南四湖表层沉积物中多氯联苯的空间分布特征

采用气相色谱-电子俘获检测(GC-ECD)方法对从南四湖湖区采集表层沉积物中的12种多氯联苯(PCBs)同系物进行了分析测定。PCBs的含量范围为7.84~42.8ng/g,主要以低氯代物为主。湖内各监测点位的PCBs浓度要高于入湖河口各监测点位;湖内各监测点位中,上级湖各点位的浓度要高于下级湖的点位。污染物来源分析表明,PCBs主要来自造纸漂白过程和焚烧炉排放。与类似水体相比,南四湖表层沉积物中PCBs含量属中低含量水平。整体而言,南四湖表层沉积物中PCBs的含量属于低生态风险水平。     

沉积物中多氯联苯分析的纯化条件优化研究

比较了各种填料层析柱和洗脱液的差别,并根据有机溶剂使用量较少的样品纯化方案,建立了适用低有机质含量水体表层沉积物中不同极性多氯联苯(PCBs)的分析方法.结果表明,该方法检测限在0.11 ng/g～0.35 ng/g(干重)之间,对主要多氯联苯同族体的回收率是77.9%～112.1%.用该法分析了长江中下游水体表层沉积物中的PCBs,质控结果表明,该纯化方法的效果理想.     

俚岛湾海域砷的分布特征及污染评价

以威海俚岛湾养殖区为研究对象,调查研究了俚岛湾海域表层海水和沉积物中总砷的分布特征,并综合评价了砷的污染状况及潜在生态风险。俚岛湾海域表层海水总砷浓度为1.78~2.78μg/L,平均浓度为2.20μg/L,比大洋水略高,俚岛湾海域海水水质较好,未受到砷污染;海水中砷的季节变化为夏季较高、秋冬季基本稳定、春季最低。俚岛湾海域表层沉积物中砷的平面分布呈现出由近岸向远岸降低的趋势,砷含量的年际变化甚微,基本保持稳定的水平;采用潜在生态风险指数法和重金属质量基准法对沉积物进行评价。评价结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中砷污染水平较低,属于低潜在生态风险。     

某典型交通路口大气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)中多氯联苯季节变化特征

应用同位素稀释高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨质谱 (HRGC-HRMS) 联用技术对北京市北四环典型交通路口大气颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5中多氯联苯(PCBs)进行了监测,分析了PCBs浓度水平、单体组成特征、粒径分布规律和季节变化趋势。结果表明:大气颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品中19种PCBs浓度和毒性浓度(TEQ,以世界卫生组织毒性当量因子WHO-TEF计)分别为1.05～13.83 pg/m³(平均值为6.66 pg/m³)和1.24～15.18 fg/m³ (平均值为6.84 fg/m³)、0.80～8.51 pg/m³(平均值为4.32 pg/m³)和0.88～13.40 fg/m³ (平均值为5.90 fg/m³),PM₁₀和PM_2.5中PCBs的单体分布模式相似,浓度丰度最大的是PCB-28和PCB-209,而对毒性当量贡献最大的是PCB-126。PCBs浓度季节变化明显,冬、春季明显高于夏、秋季。 PCBs浓度季节变化特征表明,不同季节采样点PCBs来源不同,除历史使用外,采暖季节可能主要来自机动车排放和化石燃料的燃烧,而非采暖季节主要来自机动车排放。粒径分布表现为PCBs倾向于富集在PM_2.5中,占PM₁₀总浓度的61%～87%(平均值为72%)。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定沉积物中的有机氯和多氯联苯

采用加速溶剂萃取法提取沉积物中的有机氯和多氯联苯,提取液用凝胶色谱法净化后用气相色谱-质谱法测定。方法在5.00μg/L~200μg/L范围内线性良好,当取样量为10.0 g时,方法检出限为0.03μg/kg~0.37μg/kg,空白样品2个质量比水平的加标回收率为70.8%~121%,测定结果的RSD为2.7%~11.5%。用该方法测定实际样品,结果 12个抽检的沉积物样品中多氯联苯均未检出,9个样品中有机氯检出。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤及沉积物中氨基甲酸酯农药

