硬质聚氨酯泡沫和组合聚醚中消耗臭氧层物质的便携式GC-MS测定方法

建立了便携式顶空/气相色谱-质谱法测定硬质聚氨酯泡沫和组合聚醚中一氟三氯甲烷（CFC-11）、二氟二氯甲烷（CFC-12）、二氟一氯甲烷（HCFC-22）及一氟二氯乙烷（HCFC-141b）的定性分析方法，系统考察了色谱柱、顶空体系、顶空温度和顶空时间对测定结果的影响。结果表明，DB-WAX色谱柱对目标物质的分离效果最好，顶空温度为50℃、顶空时间为10 min条件下，目标物质的检测灵敏度最高。在优化条件下，硬质聚氨酯泡沫取样体积为1 cm³时，4种目标物的方法检出限为0.6~0.8 μg；组合聚醚取样量为10 mg时，4种目标物的方法检出限为0.5~0.6 μg。该方法具有较高的灵敏度，定性准确，适用于实际样品的现场快速定性分析。     

重点行业企业用地地下水中挥发性有机物分析方法探究

通过优化顶空条件(氯化钠加入量、顶空平衡温度、顶空平衡时间),对采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定地下水中55种挥发性有机物的方法进行探究。结果表明:该方法检出限为0.24~2.30μg/L,相对标准偏差为0.76%~13.2%,实际样品加标回收率为82.7%~119%。该方法具有较高的灵敏度、精密度和准确度,操作简便,可用于企业用地地下水中挥发性有机物的检测。     

废水污染物排放总量的核查方法

废水污染物排放总量的核查方法朱斗光（南京市环境监测中心站２１００１３）我国废水排放许可证制度已试行了五年，对水环境管理起到了积极的作用。但是此项工作的实施从一开始就是在技术支撑不足的情况下进行的，突出的问题是排污总量的核查不准确，发排污许可证缺乏过硬...     

气质联用法测固定污染源中三氟甲烷、四氟甲烷、六氟乙烷和六氟化硫

建立了固定污染源排气中三氟甲烷、四氟甲烷、六氟乙烷和六氟化硫的采样和气质联用分析方法,检出限分别为0.06、0.15、0.21、0.71 mg/m3,精密度在3.2%以下,相关系数大于0.999 6,并对浙江省内2家典型企业排放的温室气体进行了监测,实际样品监测结果表明,该方法能够满足废气中4种温室气体的监测要求。     

不同规模造纸企业主要水污染物排放特征对比研究

造纸行业是废水污染物减排重点行业。以2011—2014年全国环境统计调查数据为基础,对不同规模造纸企业废水治理运行费用和绩效进行了分析,对COD、氨氮排放强度及减排潜力进行了对比。结果表明,不同规模企业污染治理与排放特征存在差异,大中型企业产排污强度低,废水治理投入大;若造纸行业企业全部达标排放,COD排放量在2014年水平上减排21.4%~47.2%,氨氮排放量降低27.7%。     

对固体废物中挥发性有机物浸出方法的几点实验探讨

采用零顶空提取器,对陈旧油墨渣和蒽琨渣样品中的挥发性有机物进行了浸出实验和分析测定,浸出液采用静态顶空分流进样、GC/MS法分析。对影响挥发性有机物浸出效率的因素进行了研究,结果表明,浸提剂加入方式、浸出时间和浸出液收集方法等对分析结果准确度有较大影响。     

污染物总量核定中权重系数的确定

在食施排污许可证制度的过程中,形成了企业排放口废水污染物浓度的两套监测数据,如何科学地使用这些监测数据来核定企业排污总量?本文介绍了以随机过程和数理统计理论为基础、以两套监测数据的置信度为依据确定权重系数的方法,供参考.     

