成都典型工业园多环芳烃污染源区识别及风险评估

筛选识别成都市多环芳烃（PAHs）污染重点源和区域，采集57个土壤样品，利用人体暴露风险模型对16种PAHs的健康风险进行评价。结果表明：青白江工业集中发展区与新都工业集中发展区连片区局部有PAHs潜在渗漏风险，污染源主要为工业企业和交通源，农业面源、生活污染源等不直接产生PAHs；土壤PAHs主要来源途径为企业VOCs排放与沉降、汽车尾气与大气中PAHs沉降、废矿物油泄漏入渗；PAHs主要离去途径为入渗地下水、冲淋径流进入地表水、植物吸收；智能设备制造、化工用地存在PAHs人体健康及环境生态风险。     

水环境中多环芳烃的污染现状及研究进展

概述了多环芳烃(PAHs)的属性和主要来源,介绍了其在不同环境介质中的分析方法、污染状况、迁移转化及风险评估现状,提出了进一步加强复杂环境基质中PAHs分析方法、不同环境介质中PAHs迁移转化特征,以及PAHs环境生态风险和人体健康风险等方面研究的建议。     

天津滨海新区黑潴河下游沉积物多环芳烃风险评价及环境基准值的比较

对黑潴河下游表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中PAHs总量变化范围为41.2～129.3ng/g(平均值为83.7ng/g),PAHs的组成以5～6环PAHs组分为主。黑潴河下游沉积物中PAHs主要来源于周边地区化石燃料的高温燃烧。比较了基于不同方法建立的沉积物中PAHs环境基准值的差异,分析产生差异的原因,选择生态效应区间法对黑潴河沉积物中的PAHs进行了生态风险评价。黑潴河下游PAHs生态风险较小,属PAHs低生态风险河道。     

广西城市近郊型地下河水中多环芳烃污染特征研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对广西清水泉地下河水16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量浓度进行了测定,研究地下河水中PAHs的质量浓度、组成和分布,并对其进行生态风险评价,为城市近郊型地下河系统持久性污染物防治提供科学依据。结果表明,地下河水中∑PAHs质量浓度为162.13~224.99 ng/L,平均值为191.71 ng/L,PAHs以2~3环为主,占49.36%;地下河水中PAHs的质量浓度自上游至下游逐渐增大,2~3环PAHs的百分比先升高后降低;地下河水中Ba A和Bb F处于中等污染和高污染风险,应采取控制或修复措施降低污染风险,剩余PAHs除了In P在水中未检出外,均显示为低污染风险。     

煤矸石山周围塌陷区水体中多环芳烃调查与生态风险评价

以煤矿区及煤矸石的污染特征为依据，选取16种EPA优先控制多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物，采用高效液相色谱法对不同堆积年限的矿区煤矸石山周围塌陷区的水体样品进行测试，分别分析此类水体中单个PAHs和总PAHs的分布情况及水体中PAHs不同环数的组成情况，并采用风险商值法进行水体生态风险评价，指出此类水体的不当开发利用会引起人体健康危害。     

某大型化工企业周边居民区积尘中多环芳烃调查及健康风险评价

以江苏省某大型化工企业周边居民区为研究区域,调查企业主导风的下风向2 km范围内的居民区以及对照区积尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,对16种PAHs污染分布和特征进行研究,并评估积尘PAHs通过暴露途径对人群健康风险。结果表明:居民区积尘中16种PAHs全部检出,污染区∑PAHs均值为2 294μg/kg,明显高于对照区145μg/kg;污染区7个测点中有6个测点苯并(a)芘出现超标,超标倍数为0. 17～2. 5倍;所测的16种PAHs化合物中蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘浓度相对较高;通过PAHs主成分分析和特征比值判断,不完全燃烧源对积尘中PAHs贡献率达77. 4%,污染区PAHs来源呈现石油燃烧、煤燃烧以及石油源的复合污染特征,对照区PAHs主要来源为煤的不完全燃烧;以苯并(a)芘毒性等效浓度进行风险评估,污染区致癌风险值明显高于对照区,儿童摄入PAHs风险总体高于成人;对照区儿童和成人致癌风险均小于1×10~(-6),不存在致癌风险;污染区儿童和成人平均致癌风险值分别为3. 95×10~(-6)、2. 65×10~(-6),在可接受范围内,但存在潜在致癌风险。     