利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,建立土壤和沉积物中痕量氨基甲酸酯农药的分析方法。该方法用体积比1:1的二氯甲烷/甲醇对土壤和沉积物样品进行加速溶剂萃取,GCB/PSA固相萃取小柱对萃取液进行净化,内标法定量,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤和沉积物中20种氨基甲酸酯农药。20种氨基甲酸酯农药在0.02~1.0 μg/mL范围内线性良好(r≥0.99),检测限为0.20~0.60 ng/g。沉积物加标样品(20ng/g)和土壤加标样品(20ng/g)的回收率分别为33.2%~101.9%、38.8%~120.5%,相对标准偏差为6.1%~28.0%、2.3%~16.0%。沉积物加标样品(2.0 ng/g)回收率为43.0%~100.0%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~11.3%。     

优化QuEChERS结合HPLC测定沉积物中14种多环芳烃

以美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)2种沉积物标样SRM 1944和SRM 1941b为研究对象,建立并优化了QuEChERS结合HPLC测定沉积物中14种多环芳烃的前处理方法,并与传统索氏提取进行比较。优化后的QuEChERS方法:样品经乙腈浸泡后,超声15 min,漩涡振荡3 min,以NaCl和无水MgSO_4盐析,提取液经PSA净化后经HPLC-FLD测定。该条件下14种PAHs的方法检出限为0.5~5.0μg/kg,SRM 1944和SRM 1941b中PAHs回收率分别为73.4%~104.9%和71.9%~96.4%,相对标准偏差分别为0.47%~3.45%和0.87%~3.05%。索氏提取SRM 1944与1941b回收率分别为78.9%~109.3%和80.9%~108.2%,相对标准偏差分别为1.46%~10.3%和1.27%~10.8%。优化后的QuEChERS回收率与索氏提取较为接近,但具有更高的精密度。将该方法用于实际海洋沉积物提取,PAHs测定值与索氏提取较为接近。优化后的QuEChERS方法满足批量沉积物样品中PAHs的快速测定要求。     

便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法测定低浓度总烃的氧气干扰特征研究

研究了采用便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法测定气体中的总烃浓度时,氧气浓度对测定结果的影响,并采用多元线性回归模型对总烃的测定结果进行了校准。当总烃的实际浓度不低于9 mg/m³时,氧气的干扰较小(相对标准偏差≤2%)。在试验的所有总烃实际浓度下(1~200 mg/m³),当氧气浓度为1%~7%时,也无需考虑氧气干扰的影响(相对标准偏差≤2%)。当总烃的实际浓度低于9 mg/m³且氧气浓度为9%~21%时,需依据多元线性回归分析原理并采用模型对测得的总烃浓度进行校准。线性回归方程分析结果显示,模型拟合情况良好(R²=0.999),可以用来修正测试结果,从而得到更加准确的总烃实际浓度。     

钦州湾近岸海域水质状况及富营养化分析

2012年5月钦州湾近岸海域水质监测结果表明,钦州湾近岸水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧等基本环境参数均有利于亚热带海洋生物的生长繁殖;溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性硅酸盐(SiO2-3-Si)均显示过剩,但溶解无机磷(DIP)具有低磷特征,高的氮磷比值使PO3-4-P可能成为浮游植物生长的潜在限制因子,且COD部分站位出现超标现象。污染指数(A)和单因子污染指数(Pi)结果显示,近期整个钦州湾近岸水域污染程度达到2级,属于开始受到污染,水质受到化学耗氧有机物不同程度的污染,超标率达到30%。富营养状态指数结果表明,钦州湾近岸海域总体尚未达到富营养化,但局部区域已出现富营养化状况。COD对富营养化的贡献率平均值及范围为72.46%(67.36%~83.96%),COD已成为影响钦州湾近岸海域富营养化的重要因素。     

快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/质谱法分析固体废物中18种多氯联苯

采用快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/质谱法对固体废物中18种多氯联苯进行了提取测定。通过改变快速溶剂萃取条件,选取了最佳条件参数,减少了组份的损失;通过改变气质联用仪器条件,使得18种多氯联苯快速分离。该方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、检出限低、快速、溶剂消耗少等优点,对灰渣和污泥中PCBs的检测限分别为0.14～0.45μg/kg和0.19～0.64μg/kg;加标回收率分别为60.1%～121%和55.2%～119%;相对标准偏差为3.93%～13.0%和4.09%～13.8%。     

One-year monitoring survey of organic compounds (PAHs, PCBs, TBT), heavy metals and biomarkers in blue mussels from the Arcachon Bay, France