改良顶空气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中三氯甲烷

根据《生活饮用水标准检验方法消毒副产物指标》（GB/T 5750.10—2006）中规定的顶空气相色谱仪结合电子捕获器（ECD）检测生活饮用水中三氯甲烷的方法，通过改变平衡温度，添加抗坏血酸和氯化钠等顶空条件对该方法进行改良。结果表明，三氯甲烷标准曲线的相关系数（r）=0.999 94，线性关系良好，相对标准偏差（RSD）=1.3%，检出限为0.1 μg/L，平均加标回收率为95.3%。该方法符合国家标准要求，且比国标法更加准确、快速，适用于生活饮用水中三氯甲烷的大批量测定。     

顶空气相色谱/质谱法测定水中四乙基铅的关键因素研究

采用顶空气相色谱/质谱法联用技术测定水中的四乙基铅,对涉及的关键操作环节及重点技术问题进行了研究。结果表明,在避光条件下于4℃低温冷藏并密封保存,添加甲醇作为保护剂,保存时间不应超过3 d。实验选择进样口温度为220℃,顶空瓶压力为96.52 kPa,调节载气流量设置实际分流比为51,可以有效改善顶空进样测定样品时存在的不出峰、不稳定或灵敏度降低的问题。对地表水、自来水及生活污水实际样品进行四乙基铅测定和加标回收分析,加标回收率为81.0%~110%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~7.4%,能够满足《水质四乙基铅的测定顶空/气相色谱质谱法》(HJ 959—2018)的测定要求。将顶空进样法与吹扫捕集法进行比较,结果表明顶空进样法稳定性更好,适合大批量四乙基铅样品的连续测定。     

自动顶空-气相色谱法测定水中甲醇的方法优化

从顶空进样器载气压力、顶空瓶压力、顶空瓶温度等方面对自动顶空-气相色谱法测定水中甲醇的方法进行了优化。该方法的灵敏度高于直接进样(水溶液)法、已有的顶空进样法,满足《空气和废气监测分析方法》(第4版)中吸收液中甲醇检出限0.4 mg/L的要求。     

Sorption of carbon tetrachloride,ethylene dibromide,and trichloroethylene on soil and clay

The sorption of carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide, and trichloroethylene in two silty clay loam soils and aluminium (Al³⁺) or calcium (Ca²⁺) saturated montmorillonite clay was studied. When the adsorbents were exposed to environmental levels of these chemicals (10 to 1000 ppb in water) the amounts of each of the chemicals sorbed were 6% or less of that available except for a 17% sorption of trichloroethylene by Al-saturated clay. In the case of the Ca-saturated clay, there was no apparent sorption of carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene. When soil sorption was normalized based on the soil organic carbon content (K _oc) a correlation was found between the K _oc, water solubility, and octanol/water partitioning coefficients of the chemicals. However, carbon tetrachloride did not behave according to with the predicted relationships.     

动植物油测定方法研究

自配动植物油的四氯化碳溶液.用红外分光光度法进行测定,测定浓度小于配制浓度.测定浓度与配制浓度线性相关性良好.测得相关性方程.在水样测定时,将测定值作为信号值代入线性方程,对测定值进行校正,校正后所得结果更加符合动植物油的实际浓度.     

土壤中石油类检测前处理方法的改进

以四氯化碳为萃取剂,选择振荡提取和浸泡提取两种前处理方法,采用红外光度法测定土壤中石油类.考察了两种提取方法对土壤样品测定结果的影响,推荐振荡提取时间为9h,振荡频率为150次/min;推荐浸泡提取时间为16 h.     

静态顶空气相色谱法顶空装置的改进

水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的气相色谱分析,无论是检测自来水的标准方法还是环境监测统一方法,都规定为顶端空间气相色谱法.新近文献报道测定硝基苯类化合物也采用顶端空间法.在这些方法中都使用50ml比色管作为气液平衡瓶,比色管用医用反口橡皮塞封口,本改进设计了玻璃球封口比色管作为气液平衡瓶,利用乳胶管中玻璃球的滚动来达到密封针孔的目的,从而提高了分析方法的精密度和准确性.     

