洪泽湖富营养化与环境理化因子间的关系

利用淮安市环境监测中心站1998年—2000年洪泽湖水质监测资料，以洪泽湖水体最能表征营养化状态进程的叶绿素a为基准因子，分析了洪泽湖水质富营养化的原因。通过QBASIC多元逐步回归分析，得出洪泽湖水质富营养化的主控因子是悬浮物、透明度，总磷是富营养化的潜在限制性营养盐。     

减量法称取基准物质应当注意的一种情况

在环境监测日常分析工作中,对基准物质的称量,是一项经常接触到的、至关重要的技术操作。它直接关系到测定结果的准确与否。《环境水质监测质量保证手册》中规定:“使用基准物质直接配制标准溶液时,应用减量法精确称取至0.1mg”。     

毒死蜱生态毒理与风险研究综述

毒死蜱被认为是一种高效、安全和广谱的含氮杂环类杀虫杀螨剂,被广泛应用于农业生产病虫害的防治中。在中国,毒死蜱曾被列为取代高毒农药的重要品种,并被农业部推荐用于无公害农产品生产的专用杀虫杀螨剂。近年来,由于不断发现的毒死蜱生物毒性及其产生的环境安全问题,美国和欧盟国家已经在某些范围内禁用毒死蜱。综合近几年文献,从环境介质含量、转化行为、生物活性检测以及国外水质基准等方面,对其分别叙述,旨在为今后中国地区毒死蜱的环境健康风险评价、生态风险评价和水质基准制定提供基本参考依据。     

塔里木河水质主要污染物的探讨

通过对影响塔里木河水质的主要污染物及变化规律的认识与探讨，提高对塔里木河水质及生态影响因素的认识，为科学地保护塔里木河水质及生态环境创造条件。     

淮河还清 前景有望

２０００年１２月３１日是淮河水质还清达标的最后期限。将淮河流域断面划分为有生态保护功能和生态保护功能两大类及按重要断面,一般控制断面,监管断面确定水质控制指标值。     

影响淀山湖水质变化的因素分析

就１９９６－１９９８年淀册湖全湖水质均值变化情况作了评述,对影响淀山湖水质变化的因素进行了分析和探讨。针对淀山湖水质受到太湖来水水质影响的情况,提出了在今后的工作中进一步加大保护淀册湖水质的建议和措施。     

渤海湾入海溶解无机氮总量控制研究

基于渤海湾近岸海域的实际调查结果,采取生态物理耦合模型,对渤海湾的主要污染物-溶解无机氮(DIN)的基准环境容量和极小剩余海洋环境容量进行了计算。结果表明,渤海湾DIN的极小剩余海洋环境容量在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水质标准下均为负值,渤海湾的DIN已经超标。结合实际的海水功能区水质管理目标,应重点控制非点源的排放,加强上游携带入境污染物的处理,从总量上控制DIN入海污染通量,改善渤海湾水质。     

红枫湖水质变化趋势及环境保护政策综合分析

红枫湖是贵阳市重要的饮用水源地,由于城市化发展及诸多原因,自20世纪90年代以来水质受到一定程度污染。1995年省委、省政府立法保护红枫湖,并成立"两湖"领导小组,对红枫湖流域进行综合整治,使其水质得到不断改善。至2019年,红枫湖水体环境质量已经达到治理预期目标,各个监测点位水质从局部劣Ⅴ类改善至整体Ⅱ类。笔者回顾了20世纪90年代以来红枫湖的水质变化趋势,并对引发水质变化的原因、历年政策及措施的执行情况以及存在的问题进行了综合分析。针对红枫湖的生态保护提出治理对策建议。     

拟建永定桥水库坝址区环境保护研究

修建水库可以蓄水,防洪,对库区附近的工农业生产与人民生活带来很大便利,而水库水质的好坏是影响周边居民生活用水的关键问题,文章提出在流沙河周边山地设立水源地保护带的概念,以保护流沙河周边的生态环境和地质环境,从而对提高水库的水质发挥积极作用。     

跨地,市行政区域河流边界水质达标管理

为了使跨行政区域的河流水质达标管理，在跨行政区域河流的边界处设置水质监测控制断面，依据上下水断面控制目标，各行政区行政首先实施环境保护目标责任制，以控制进入水体的污染物总量，做到在下水边界水质达标交接，共同保护河流水质，合理有效地利用水资源，以促进社会和经济可持贯续发展。论述了跨行政区河流边界水质达标管理的必要性、达标管理的内容。阐述了边界控制断面设置的原则，水质控制目标的确定应考虑的因素，水质达     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂质量对测砷的影响

用简单合成了二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂，并比较了自制和市售的二乙氨基二硫人 银对测砷的影响。结果表明，采用自制的二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银能大大降低试剂空白，提高方法的灵敏度和降低检出限，试剂质量明显优于市售产品。     

氨氮测量不确定度的评定

采用纳氏试剂光度法测定水质氨氮的测量不确定度评定,应该考虑工作曲线、测量重复性、标准溶液、仪器读数分辨率等对测量的影响.     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.