草地不同利用方式对高寒草甸群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆那拉提高寒草甸天然草地进行围栏(3、5、30 a)和自由放牧处理,探讨草地不同利用方式对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上生物量逐渐增加;地上生物量的变化趋势为放牧草地围栏3 a草地围栏5 a草地围栏30 a草地。     

围栏封育在伊犁昭苏盆地退化草地生态恢复中的应用

目前新疆伊犁地区草地退化、生态环境恶化,严重影响到伊犁州区域的经济发展和生态安全。本文以伊犁昭苏盆地昭苏马场春秋草场围栏封育区为研究区,定量分析围栏封育技术对退化草场恢复作用及其机制,以期发现恢复程度与封育时间的相关关系。结果得出围栏封育后优良牧草增产幅度大,两年围栏分别比一年围栏和不围栏增产262．95kg/hm^2和7723．5kg/hm^2。围栏封育两年后的草地适做放牧利用,而围栏封育一年适做打草场利用。     

玛纳斯河流域荒漠草地沙化遥感监测研究

以1989—2016年玛纳斯河流域TM/OLI遥感影像为数据源,利用混合像元分解技术,计算玛纳斯河流域草地总覆盖度和裸沙面积。在此基础上通过监测年与基期年的比较,计算草地覆盖度相对基期年的减少率和裸沙面积相对基期年的增加率两个监测指标,依据《天然草地退化、沙化、盐渍化的分级指标》(GB 19377—2003),对计算出的两个指标分别进行沙化等级评定和赋值,将两种评定结果相综合来监测草地沙化。结果表明,玛纳斯河流域近30年来荒漠草地沙漠化总体呈现先增加后降低的趋势。分析表明,玛纳斯河流域草地沙化是人为和自然因素双重作用的结果。     

青海省那棱格勒河下游绿洲区生态环境现状评价

采用归一化植被指数、景观多样性指数、景观均匀度指数等技术指标,评价那棱格勒河下游绿洲的生态环境现状。结果表明:那棱格勒河下游绿洲区主要为中植被覆盖(覆盖度30%~60%)区域,占绿洲区总面积的42.83%;低植被覆盖类型(覆盖度10%~30%)和高植被覆盖类型(覆盖度60%)次之。极低植被覆盖(覆盖度10%)区域最少,占绿洲区总面积的3.96%。稀疏草地和荒漠为该区域的优势景观,自然生产力等级低,生态系统受外界干扰后难以恢复,极易发生退化与沙化,系统的恢复稳定性与阻抗稳定性都较弱。     

放牧强度对帕米尔高原草毡表层及草地营养和水分利用的影响

在帕米尔高原高寒草原地区,选择了4个自然放牧梯度、处于3种典型退化阶段的草地为研究对象,进行了土壤草毡表层加厚引起的系统氮、磷分配和水分利用的变化过程的研究。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,草地禾本科植物逐渐减少,蒿类植物成为优势种群,土壤草毡表层逐渐加厚,从新疆银穗草+硬叶苔草群落的3.02±0.53 cm发育到高山绢蒿、西藏亚菊群落阶段的8.24±0.53 cm;矮生嵩草群落使系统生长需要的氮、磷养分数量急剧增加,分别从12 g/m2到23 g/m2、0.84 g/m2到1.7 g/m2,成为生物养分固定累积于土壤;同时致密加厚的、特别是老化死亡的草毡表层的存在,使土壤水分的渗透速率从新疆银穗草+硬叶苔草群落的1.94 mm/min降低到小嵩草群落的1.38mm/min,使系统接受自然降水的能力大大减弱,水分的利用效率极低,而根系数量的急剧增长导致需水量的增加,土壤湿度逐渐降低,降幅最大达到18.85%。草毡表层加厚导致的营养供求失调、干旱胁迫是引起高寒草地退化的内在原因之一。     

西北地区生态退化分析及其恢复措施

从西北地区的地理位置和气候条件入手,讨论该区生态退化的原因,分析退化后所造成的影响,最后提出了一些恢复措施.     