全球及区域碳模拟与源汇同化反演研究进展

近年来，全球和区域碳模拟与同化反演系统(简称“碳同化系统”)快速发展，并被广泛应用于不同时空尺度的碳通量和碳汇估算、碳排放量校核研究中，为支撑全球碳盘点提供了关键技术手段。文章回顾了国内外主要碳同化系统的发展历程和应用案例，总结了当前常见的全球和区域碳同化系统的结构和特点，包括使用的大气传输模式、同化方法、空间分辨率等内容；探讨了当前常见模型系统应用中的关键问题、不足与发展方向，以期为碳同化系统应用于我国环境管理和气候变化工作提供参考。     

广州市街道空气中四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯的暴露特征

该此研究分别于5月和8月在广州市主要的交通干道进行空气样品采集,并运用吹扫-捕集GC-MSD系统对其进行定性和定量分析。文章对样品中的四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯等卤代烃化合物在街道微环境中的浓度水平;化合物含量的月、周末与非周末、上午与下午等的时间变化和新旧城区的空间分布特征进行了探讨。     

土壤中石油类的测定方法

采用四氯化碳提取硅酸镁吸附非分散红外法测定土壤中石油类,该方法操作步骤简单,分析时间较短,测定方法回收率在９１～９６％之间,方法的精密度满足监测分析的要求。     

A brief overview of modern directions in marine DOC studies part I.--Methodological aspects

The necessity for determining the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the global carbon cycle stimulated the development of different methods of DOC analysis in aquatic environments. Progress in this direction has been made by oceanographers who developed and introduced a high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTC) method for low organic carbon concentrations. Today this method is the reference method for marine DOC study. The combination of available reference materials and the participation in intercalibration exercises has resulted in both an increased accuracy and higher precision for this method. The HTC method completely oxidizes the more resistant DOC; makes information rapidly available following the completion of the field analysis; provides a high precision (down to 0.5 microM C); covers the range of seawater DOC concentrations (35-80 microM C and higher); with certain modifications it has proved to be both seaworthy and amenable to automated analysis; and the reliable and relatively easy to operate HTC analyzer is commercially available and easily combined with a total nitrogen analyzer for simultaneous measurements of both parameters in the same sample. In this review we summarize some aspects of sample collection, handling and the analytical chemistry of the DOC analysis by the HTC technique in marine study.     

A2/O工艺脱氮除磷运行效果分析

采用统计学方法对新疆某污水处理厂A2/O工艺进行进水水质数据分析,发现数据存在严重自相关现象,运用主成分消除法和岭回归消除法以消除自相关性。结果表明：TN和TP是污水厂提标改造的关键;碳源匮乏和缺氧区存在溶解氧(DO)是TN去除不佳的主要原因;适当提高污泥浓度(MLSS)和水力停留时间(HRT)是强化TP去除的措施;温度是影响脱氮除磷的主要因素。将温度模型与自相关磷模型相结合,可提高磷模型精度,有利于出水TP的预测。降低DO、增加外碳源,控制MLSS为3 500 mg/L~4 500 mg/L、HRT为5.4 h~8.0 h、厌氧区和好氧区DO为0.3 mg/L和2 mg/L、污泥龄（SRT）为11 d~12 d,可提升工艺脱氮除磷效果。     

Patterns and levels of halogenated volatile compounds in Portuguese surface waters

The present study focused on monitoring the concentration of 14 halogenated volatile organic compounds in surface waters, including sea, estuarine, river water and industrial effluents in order to determine the most ubiquitous compounds and their concentration levels, which were used to establish their geographical and temporal distribution. EPA Method 502, based on purge and trap techniques, was used. In this method volatile organic pollutants are extracted (purged) from the water sample by bubbling inert gas through the aqueous sample. Purged sample components are trapped in a cartridge containing the polymeric sorbent Tenax and, thereafter, the cartridge is heated and backflushed with helium to desorb the trapped sample components directly into a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The linearity range of the method varied from 0.1 to 4 microg L(-1) with a limit of detection at the low microg L(-1) level. The present study consisted of a monthly monitoring of 46 points throughout Portugal, during 14 months. Chloroform was found in 50% of the samples analyzed, its presence being correlated to both agricultural and industrial activities. Other compounds detected were tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride and 1,2,4 trichlorobenzene, which were present in 10-20% of the samples at concentrations up to 18 microg L(-1). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane and its degradation product 1,1,2-trichloroethane were found in 5% of the samples, the levels of the latter being higher than those of the parent compound in most samples. Sporadic high concentrations of some volatile halogenated organic compounds were attributed to local uses as solvents.