色谱／质谱仪分析样品的简便前处理法

色谱／质谱仪分析样品的简便前处理法张洪凯（山东省滨州地区环境监测站２５６６１４）山东滨州地区环境监测站在应用色谱／质谱仪分析中设计了一套简便的样品前处理方法，收到了较满意的效果。１仪器和试剂１．１仪器索氏提取器，２５０ｍＬ；酸式滴定管，２５ｍＬ（具塞...     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定废气中的铅方法研究

以石英纤维滤筒采样，采用硝酸一氢氟酸消解体系，建立了电感槌合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定废气中铅分析方法。研究了仪器工作条件、方法的干扰和消除因素，探讨了空白实验对分析结果的影响；在选定的最优条件下。铅标准曲线的线性相关系数为0．9999；检出限为0．010mg／L；平均相对标准偏差为2．8％；加标回收率为97．8％～104％。与国家标准方法相比，本方法准确可靠，检测限更低，灵敏度更高，线性范围更宽，可用于废气中铅的含量测定。     

对水质自动监测中测量值突变的判别与处理

以程序化方式介绍了判别水质自动监测中测量突变的原因。提出当发现某主要指标异常时，应查看相关指标的运行情况，再校准仪器，并人工同步分析样品。若测定结果的相对偏差大于5％，表明测量仪器故障；若相对偏差小于5％，应继续进行源水分析比对，以判别是仪器故障还是污染事故。通过实例分析，淮南市水质自动监测中DO测量值偏低的原因：一是取水泵安装位置不当，造成负压抽水，使水中DO溢出；二是流程太低，致使管道藻类大量繁殖，消耗了水中DO。解决方法：正确安装取水泵，并加大水泵抽水量，冲刷管道藻类。     

氰化物分析中显色温度探讨

氰化物分析中显色温度探讨李利，王裕国（自贡市环境科研监测所２２４４９１）氰化物蒸馏出后显色时，按要求应在２５℃～３５℃的水浴中进行。通过实验室实践探索，找到了温度范围更宽的显色条件，并且无需在水浴中进行。１主要仪器和试剂１．１仪器７２１型分光光度计；...     

非分散红外油分析仪特殊故障处理

本文针对目前国内外废水中石油类监测分析常用仪器非分散法油分析仪的一例特殊故障现象，分析查找出故障原因，提出了修复，调整故障仪器的方法。     

不同方法制备的校准曲线对酚二磺酸光度法测硝酸盐氮的影响

酚二磺酸光度法测定水中硝酸盐氮已列为我国的国家标准方法[1]，方法原理、适用范围、干扰及其消除，均有专门叙述[2]。普遍认为，此法除了酚二碳酸的制备方法、样品中共存离子对测定结果有影响外，核准曲线的制备方法对测定结果的影响也同样不可忽视。因此，在各种环境监测分析中，应选择何种方法制备校准曲线来达到满意的结果，针对这一问题，做了以下对比实验。1实验方法1．1试剂及仪器酚二磷酸（用发烟H2SO4配制）；硝酸盐标准溶液：浓度分别为0．10，0．20，0．40，0．80，1．00，1．40mg／L（以硝酸盐氮计）；其它试剂及仪器同文献[…     

浅议新购置环境监测仪器的验收

任何新购置的环境监测仪器在投入使用前，要做的第一件事就是验收，而验收工作是一项整体性、技术性和时间性要求都很强的复杂过程，正常情况下仪器验收分为四个阶段：一是验收准备阶段；二是开箱清货阶段；三是安装调试阶段；四是指标测试阶段，每一阶段都有需要特别注意的问题。     

上海市环境空气自动监控数据采集系统现状分析与思考

阐述了上海市环境空气自动监控数据采集系统的发展历程，介绍了系统的应用功能，分析了其在管理方式、运行维护、应用扩展等环节存在的问题。建议制定数据采集系统的维护管理与考核制度，统一数据来源与数据使用规则；推广电子化管理，加强突发异常情况的维护；增加仪器状态参数的报警功能及站房环境与门禁系统的监控，丰富现场点检内容，建立可视化运维平台，保障系统平稳运行。     