Marine mussels Mytilus sp. were transplanted on a monthly basis in cages over one year to oyster farms and harbours in the Arcachon Bay (France) in order to assess the water quality of the bay. Contaminant levels (organotin compounds, trace metals, PCBs and PAHs) were measured in tissues of transplanted mussels and mussels from a reference station, along with physiological parameters of the mussels (condition indexes, lipid content and dry weight). Four biomarkers (AChE: acetylcholinesterase activity, GST: gluthathione S-transferase activity, CAT: catalase activity and TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance content) were also monitored. The remote stations monitored (oyster parks) exhibited no accumulation pattern of pollutants. Their respective concentrations therefore constitute a background level of the contamination in the bay ([TBT]= 30 ng Sn g(-1) dw, [SigmaHAPs]= 100 ng g(-1) dw, [SigmaPCBs]= 35 ng g(-1) dw). The elevated chemical contamination of the largest harbour of the bay, the Arcachon harbour, can be interpreted in terms of persistence of organotin compounds ([SigmaOTs]= 1500-2000 ng Sn g(-1) dw) and PAHs ([SigmaHAPs]= 4500-5000 ng g(-1) dw) in sediments and, to a lesser extent, of direct inputs of copper ([Cu]= 20 microg g(-1) dw in harbours versus 7 in oyster parks) and petrogenic PAHs ([methylphenanthrenes]= 1600 ng g(-1) dw in the dockyard versus 170 at the gas stations), related to the use of copper-based antifouling paints and to dockyard activity, respectively. However, the Arcachon Bay presents a low contamination level by PCBs and metals, including harbour stations. Furthermore, higher levels of other PAHs (particularly alkyl PAHs such as methylphenanthrenes/1600 ng g(-1) dw) not included in the 16 PAHs from the EPA priority list (usually studied in biomonitoring programmes/1500 ng g(-1) dw) in the Arcachon harbour underline the need to integrate these compounds in biomonitoring of highly PAH-polluted areas such as harbours in order to avoid misinterpretation of the biological responses observed. Biomarker responses were not able to discriminate the different chemical contamination levels recorded in the Arcachon Bay and rather reflected changes in environmental factors. Furthermore, the strong intraspecies variability of biological responses could be due to genetic differences of mussels from the Arcachon Bay. It is the first time that such an integrated monitoring is performed in the Arcachon Bay, also taking into account seasonal variations of chemical contents and biomarkers levels in mussel tissues.     

基于Sentinel-3 OLCI影像的渤海FUI水色指数遥感提取及应用

水色是水体水文学特征的基本要素之一。水色测定主要是采用福莱尔比色表(Forel-Ule Scale)将自然水体按颜色从深蓝到红棕共分为21个级别,用以观测、记录海洋和内陆水体的颜色。基于2020—2021年大辽河口、黄河口西南及秦皇岛近岸海域的现场实测数据和同步Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,验证了FUI水色指数遥感提取结果的准确性,发现当现场测量时间与卫星过境时间接近时,FUI水色指数遥感提取结果与实测结果基本一致。利用2021年1—12月Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,提取了渤海月均FUI水色指数遥感产品,发现渤海FUI水色指数的主要变化区间为5~17,整体呈现辽东湾、渤海湾及莱州湾沿岸海域高,秦皇岛海域及其他离岸海域低的空间分布特征,且存在秋冬季高、春夏季低的时间变化规律。此外,FUI水色指数对诸多海洋生态环境问题具有显著的指示功能。尝试将其应用于海洋水色异常和海水水质类别观测,均取得了较好的应用效果。由此可见,FUI水色指数遥感提取将在今后的海洋生态环境监测与评价方面发挥重要作用。     

Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area in Tianjin, China

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector in 105 topsoil samples from an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in the North of China. Results demonstrated that concentrations of PAHs in 104 soil samples from this area ranged from 68.7 to 5,590 ng g^???1 dry weight with a mean of ∑16PAHs 814 ± 813 ng g^???1, which suggests that there exists mid to high levels of PAH contamination. The concentration of ∑16PAHs in one soil sample from Tianjin Port was exceptionally high (48,700 ng g^???1). Ninety-three of the 105 soil samples were considered to be contaminated with PAHs (>200 ng g^???1), and 25 were heavily polluted (>1,000 ng g^???1). The sites with high PAHs concentration are mainly distributed around chemical industry parks and near highways. Two low molecular weight PAHs, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were the dominant components in the soil samples, which accounted for 22.1% and 10.7% of the ∑16PAHs concentration, respectively. According to the observed molecular indices, house heating in winter, straw stalk combustion in open areas after harvest, and petroleum input were common sources of PAHs in this area, while factory discharge and vehicle exhaust were the major sources around chemical industrial parks and near highways. Biological processes were probably another main source of low molecular weight PAHs.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon,Tunisia: levels,sources, and toxicological significance