淄博城市污泥中多环芳烃分布特征及风险评价

在淄博市6 家代表性城市污水处理厂采集12个污泥样品,采用GC-MS法测定污泥中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,研究分析PAHs分布特征和来源,并作风险评价。结果表明,淄博城市污泥中共检出15种PAHs,总质量比（∑16PAHs）范围为0.23 mg/kg～3.76 mg/kg,平均值为1.20 mg/kg,各污泥间∑16PAHs差异显著;7种致癌性PAHs的质量比为0.11 mg/kg～2.56 mg/kg;污泥以6环PAHs为主。来源分析显示,污泥中PAHs主要来源于生物质和煤的燃烧,兼有汽车尾气排放的特征。风险评价结果显示,6 家污水处理厂污泥中PAHs毒性当量浓度（∑16TEQ）由高到低为Z2＞Z5＞Z6＞Z4＞Z1＞Z3,7种致癌性PAHs是致癌风险的主要贡献者,其中二苯并［a,h］蒽贡献率最高。     

珠江口表层水中多环芳烃的分布特征及健康风险评估

分别于2015年2、5、8、11月在珠江八大入海口采集表层水体样品,应用固相萃取富集法对该区域表层水体中16种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的时空分布特征进行分析,并利用终生致癌风险增量模型(ILCR)对该区域的饮水健康风险进行评价。结果表明:珠江口4个季度所采集的水样中,∑15PAHs的浓度范围为18.0~50.3 ng/L,含量处于中等水平。其中7种强致癌性∑7PAHs的浓度范围为1.53~3.73 ng/L,占∑15PAHs的5.89%~11.1%,∑15PAHs和∑7PAHs在枯水期(2、11月)样品中明显高于丰水期(5、8月)。就组成特征而言,各采样点PAHs以3、4环为主。珠江口表层水中非致癌类PAHs的危害商数值为0.99×10~(-5)~2.73×10~(-5),远低于USEPA规定的阈值(1);致癌类PAHs产生的健康风险为6.50×10~(-8)~2.37×10~(-7),其中Ba P导致的饮水途径健康风险最高,所有点位致癌类PAHs的健康风险均低于USEPA推荐的对致癌物质最大可接受风险水平(10~(-6)),表明珠江口表层水中PAHs尚不具备严重的致癌风险,但是仍然存在潜在的健康风险,需要重点控制和管理。     

淄博市污水处理厂污泥中有机污染物赋存特征分析及生态风险评价

采用气相色谱质谱法对淄博市16家代表性污水处理厂污泥中有机污染物的赋存状况进行了分析研究,并运用风险商值(RQ)法对污泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,淄博市污水处理厂污泥中有机污染物的含量为1.35~35.89 mg/kg,平均值为11.48 mg/kg,不同有机污染物百分含量排序为邻苯二甲酸酯>苯酚类>卤代烃类>PAHs>硝基苯类>胺类>氯苯类>苯系物>硝基酚类=氯酚类>醚类。与其他地区相比,淄博市污水处理厂污泥中各类有机污染物的含量总体处于中低水平。此外,同一区县内的不同污水处理厂污泥中的有机污染物含量相近、种类及分布特征相似,不同区县间的有机污染物含量差异显著。风险评价结果显示,除极少数污水处理厂污泥中的萘、苊、芴、芘、苯并[b]荧蒽、总PAHs(∑PAHs)处于高风险水平外,淄博市污水处理厂污泥中的PAHs单体、∑PAHs总体处于中低风险水平。     

污水处理厂污水和污泥中PAHs的残留及风险研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类极其复杂的有机污染物,衍生物种类较多,1976年美国环保局因其致癌、致畸、致突变将其中的16种列为优先控制污染物。城市污水处理厂作为一个地区污染物迁移和转化的重要媒介,在控制和截断PAHs进入天然水体的过程中扮演着重要的角色。因此,研究污水处理厂中PAHs的浓度水平对于了解和控制PAHs进入天然水体和通过污泥进入到土壤中进而通过食物链危害人类健康具有重要的意义。文章综述了污水处理厂污水和污泥中PAHs的前处理技术、分析方法、浓度水平、生态风险以及国内外污水处理厂污泥土地利用现状。     

