基于污水厂监测数据的反硝化脱氮影响因素分析

以污水厂长序列运行数据为基础,反推脱氮实际影响因素,开展反硝化脱氮试验。结果表明,在2019年4月前后TN出水平均浓度降低58%;受季节和污水厂升级改造影响,温度由15℃升高至25℃,混合液悬浮固体质量浓度(MLSS)由4300 mg/L增至8000 mg/L,活性污泥成分增加,脱氮效果提升;BOD 5/TN和pH值等变化相对稳定,温度、MLSS是影响该污水处理厂反硝化脱氮的主要因素;当反应温度为(25±5)℃,pH值为7.5±0.2,MLSS为4800 mg/L时,反硝化脱氮效果最佳,硝酸盐氮去除率达91%。     

两级SBR工艺处理小城镇生活污水的试验研究

采用两级SBR1工艺对小城镇生活污水进行了试验研究。结果表明，先通过SBR1反应器对污水起到平衡，均化作用。再通过SBR2反应器实现污水的脱氮除磷，使出水CODcr浓度为21-43mg/L。去除率达到85%-93%；出水NH3-N浓度为3.3-9.5mg/L，去除率达到65%-81%；出水TP浓度为0.32-0.63mg/L，去除率达到87%-95%。     

A2/O工艺脱氮除磷运行效果分析

采用统计学方法对新疆某污水处理厂A2/O工艺进行进水水质数据分析,发现数据存在严重自相关现象,运用主成分消除法和岭回归消除法以消除自相关性。结果表明：TN和TP是污水厂提标改造的关键;碳源匮乏和缺氧区存在溶解氧(DO)是TN去除不佳的主要原因;适当提高污泥浓度(MLSS)和水力停留时间(HRT)是强化TP去除的措施;温度是影响脱氮除磷的主要因素。将温度模型与自相关磷模型相结合,可提高磷模型精度,有利于出水TP的预测。降低DO、增加外碳源,控制MLSS为3 500 mg/L~4 500 mg/L、HRT为5.4 h~8.0 h、厌氧区和好氧区DO为0.3 mg/L和2 mg/L、污泥龄（SRT）为11 d~12 d,可提升工艺脱氮除磷效果。     

合肥市环巢湖地区种植业面源污染监测与评价

通过2016-2018年在合肥市环巢湖5个县区主要农田周边沟渠中采集水样,监测农田氮磷流失浓度,并评价该区域种植业面源污染状况。结果表明,这3年该区域种植业TN、TP流失的平均质量浓度分别为3.48 mg/L、0.602 mg/L,均高于地表水Ⅴ类水质标准。2016年与2017年TN、TP浓度差异不大,2018年较前两年TN浓度有所提高,TP浓度相比显著降低。巢湖市农田沟渠水中TP浓度高于其他县区,TN浓度相对较低;NO-3 N浓度庐江县高于其他县区;NH 3 N地区间几乎没有差异。TP和NH 3 N浓度均为秋季高于夏季,TN和NO-3 N浓度均为夏季高于秋季。     

水解酸化+CASS工艺处理半夏泡制废水工程应用

采用水解酸化+CASS工艺处理半夏泡制废水,工程运行结果表明,在进水COD、NH3-N、SS的质量浓度分别为1800～2200mg/L、60～80mg/L、500～800mg/L时,经该工艺处理后,废水中的COD、NH3-N和SS总去除率可分别达到97.7%、96.3%和95%以上,出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)表4一级标准限值。该工艺运行稳定、处理效果好,运行费用低。     

垃圾渗滤液氨态氮与挥发性脂肪酸馏出规律研究

为了提高垃圾渗滤液氨态氮（NH4^＋-N）与挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）联合滴定分析结果的准确性，试验研究了NH4^＋-N与VFA的馏出规律，并在此基础上对联合滴定方法的优化进行了探讨。结果表明：测得的NH4^＋-N质量浓度（Y1）、VFA浓度（Y2）与馏出液体积（X）分别符合函数关系式；联合滴定分析过程中，渗滤液样品NH4^＋-N质量浓度应稀释至150mg／L-200mg／L，NH4^＋-N馏出液应大于蒸馏液体积的60％；VFA分析应采用“一次蒸馏80％＋二次蒸馏”的方式，且VFA二次馏出液应大于蒸馏液体积的75％（相对误差限εr〈5％）。     