在大气自动监测多 点线性校准中仪器示值误差的分析及控制

阐述了在大气自动监测多点线性校准中，气体流量对仪器示值误差的影响，分析了标准气流量影响仪器浓度示值的原因，以及控制低浓度校准气仪器示值误差的方法。通过比较相对固定标准气流量和崮定校准气流量两种校准方法，得出校准气(或零空气)流量大小对校准气浓度的准确性影响不显著，而标准气流量大小对校准气浓度的准确性影响显著，故在大气自动监测多点线性校准中，宜采用相对固定标准气流量的办法，以降低仪器示值的误差。     

保证石油类标准物质定值准确度的方法

保证石油类标准物质定值准确度的方法于晓丽（中国石油天然气总公司环境监测总站，廊坊１０２８０１）保证定值准确度的三个关键环节：１选择油份浓度计。要选择重复性好、线性好、量程适宜并经计量部门检定的仪器，其具体操作步骤：①将仪器预热３０分钟以上；②用低本...     

Field comparison of manual and semi-automatic methods for the measurement of total gaseous mercury in ambient air and assessment of equivalence

The manual and semi-automatic methods for the measurement of total gaseous mercury in ambient air have been compared in a field trial for the first time. The comparison results have shown that whilst the expected random scatter is present, there was no significant systematic bias between the two methods, whose operational differences have also been outlined and analysed in this work. Furthermore it has been observed that because variation in instrument sensitivity is largely random in nature there is little effect on the results of the comparison if the period between instrument calibrations is altered. When the manual and semi-automatic methods are compared according to guidelines produced by the European Commission the results presented here, taken together with other supporting evidence, strongly suggest that the two methods are equivalent.     

植物油烟组分的色质联机分析

将植物油烟采集在玻璃纤维滤筒中 ,用环己烷处理样品 ,样品经过净化处理 ,然后进行色质联机分析。对油烟化学成分的分析有助于人们研究油烟对人体健康的影响     

对大气采样误差的理论研究

环境监测数据是环境保护工作的基础,监测仪器设备的精良及监测方法的科学性则是获得优质数据的保障工具.本文运用数学方法对目前广泛使用的采样仪器进行了采样误差的分析研究,指出了改善仪器和改善监测方法去获取更精确数据的途径.     

An improved dual channel PERCA instrument for atmospheric measurements of peroxy radicals

This paper describes a new dual-channel PEroxy RadiCal Amplification (PERCA) instrument, which has been designed to improve the time resolution and signal to noise and to reduce the interference caused by variations in ambient ozone concentrations. The instrument was run at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO), North Norfolk, during WAOWEX (Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory Winter Experiment) in January/February 2002 and INSPECTRO (Influence of clouds on the spectral actinic flux in the lower troposphere) in September 2002. The performance of the instrument is assessed and compared to that of a single channel instrument. In particular, it is shown how the precision is greatly improved in fluctuating background ozone conditions. In addition the improved time response of the instrument allows changes in peroxy radical concentrations to be related to rapid changes in nitric oxide concentrations and the ozone photolysis frequency, j(O(1)D).     

Evaluation of the methyl ester O-methyl acetate derivative of muramic acid for the determination of peptidoglycan in environmental samples by ion-trap GC-MS-MS

Muramic acid (MA) is a unique amino sugar that is a constituent of the peptidoglycan (PG) present in prokaryotic cell walls. MA can serve as a marker for quantifying bacterial load, e.g. in indoor environments, by using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). We demonstrated recently that the methyl ester O-methyl acetate (MMA) derivative can be used to detect MA in house dust by ion-trap GC-MS-MS. However, since the MMA derivative is not formed from free MA quantification was not optimal. Here we report 1) significant improvements in sample preparation of the MMA derivative and 2) an evaluation of the performance of derivative, using for comparison the alditol acetate derivative, the gold standard in quantitative trace analysis of MA in complex matrices. The MMA derivative was analysed using an MS instrument with internal ionization and the alditol acetate derivative was analysed using an instrument with external ionization. 13C-labelled cyanobacteria, containing MA in their PG, were used as the internal standard. A linear relationship was found between the two methods in studies on 27 parallel samples of airborne dust from school classes collected on filters. Although the analytical sensitivity of the MMA derivatives was somewhat slightly lower than of the alditol acetate derivative, this may be due to differences in yield of derivative, sample clean-up efficiency, or different performance of the GC columns or MS instruments. However preparation of the MMA derivative is quick and compatible with preparation of methyl esters of 3-hydroxy fatty acids (used as markers of Gram negative endotoxin) allowing the levels of both markers to be determined in the same dust sample. In conclusion, the MMA procedure can be used to determine MA in environmental samples with good reproducibility provided the concentration of the 13C-labelled MA internal standard in the cyanobacteria is first determined with an alternative method.     