To assess the status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon (northern Tunisia), 18 surface sediment samples were collected in March 2011 and analyzed for 14 US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total concentrations of the 14 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 16.9 to 394.1 ng g^?1 dry weight (dw) with a mean concentration of 85.5 ng g^?1 dw. Compared with other lagoons, coasts, and bays in the world, the concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments of the Bizerte Lagoon are low to moderate. The PAHs’ composition pattern was dominated by the presence of four-ring PAHs (45.8 %) followed by five-ring (26.8 %) and three-ring PAHs (12.7 %). The PAH source analysis suggested that the main origin of PAHs in the sediments of the lagoon was mainly from pyrolytic sources. According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines of the USA, the levels of PAHs in the Bizerte Lagoon should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent values calculated for the samples varied from 3.1 to 53.7 ng g^?1 dw with an average of 10.6 ng g^?1 dw.     

Imposex and butyltin concentrations in Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the northern Tunisian coast

The imposex incidence and butyltin concentration i.e. tributyltin with its di- and mono-substituted metabolites were investigated in the muricid Bolinus brandaris sampled from two sites on the northern Tunisian coast (the Lagoon of Bizerta and the small Gulf of Tunis). Both populations had imposex, with stages of imposex development varying between VDS 1 and VDS 4.3. All imposex indices (imposex frequency (I %), female penis length, female vas deferens length, vas deferens sequence index, relative penis length index, and vas deferens length index) were significantly higher in snails from the Bizerta lagoon. Butyltins were detected in the whole tissues of both sexes from the two sites. TBT levels were higher in gastropods collected from the lagoon of Bizerta (12.65 ±1.48 ng Sn g^???1 dw in female and 15.21 ±1.13 ng Sn g^???1 dw in male) than in individuals from the Gulf of Tunis (10.71 ±1.26 ng Sn g^???1 dw in female and 11.65 ±1.63 ng Sn g^???1 dw in male), corroborating the data of imposex analysis. These results confirmed that B. brandaris could be used as a bioindicator species of butyltin pollution in the studied areas. In addition, this study provided baseline data that could serve for long-term monitoring of TBT pollution in Tunisia, since legislation to reduce the use of TBT-based antifouling paints has not been introduced yet.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China

62 riverine and marine sediments were collected from the Laizhou Bay area, where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia is located. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed to investigate the impact of rapidly-developed bromine industries on the regional aquatic system. PBDE concentrations varied largely in riverine sediments. Σ(7)PBDEs (including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) and BDE 209 ranged from 0.01 to 53 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.74 to 285 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 4.5 ng g(-1) dw and 54 ng g(-1) dw, respectively, indicating a strong influence of direct pollution discharges from local factories. In marine sediments, Σ(7)PBDEs and BDE 209 ranged from not detected (nd) to 0.66 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.66 to 12 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 0.32 ng g(-1) dw and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. PBDE concentrations were mostly <10 ng g(-1) dw for Σ(7)PBDEs and <50 ng g(-1) dw for BDE 209, which are at a relatively low level for monitored riverine and coastal sediments around the world. Even at the most contaminated sites in Laizhou Bay area, PBDE concentrations were not among the highest concentrations reported in the literature. Congener compositions were dominated by BDE 209 (57.2-99.9% of the sum of BDE congeners), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDE products. Tri- to octa-BDE congeners were well correlated among each other (r > 0.75) and thus sources from similar mixing of penta- and octa-BDE products were suggested in this area. Compared with riverine sediments, a much better correlation between PBDE concentrations with TOC was observed in marine environment. The congener pattern changed and their correlation coefficients among each other were remarkably reduced. Contributions of BDE 28, 47 and 99 to Σ(7)PBDEs were generally the same in almost all the marine sites, while it was distinctively higher for BDE 153. These are probably attributable to several reasons, such as contributions by atmospheric deposition and/or redistribution between particles of various sizes during and/or after fluvial transportation combined with the difference of physiochemical properties of BDE congeners.     