岩溶环境对多环芳烃迁移转化的影响

从水文地质条件、地貌环境和地球化学环境等3个方面,综述了岩溶环境对多环芳烃(PAHs)迁移转化的影响。针对研究现状及存在的不足,提出了未来可能的研究趋势,包括不同气候条件下发育的岩溶系统的对比研究、不同气候条件和不同岩溶系统快速流和慢速流对PAHs迁移的贡献、碳酸盐岩与PAHs相互作用的机理,以及有机质对PAHs迁移行为的影响。     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important organic contaminants with great significance for China, where coal burning is the main source of energy. In this study, concentrations, distribution between different phases, possible sources and eco-toxicological effect of PAHs of the Yangtze River were assessed. PAHs in water, suspended particulate matters (SPM) and sediment samples at seven main river sites, 23 tributary and lake sites of the Yangtze River at the Wuhan section were analyzed. The total concentrations of PAHs in the studied area ranged from 0.242 to 6.235 μg/l in waters and from 31 to 4,812 μg/kg in sediment. The average concentration of PAHs in SPM was 4,677 μg/kg, higher than that in sediment. Benzo(a)pyrene was detected only at two stations, but the concentrations were above drinking water standard. The PAHs level of the Yangtze River was similar to that of some other rivers in China but higher than some rivers in foreign countries. There existed a positive relationship between PAHs concentrations and the TOC contents in sediment. The ratio of specific PAHs indicated that PAHs mainly came from combustion process, such as coal and wood burning. PAHs may cause potential toxic effect but will not cause acute biological effects in sedimentary environment of the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a sediment core from a maar lake, Northeast China: evidence in historical atmospheric deposition

A maar lake is an excellent ecosystem to study the atmospheric deposition of pollutants, as its contaminants are primarily by atmospheric deposition. In this study, a sediment core from Sihailongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China, was collected and the historical atmospherically deposited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The concentrations of TPAHs (the sum of the US EPA proposed 16 priority PAHs, excluding naphthalene and pyrene) ranged from 473.9 to 2289 ng g(-1) with a slow increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments. The input rate of TPAHs, especially that of PAH(9) (the sum of fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)anthrathene, and benzo(ghi)perylene), correlated well to the Chinese historical socioeconomic data. This indicates that sediment PAHs were mainly derived from human activities and PAH(9) can be regarded as a better indicator of the local socioeconomic development. Source identification suggested that PAHs were originated primarily from mixed sources (e.g., coal and biomass burning and petroleum combustion), except for perylene which was mostly of diagenetic origin. In addition, the down-core PAHs profile clearly illustrated that PAHs sources in Northeast China experienced a transformation from low- and moderate temperature to high-temperature combustion processes, especially after the late 1980s. Additionally, an ecological risk assessment using two redefined biological thresholds (TEQ(ERL) and TEQ(ERM)) indicated that most of the PAHs measured in the present sediment core would not cause an immediate toxic effect; only FLU and PHEN are a potential source of concern for biological impairment.     

A preliminary investigation of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs in urban road dust from Yangtze River Delta, China

Urban road dust samples were collected from different land use areas in Suzhou, Wuxi, and Nantong, Yangtze River Delta, China. The dust samples were analyzed for the levels and compositional profiles of deca-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The levels of BDE-209, ∑OCPs, and ∑PAHs in samples ranged from 4.01–1,439 μg/kg, 3.15–615 μg/kg, and 2.24–58.2 mg/kg, respectively. PAHs were the predominant target compounds in road dust samples, comprising on average 97.7 % of total compounds. The spatial gradient of the pollutants (commercial/residential area> industrial area > urban park concentrations) was observed in the present study. The results indicated that the levels of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs observed in road dust were usually linked to anthropogenic activities in the urban environment. In addition, there might be a reflection of current usage or emissions of OCPs in urban environment.     

Distribution and ecotoxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Iko River estuary mangrove ecosystem

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in epipelic and benthic sediments from Iko River estuary mangrove ecosystem has been investigated. Total PAHs ranged from 6.10 to 35.27 mg/kg dry weight. Quantitative difference between the total PAHs in epipelic and benthic sediments showed that the benthic sediment known for higher capability to serve as sink for chemical pollutants accumulated less PAHs. This implies that PAHs in the epipelic sediment may plausibly be from industrial sources via runoff and/or of biogenic origin. A strong pyrolytic source fingerprint has been detected with slight influence of petrogenic sources. Total organic carbon normalized PAHs (sum of 16 PAHs, 59.7 to 372.4 mg/kg OC) were under (except for ES3 and BS3) the threshold effects concentrations (TEC, 290 mg/kg OC). Total PAHs in Iko River estuary sediments were in the range between ERL and ERM.     