空气自动站干旱区风沙天气下运行中存在的问题及其解决方法

针对在新疆特殊干旱气候条件下PM10仪器多年来运行中暴露出的问题,研究和探讨PM10自动监测仪在干旱、风沙多发地区数据的适应性和准确性,提出仪器软硬件方面的改进措施以及减少测量误差的方法,为今后研究干旱区城市沙尘污染变化和改进国产自动监测仪器对干旱风沙区的适应性等提供一些参考。     

海水BOD自动测定仪

适用于淡水的BOD测定仪已经成型,海水盐度高,BOD浓度低,测定仪样品传输及测量的精度和微生物传感器菌种的耐盐性,给构建海水BOD自动测定仪带来困难.以溶解氧电极微生物传感器法为基础,依据海水BOD测定的技术特点,分析样品传输系统、恒温系统和信号采集与处理系统的技术要求,并筛选耗氧耐盐菌种作为微生物传感器的菌株,构建了海水BOD测定仪.用该测定仪测定海水标样,测定结果与标准稀释法测定的BOD5具有良好的相关性和准确度.     

Evaluation of the respicon as a personal inhalable sampler in industrial environments

The Respicon has been introduced as a sampler for health related measurements of airborne contaminants at workplaces. The instrument is aimed at simultaneous collection of three health related aerosol fractions: (a) the coarser inhalable fraction, defining the aerosol fraction that may enter the nose and mouth during breathing; (b) the intermediate thoracic fraction, defining the fraction that may penetrate beyond the larynx and so reach the lung; and (c) the finer respirable fraction, defining the fraction that may penetrate to gas exchange region of the lung. The instrument has a number of features attractive to occupational hygienists: in addition to providing the three aerosol fractions simultaneously, it is light and compact enough to be used as a personal sampler. yet can be a tripod mounted for area sampling, it can provide samples not only for gravimetric analysis but also microscopic and chemical analyses; and it is also available in a photometric direct-reading version. The instrument has previously been evaluated as an area sampler and, in this mode of operation, has shown reasonable accuracy in collecting respirable, thoracic and inhalable particles, the latter up to particle diameters of ca. 80 microm. Except for some scattered unpublished data there exist no systematic investigations in the Respicon's performance when used as a personal sampler in the industrial environment. In this paper, we will report on a study of side by side comparison of the Respicon with the IOM inhalable sampler, regarded as a reference instrument for the inhalable fraction. The main study was performed at six different workplaces in a nickel refinery. Statistical analysis of the gravimetrically-determined concentration data reveals consistently lower aerosol exposure values for the Respicon as compared to the IOM sampler. The data for the nickel workplaces are compared with findings from other studies. The results are interpreted in the light of the overall results and the possibility of introducing a correction factor is discussed.     

自动监测仪器检测方法规范化的研究

文章对进口自动监测仪器检测方法的规范化进行了初步的研究 ,提出了一系列仪器检测的规范化方法。以 NO-NO2 -NOX 分析仪和 PM1 0 采样仪为例进行具体说明 ,然后给出了规范化验收的一般步骤 ,并且专门设计出在进行仪器验收时所用的记录表格。该规范化方法不仅可用于监测仪器的验收工作 ,同时可用于其它分析仪器的常规化质检工作     

基于厚膜传感器的空气质量监测仪性能及应用研究

介绍了一种基于厚膜传感器技术,可同时测量NO2、O3、CO三个因子的空气质量监测仪器。深入研究了仪器的检测原理,并对仪器的质量保证及数据存储传输进行了详细介绍。最后对仪器的检测性能进行了对比分析,通过和常规点式仪器的对比表明,该仪器NO2、O3、CO三因子的检测性能能够满足实际监测要求。另外,该仪器还具有集成性好、安装调试方便等特点,因此,在道路交通监测等领域中有广泛的应用前景。