大通湖主要污染物浓度空间分布及其污染来源解析

为了解大通湖主要污染物TN、TP和NH3-N的空间分布特征及污染来源,于2017年9月对大通湖及周边河流进行采样分析。结果表明,大通湖周边入湖河流的ρ(TN)为0. 74～2. 18 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为0. 094～0. 874 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0. 02～0. 243 mg/L;湖体ρ(TN)为0. 82～1. 47 mg/L,呈现湖体中间低、四周高的特征,ρ(NH3-N)为0. 14～0. 42 mg/L,但整体差异较大,高值区主要在大通湖西南及东部,ρ(TP)为0. 160～0. 289 mg/L,水质为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类,TP为湖体的主要污染物,湖体的ρ(TP)变化呈现出从四周向中部增加的趋势,高值区主要集中在大通湖正南及湖心处;根据2016年大通湖区域污染源统计及入湖污染物计算,大通湖水环境的TP污染负荷大小排序为农田径流畜禽养殖生活污水工业污染网箱养鱼旅游服务。     

宿州市沱河沉积物氮磷和有机碳分布及评价

通过测定沱河宿州城区段沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)的含量,分析其分布特征,运用C/N和N/P比值法研究其可能来源,采用有机指数和折算后有机氮评价沱河沉积物污染状况。结果表明:沱河城区段沉积物中TN、TP和TOC平均质量比分别为1 343 mg/kg、608 mg/kg和30 201 mg/kg;C/N和N/P比值表明河流底泥沉积物中C、N和P污染可能是外源输入,且受煤炭工业发展影响较大;有机氮达到Ⅲ级,属于尚清洁程度,有机指数达到Ⅳ级,属于有机污染范畴,5号采样点需引起有关部门注意。     

非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响

在(25±1)℃水温条件下,通过急性毒性实验,探讨非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响.结果表明,在不加非离子氨时,N0-2N对草鱼种48 hrLC50和96 hrLC50值分别为6.76、5.99mg/L,而当非离子氨达0.8 mg/L,其值分别为3.54、2.41 mg/L.这说明非离子氨增强了NO-2-N对草鱼种的致死效应.     

连续曝气SBR快速培养AGS及同步脱氮除碳特性分析

配制模拟生活污水,利用序批式活性污泥法（SBR）反应器在连续曝气条件下进行好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）的培养,研究完全好氧〖JP2〗模式下AGS的快速培养及其同步脱氮除碳特性。结果表明：污泥第7天即出现颗粒化,平均粒径032 mm,〖JP〗连续曝气SBR中NH3〖FK（W。*9〗〖CD*2〗〖FK）〗N、TN、COD的去除率分别为953%、774%、975%;高通量测序分析结果显示,相较接种絮状污泥,与颗粒化相关的丝状菌属、动胶菌属丰度显著提高,HN-AD菌作为脱氮功能微生物,其物种多样性也得以丰富。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska

Concentrations of 13 radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ¹²⁹I, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, ²³⁸U were examined in seven species of invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands, in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska, using gamma spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and alpha spectroscopy. Amchitka Island was the site of three underground nuclear test (1965–1971), and we tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in radionuclide concentrations between Amchitka and the reference site (Kiska) and there were no differences among species. The only radionuclides where composite samples were above the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) were ¹³⁷Cs, ²⁴¹Am, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, and ²³⁸U. Green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus), giant chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), plate limpets (Tectura scutum) and giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) were only tested for ¹³⁷Cs; octopus was the only species with detectable levels of ¹³⁷Cs (0.262 ± 0.029 Bq/kg, wet weight). Only rock jingle (Pododesmus macroschisma), blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) were analyzed for the actinides. There were no interspecific differences in ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu, and almost no samples above the MDA for ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁶U. Horse mussels had significantly higher concentrations of ²³⁴U (0.844 ± 0.804 Bq/kg) and ²³⁸U (0.730 ± 0.646) than the other species (both isotopes are naturally occurring). There were no differences in actinide concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. In general, radionuclides in invertebrates from Amchitka were similar to those from uncontaminated sites in the Northern Hemisphere, and below those from the contaminated Irish Sea. There is a clear research need for authors to report the concentrations of radionuclides by species, rather than simply as ‘shellfish’, for comparative purposes in determining geographical patterns, understanding possible effects, and for estimating risk to humans from consuming different biota.     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。