阿尔金山国家级自然保护区人为活动的影响简析

通过对阿尔金山国家级自然保护区生态环境现状的调查,分析了保护区内偷猎、采金以及过度放牧等人为活动对保护区生态环境退化的影响,并提出了解决问题的建议。     

基于遥感和GIS的四川省草地动态变化分析

利用地理信息系统技术,在空间数据库平台的支持下,对四川省20世纪90年代中期到2000年间的草地动态变化特征、草地动态变化的背景特征及其空间分布特征进行了分析。研究表明,净增草地部分主要来源于耕地,净减草地部分的主要去向是林地。总体上,净增草地面积3812公顷,净增草地部分主要是在轻度土壤侵蚀区、中度土壤侵蚀区、剧烈土壤侵蚀区和强度土壤侵蚀区,坡度等级5、6和1的区域,环境等级5、6、4和1的区域;净减草地部分主要是在微度土壤侵蚀区和极强土壤侵蚀区,坡度等级3、2和4的区域,环境质量等级7和8的区域。净增草地的区域为川西北高原、丘陵和川西南山区,净增草地面积的前四个地州市是遂宁市、泸州市、巴中地区和广安市,净减少草地的区域为盆周山地和平原,净减少草地面积的前四个地州市是广元市、绵阳市、达川市和宜宾市。     

若尔盖湿地生态安全监测方案研究

若尔盖湿地是黄河上游重要的水源涵养地,在涵养水源、调节径流和维持生物多样性等方面具有重要作用,是流域乃至国家生态安全的关键地区.近年来,由于全球气候变化和人类不合理的开发活动导致若尔盖湿地生态退化加剧,威胁区域和流域生态安全.在若尔盖湿地生态退化趋势与生态安全理论框架研究的基础上,对若尔盖湿地生态安全监测的主要内容进行...     

泾河流域生态系统碳储量时空演变与预测

运用 InVEST模型和PLUS模型动态模拟泾河流域未来不同发展情景下碳储量变化情况，对当前十年及未来十年土地利用类型变化及其对碳储量的影响进行评估。结果表明：2030年经济发展和生态发展情景下，泾河流域碳储量分别为1.068×109t和1.082×109t，与2020年相比，经济发展情景下碳储量减少9×106t，生态发展情景下碳储量增加5×106t。控制草地、林地、湿地、水域退化和建设用地扩张可以有效提高生态系统碳储量；基于生态发展情景下的土地利用方式更有助于提升泾河流域碳汇能力，实现区域可持续发展。     

The effects of grassland degradation on plant diversity,primary productivity,and soil fertility in the alpine region of Asia’s headwaters

A 3-year survey was conducted to explore the relationships among plant composition, productivity, and soil fertility characterizing four different degradation stages of an alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China. Results showed that plant species diversity, productivity, and soil fertility of the top 30-cm soil layer significantly declined with degradation stages of alpine meadow over the study period. The productivity of forbs significantly increased with degradation stages, and the soil potassium stock was not affected by grassland degradation. The vegetation composition gradually shifted from perennial graminoids (grasses and sedges) to annual forbs along the degradation gradient. The abrupt change of response in plant diversity, plant productivity, and soil nutrients was demonstrated after heavy grassland degradation. Moreover, degradation can indicate plant species diversity and productivity through changing soil fertility. However, the clear relationships are difficult to establish. In conclusion, degradation influenced ecosystem function and services, such as plant species diversity, productivity, and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. Additionally, both plant species diversity and soil nutrients were important predictors in different degradation stages of alpine meadows. To this end, heavy degradation grade was shown to cause shift of plant community in alpine meadow, which provided an important basis for sustaining ecosystem function, manipulating the vegetation composition of the area and restoring the degraded alpine grassland.     

Land-Cover Changes and Its Impacts on Ecological Variables in the Headwaters Area of the Yangtze River, China