Distribution, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in drinking water sources within the Pearl River Delta

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region is one of the most population-dense areas in China. The safety of its drinking source water is essential to human health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted attention from the scientific community and the general public due to their toxicity and wide distribution in the global environment. In this work, PAHs pollution levels from the drinking source water in nine main cities within the PRD were investigated. ∑15 PAHs concentrations during the wet season varied from 32.0 to 754.8 ng L(-1) in the dissolved phase, and from 13.4 to 3017.8 ng L(-1) in the particulate phase. During the dry season, dissolved PAHs ranged from 48.1 to 113.6 ng L(-1), and particulate PAHs from 8.6 to 69.6 ng L(-1). Overall, ∑15 PAHs concentrations were extremely high in the XC and ZHQ stations during the wet season in 2008 and 2009. In most sites, PAHs originated from mixed sources. Hazard ratios based on non-cancerous and cancerous risks were extremely higher in XC compared with the others during the wet season, though they were much less than 1. Nevertheless, risks caused by the combined toxicity of ∑15 PAHs and other organics should be seriously considered. PAHs toxic equivalent quantities ranged from 0.508 to 177.077 ng L(-1).     

Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and air of Dalian areas, China: an assessment of soil-air exchange

The seasonal variations of concentrations of PAHs in the soil and the air were measured in urban and rural region of Dalian, China in 2007. In soil, mean concentrations of all PAHs in summer were larger than those in winter, whereas the concentrations of heavier weight PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. Winter/summer concentration ratios for individual PAHs (R(W/S)) increased with the increase of molecular weight of PAHs in soil, indicating that PAHs with high molecular weight were more easily deposited to soil in winter than summer. In air, mean concentrations of all PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. In comparison with the R(W/S) in soil, all the values of R(W/S) in air were larger than one indicating that the entire individual PAH concentrations in winter were larger than those in summer. The average concentration composition for each PAH compound in soil and air samples was determined and the seasonal change of PAH profile was very small. It was suggested that PAHs in soils and air had the same or similar sources both in winter and summer. The approach to the soil-air equilibrium was assessed by calculating fugacity quotients between soil and air using the soil and air concentrations. The calculated soil-air fugacity quotients indicated that soil acted as a secondary source to the atmosphere for all lighter weight PAHs (two-three rings) and it will continue to be a sink for heavier weight PAHs (five-six rings) in the Dalian environment, both in winter and summer. Medium weight PAHs (four-five rings) were close to the soil-air equilibrium and the tendency shifted between soil and air when season or function region changed. The fugacity quotients of PAHs in summer (mean temperature 298 K) were larger than those in winter (mean temperature 273 K), indicating a higher tendency in summer than winter for PAHs to move from soil to air. The variation of ambient conditions such as temperature, rainfall, etc. can influence the movement of PAHs between soil and air. Most of the fugacity quotients of PAHs for the urban sites were larger than that for the rural site both in winter and summer. This phenomenon may be related with that the temperatures in urban sites were higher than those in the rural site because of the urban heat island effect.     

Occurrence, finger printing and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Chenab River, Pakistan

Seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in surface waters (including particulate phase) from the Chenab River, Pakistan and ranged from 289-994 and 437-1290 ng l(-1) in summer and winter (2007-09), respectively. Concentrations for different ring-number PAHs followed the trend: 3-rings > 2-rings > 4-rings > 5-rings > 6-rings. The possible sources of PAHs are identified by calculating the indicative ratios; appropriating petrogenic sources of PAHs in urban and sub-urban regions with pyrogenic sources in agricultural region. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis identified the origins of PAHs from industrial activities, coal and trash burning in agricultural areas and municipal waste disposal from surrounding urban and sub-urban areas via open drains into the riverine ecosystem. Water quality guidelines and toxic equivalent factors highlighted the potential risk of low molecular weight PAHs to the aquatic life of the Chenab River. The flux estimated for PAHs contaminants from the Chenab River to the Indus River was >50 tons/year.