1 .0 ml水杨酸 (原标准为苯酚 )溶液混匀→ 1 .0 ml次氯酸钠使用液混匀 ,放置6 h,选 6 4 0 nm波长处 ,5cm测定池 ,以无氨蒸馏水做参比溶液 ,测定吸光值 Aw,用校正后的吸光度绘制标准曲线。 2样品的测定 :分别移取 35…     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.