Land cover changes affect ecological landscape spatial pattern, and evolving landscape patterns inevitably cause an evolution in ecosystem functionality. Various ecological landscape variables, such as biological productivity (plant biomass and stock capacity), soil nutrients (organic matter and N content) and water source conservation capacity are identified as landscape function characteristics. A quantitative method and digital model for analyzing evolving landscape functionality in the headwaters areas of the Yangtze River, China were devised. In the period 1986–2000, patch transitions of the region's evolving landscapes have been predominantly characterized by alpine cold swamp meadow, with the highest coverage tending to be steppified meadow or steppe, and desertification landscape such as sand and bare rock land expansion. As the result of such changes, alpine swamp areas decreased by 3.08 × 10³ km² and the alpine cold sparse steppe and bare rock and soil land increased by 6.48 × 10³ km² and 5.82 × 10³ km², respectively. Consequently, the grass biomass production decreased by 2627.15 Gg, of which alpine cold swamp meadows accounted for 55.9% of this loss. The overall stock capacity of the headwaters area of the Yangtze River decreased by 920.64 thousand sheep units, of which 502.02 thousand sheep units decreased in ACS (Alpine cold swamp) meadow transition. Soil organic matter and N contents decreased significantly in most alpine cold meadow and swamp meadow landscape patches. From 1986 to 2000 the total losses of soil organic matter and total N in the entire headwaters region amounted to 150.2 Gkg and 7.67 Gkg. Meanwhile, the landscape soil water capacity declined by 935.9 Mm³, of which 83.9% occurred in the ACS meadow transition. In the headwater area of the Yangtze River, the complex transition of landscape resulted in sharp eco-environmental deterioration. The main indication for these changes involved the intensity of the climate in this region is becoming drier and warmer, resulting in a gradual degradation of the permafrost.     

Montane meadows in the Sierra Nevada: comparing terrestrial and aquatic assessment methods

We surveyed montane meadows in the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascades for two field seasons to compare commonly used aquatic and terrestrial-based assessments of meadow condition. We surveyed (1) fish, (2) reptiles, (3) amphibians, (4) aquatic macroinvertebrates, (5) stream geomorphology, (6) physical habitat, and (7) terrestrial vegetation in 79 meadows between the elevations of 1,000 and 3,000?m. From the results of those surveys, we calculated five multi-metric indices based on methods commonly used by researchers and land management agencies. The five indices consisted of (1) fish only, (2) native fish and amphibians, (3) macroinvertebrates, (4) physical habitat, and (5) vegetation. We compared the results of the five indices and found that there were significant differences in the outcomes of the five indices. We found positive correlations between the vegetation index and the physical habitat index, the invertebrate index and the physical habitat index, and the two fish-based indices, but there were significant differences between indices in both range and means. We concluded that the five indices provided very different interpretations of the condition in a given meadow. While our assessment of meadow condition changed based on which index was used, each provided an assessment of different components important to the overall condition of a meadow system. Utilizing a multimetric approach that accounts for both terrestrial and aquatic habitats provides the best means to accurately assess meadow condition, particularly given the disproportionate importance of these systems in the Sierra Nevada landscape.     

Driving Forces for the Marsh Wetland Degradation in the Honghe National Nature Reserve in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

In the study, we analyze and assess quantitatively the spatial pattern of vegetation and its ecological degradation information in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR), a Ramsar-designated site in Northeast China. Statistics from historical survey data are used to measure the degradation of marshes over time and changes in the hydrological regime. Long-term statistical data are also employed to analyze both natural and human impacts on these changes. Both the wetland degradation model and its mechanisms are discussed in this paper. The research finds that the loss of water and other types of degradation in the vegetation habitat caused by the rapid deterioration of the hydrological regime has threatened the status of HNNR as a “storage area of natural genes.” Scientifically constructed strategies are urgently required to ensure sustainable economic benefits that do not adversely affect this nature reserve.     

The land ecological evolutional patterns in the source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the past 15 years, China

Based on land ecological classification of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and field investigation, two phases of TM remote sensing data obtained in 1986 and 2000 were compared. From spatial variations and type transformation trends, the spatial changes and evolutional patterns of land ecosystem in the source regions of the two rivers were analyzed using the analytical method of landscape ecological spatial patterns. Results show that middle and high-cover high-cold steppe areas degraded considerably by 15.82%, high-cover high-cold meadow areas by 5.15%, while high-cold swamp meadow areas decreased by 24.36%. Lake water area was reduced by 7.5%, especially the lakes in the source region of the Yangtze River. Land desertification is developing rapidly and the average of desertified land area has increased by 17.11%. Desertified land in the source region of Yellow River is expanding at an annual rate of 1.83%. Analysis of the evolutional pattern of land ecotypes shows that the general tendencies of spatial evolution in the regions are coverage reduction and desertification of high-cold steppe, cover reduction and steppification of high-cold meadows, and desiccation of swamp meadows. As a result, land ecological spatial distribution pattern in the region is changing and the state of eco-environment declining.     