Residues and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides in Lake Small Baiyangdian, North China

The levels of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) in the water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediments from Lake Small Baiyangdian were measured by gas chromatograph with a ⁶³Ni microelectron capture detector. The residual levels of the total HCHs in the water, SPM, and sediments were 1.59?±?2.24 ng L^?1, 25.42?±?1.72 ng g^?1 dw (dry weight), and 0.86?±?1.44 ng g^?1 dw, respectively. DDTs were not detected in the water samples. The concentrations of total DDTs were 158.79?±?1.67 ng g^?1 dw in SPM and 0.46?±?1.97 ng g^?1 dw in the sediments. Compared to other areas in China and abroad, the levels of residual HCH and DDT were relatively low in the water and sediments, but they were moderate to high in the SPM. Organic carbon partition coefficient values for HCH in this study were higher than previously published values and may reflect new input in this area. The residual HCHs in this area could be derived from a mixture of technical HCH and lindane because ongoing lindane use may be occurring. DDT in the majority of the study area was primarily attributed to historical discharge, but some regions may be receiving new input. The ecological risks of γ-HCH in the water were very low according to species sensitivity distribution models. The concentrations of HCH and DDT in the sediments from the study area did not exceed the sediment quality guidelines, which indicate little risk for benthic organisms.     

Mercury speciation in plankton from the Cabo Frio Bay,SE - Brazil

Mercury (Hg) is considered a global pollutant, and the scientific community has shown great concern about its toxicity as it may affect the biota of entire systems, through bioaccumulation and bioamplification processes of its organic form, methylmercury (MeHg), along food web. However, few research studies deal with bioaccumulation of Hg from marine primary producers and the first-order consumers. So, this study aims to determine Hg distribution and concentration levels in phytoplankton and zooplankton in the Cabo Frio Bay, Brazil, a site influenced by coastal upwelling. The results from Hg speciation analyses show that inorganic mercury Hg(II) was the predominant specie in plankton from this bay. The annual Hg species distribution in plankton shown mean concentration of 2.00?±?1.28 ng Hg(II)?g^?1 and 0.15?±?0.08 ng MeHg g^?1 wet weight (phytoplankton) and 2.5?±?2.03 ng Hg(II)?g^?1 and 0.25?±?0.09 ng MeHg g^?1 wet weight (zooplankton). Therefore, upwelling zones should be considered in the Hg biogeochemical cycle models as a process that enhances Hg(II) bioaccumulation in plankton, raising its bioavailability and shelf deposition.     

渤海环流对近岸海域无机氮分布特征的影响

基于2017年渤海近岸海域无机氮监测数据和HYCOM数值模拟结果,分析了渤海环流对无机氮污染分布特征的影响,结果表明渤海无机氮的空间分布特征与其环流结构密切相关:受渤海环流的影响,在春、夏、秋季,无机氮含量高值区呈现不同的强度和范围；在辽东湾,与春季相比,夏季环流结构与春季相反、速度大于春季,盘锦、营口近岸海域夏季无机氮污染范围缩小、含量降低,在锦州近岸海域亦出现高值；在渤海湾、莱州湾,与春季相比,夏季和秋季无机氮含量高值区范围缩小,无机氮含量等值线均随环流向高值中心扩展。     

Distribution and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in food web of Nansi Lake,China

The concentration of 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in water, sediment, aquatic plant, and animal (shrimp and fish) of Nansi Lake by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. The total OCPs concentrations were 65.31–100.31 ng L^?1 in water, 2.9–6.91 ng g^?1 dry weight (dw) in sediments, 1.29–6.42 ng g^?1 dw in aquatic plants and 7.57–17.22 ng g^?1 dw in animals. The OCPs composition profiles showed that heptachlor compounds was also the predominant OCPs contaminants in addition to hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in Nansi Lake. According to the source of HCHs and DDTs in sediment samples, there was no new input and the HCHs pollution mainly came from the use of Lindane in Nansi Lake. Bioaccumulation of OCPs in aquatic biota indicated that DDTs and heptachlor compounds had a strong accumulation, followed by HCHs and drins. The accumulation abilities of fish for OCPs were higher than those of plants and shrimps. The OCPs biota-sediment accumulation factor values of Channa argus was the highest in fish samples, followed by Carassius auratus, and Cyprinus caspio. Risk assessment of sediment showed that heptachlor epoxide had a higher occurrence possibility of adverse ecological effects to benthic species. Based on the calculation of acceptable daily intake and hazard ratio, HCHs in fish and shrimps from Nansi Lake had a lifetime cancer risk of greater than one per million. The risk assessment of water, sediment, and fish indicated the water environment of Nansi Lake is at a safe level at present.