甘家湖湿地边缘带土地荒漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征

采用分形理论,研究了甘家湖湿地边缘带不同景观变化类型土壤颗粒体积分形维数的特征。结果表明,（1）从芦苇湿地边缘、胡杨林土、梭梭灌木林土、芦苇湿地、耕地周边、耕地到盐化草甸土的土壤粒径变化可以看出：湿地边缘带土壤荒漠化演变中砂粒含量在逐渐上升,粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐下降。这表明湿地边缘带人为的放牧、开垦、牛羊践踏对土壤产生了...     

哈密地区"生态立区"的思考

哈密地区生态环境十分脆弱,森林覆盖率低,草场退化严重,近几年经济发展速度加快,但重开发、轻保护,资源开发和经济增长方式粗放,使生态系统遭到破坏.为坚持科学的发展观,保证地区经济、社会实现可持续发展,哈密地委、行署提出了"生态立区"的发展战略.本文对哈密地区"生态立区"的内涵及实现的途径进行了探讨.     

新疆艾比湖流域平原区景观植被属性特征研究

在对新疆艾比湖流域平原区进行景观生态分类的基础上，利用“3S”技术叠置研究区草地资源类型图与景观类型图，对研究区景观植被属性特征进行分析。结果表明，研究区主要为荒漠、草原和草甸，共有33个植物群落类型，小蓬荒漠、梭梭荒漠、刚毛柽柳荒漠等各类荒漠面积合计约占研究区总面积的74．10％，芦苇草甸、含胡杨的芦苇草甸及矮嵩草草甸等各类草甸及草原面积也较大，占研究区总面积的18．34％。     

The landscape pattern characteristics of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay Under The Impact Of Human Activities

In this study, we interpreted coastal wetland types from an ASTER satellite image in 2002, and then compared the results with the land-use status of coastal wetlands in 1952 to determine the wetland loss and degradation around Jiaozhou Bay. Seven types of wetland landscape were classified, namely: shallow open water, inter-tidal flats, estuarine water, brackish marshes, salt ponds, fishery ponds and ports. Several landscape pattern indices were analysed: the results indicate that the coastal wetlands have been seriously degraded. More and more natural wetlands have been transformed into artificial wetlands, which covered about 33.7% of the total wetlands in 2002. In addition, we used a defined model to assess the impacts of human activities on coastal wetlands. The results obtained show that the coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay have suffered severe human disturbance. Effective coastal management and control is therefore needed to solve the issues of the coastal wetland loss and degradation existing in this area.     

Desertification of subtropical thicket in the Eastern Cape,South Africa: Are there alternatives?

The Eastern Cape Subtropical Thicket (ECST) froms the transition between forest, semiarid karroid shrublands, and grassland in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Undegraded ECST forms an impenetrable, spiny thicket up to 3 m high consisting of a wealth of growth forms, including evergreen plants, succulent and deciduous shrubs, lianas, grasses, and geophytes. The thicket dynamics are not well understood, but elephants may have been important browsers and patch disturbance agents. These semiarid thickets have been subjected to intensive grazing by domestic ungulates, which have largely replaced indigenous herbivores over the last 2 centuries. Overgrazing has extensively degraded vegetation, resulting in the loss of phytomass and plant species and the replacement of perennials by annuals. Coupled with these changes are alterations of soil structure and secondary productivity. This rangeland degradation has largely been attributed to pastoralism with domestic herbivores. The impact of indigenous herbivores differs in scale, intensity, and nature from that of domestic ungulates. Further degradation of the ECST may be limited by alternative management strategies, including the use of wildlife for meat production and ecotourism. Producing meat from wildlife earns less income than from domestic herbivores but is ecologically sustainable. The financial benefits of game use can be improved by developing expertise, technology, and marketing. Ecotourism is not well developed in the Eastern Cape although the Addo Elephant National Park is a financial success and provides considerable employment benefits within an ecologically sustainable system. The density of black rhinoceros and elephant in these thickets is among the highest in Africa, with high population growth and the lowest poaching risk. The financial and ecological viability of ecotourism and the conservation status of these two species warrant expanding ecotourism in the Eastern Cape, thereby reducing the probability of further degradation of ECST.