稀释倍数法的误差分析和色度检测仪的开发

稀释倍数法是目前废水色度检测中常用的方法,文章对该方法存在的误差进行了分析,并设计了一种新型色度检测仪,可以大大降低色度测定的误差,同时简化了操作过程。     

分光光度法测定染色废水的色度

为消除测定染色废水色度的主观误差，采用分光光度法测定染色废水的色度，与稀释倍数法相比，具有精确，重现性好，适用范围广等特点，ＰＨ值对色度的测定有明显影响，控制ＰＨ值为７．６０，测定色度具有可比性。     

用分光光度法测定工业废水色度的探讨

一、实验方法 1.试剂 铂钴色度标准、铬钴色度标准:按常规方法配制。 2.分光光度法 (1)按常规方法,配制0—200度的标准系列,并用分光光度计以420 nm波长、5cm比色皿测定吸光度,绘制标准曲线。 (2)澄清水样可直接测定,由标准曲线查得色度。若水样色度过高,应用蒸馏水稀释。     

分散染料废水色度测定的研究

色度的测定,一般用铂钴比色法或稀释倍数法.前者用于天然水及较清洁的、具黄色色调的水;后者适用于污染较重的、颜色混杂的工业废水色度测定.     

水中色度测定的研究

针对目视比色法色度测定不足之处,利用分光光度法进行改进.(1)在天然水的测定中,研究了以往的380nm作最大吸收波长测吸光度方法的问题.寻找到最佳波长455nm,吸收池5cm测定天然水吸光度A.(2)在5～400℃测定温度对吸光度无影响,溶液浊度、pH值对吸光度测定的影响呈线性关系.(3)在工业废水的测定中,先扫描出其最大吸收波长,以仪器检测限吸光度0.010为稀释终点.改进废水稀释倍数法.     

三项国家生态环境监测标准正式发布

正为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,规范生态环境监测工作,生态环境部近日批准《水质色度的测定稀释倍数法》等三项标准为国家生态环境标准,并予公布。标准名称、编号如下:一、《水质色度的测定稀释倍数法》(HJ 1182—2021)该标准自2021年9月15日起实施。二、《水质氧化乐果、甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、辛硫磷的测定液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法》(HJ1183—2021)     

工业废水色度测定方法初探

《水和废水监测分析方法》(第三版)仍采用“目视稀释倍数法”测定工业废水的色度.实践发现,该书提供的监测步骤有以下二处值得商榷:一是未明确规定,“水样稀释倍数”的具体方法.本试验表明,不同实验室,不同个人,即使是同一个人,其使用的稀释方法     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定印染废水中氨氮的影响因素

采用气相分子吸收法光谱测定印染废水中的氨氮,并对相关影响因素进行探讨。结果证实,硫化物和尿素会对氨氮的测定产生负干扰,硫化物干扰可用乙酸锌-乙酸钠固定液沉淀法去除,尿素干扰可以用稀释法去除,但仅适用于氨氮质量浓度0.10 mg/L且稀释后尿素质量浓度≤100 mg/L的水样;苯胺、浊度和色度对测定无干扰,可直接检测。     

《稀释倍数法》测定色度稀释方法的改进

《稀释倍数法》测定色度稀释方法的改进殷海玲（浙江省鄞县环境监测站，鄞县３１５０４０）在比色管中加入５０ｍｌ光学纯水，用刻度吸管往管中滴加废水至刚好有色，记录废水用量，计算稀释比例，按此比例配制废水中间液。另取２～３支５０ｍｌ比色管，量入４０～５０ｍｌ...     

氯仿萃取法消除氰化物测定中的油干扰

1将安息香工艺废水进行 3倍稀释后 ,先按水样和氯仿 2 0 0∶ 40比例进行萃取 ,然后将氯仿用量改为 2 0 ml再萃取一次 ,每次振荡时间为4min,静置时间为 6min。 2当原水样色度不超过2 0 0 0时 ,可不稀释直接萃取脱油 ;一般原水样氰化物浓度为 30～ 70 mg/L,因此除在萃取前稀释外 ,还需对馏出液进行 1 0倍稀释 ,否则会造成较大误差。 3萃取前水样 p H要确保 7～ 1 0 ,否则结果偏低。对于经次氯酸钠处理过的水样 ,须先加数滴 1 0 %硫代硫酸钠除去过量次氯酸钠 ,然后除油至色度为 40 0左右即可测定氯仿萃取法消除氰化物测定中的油干扰@李广志$丹…     

Measurements of Wastewater True Color by 4/6 Wavelength Methods and Artificial Neural Network

The ADMI (American Dye Manufactures’ Institute) 3 and 31 wavelength (WL) methods are the most popular measurements of the wastewater true color. However, significantly different measured results were found between the ADMI 3 and 31 WL methods for the same sample. This finding indicates that the ADMI 3 and 31 WL values should not be directly substituted for each other, resulting in the incomparability of these two color values. An innovative calculation using the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPN) was therefore proposed to replace the original calculation method proposed in Standard Method. The BPN-calculated ADMI 3 WL values were found to be very close to the corresponding measured ADMI 31 WL values. Additionally, for more accurate measurement of the true color, new measurement methods containing 4 and 6 wavelengths were proposed and cooperated with the BPN calculation model. The new approaches performed very accuracy measured results of the wastewater true color. Finally, the trained BPN calculation models were built to be applied to measure the true color of real textile samples and also performed very good measured results.     

水中亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌检测方法的探讨

介绍了亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌的培养方法,并用MPN法计数亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌.对判断培养物中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐存在的显色反应进行了对比试验.结果表明, 在NO-3的显色反应中,可用氨基磺酸铵溶液作为NO-2的抑制剂,并且要先加入二苯胺,再滴加浓硫酸,这样更便于结果观察.指出硝化细菌培养基对于显色反应没有影响,NO-2显色的质量浓度为0.15 mg/L.     

Texture Analysis for Mapping Tamarix parviflora Using Aerial Photographs along the Cache Creek, California

Natural color photographs were used to detect the coverage of saltcedar, Tamarix parviflora, along a 40 km portion of Cache Creek near Woodland, California. Historical aerial photographs from 2001 were retrospectively evaluated and compared with actual ground-based information to assess accuracy of the assessment process. The color aerial photos were sequentially digitized, georeferenced, classified using color and texture methods, and mosaiced into maps for field use. Eight types of ground cover (Tamarix, agricultural crops, roads, rocks, water bodies, evergreen trees, non-evergreen trees and shrubs (excluding Tamarix)) were selected from the digitized photos for separability analysis and supervised classification. Due to color similarities among the eight cover types, the average separability, based originally only on color, was very low. The separability was improved significantly through the inclusion of texture analysis. Six types of texture measures with various window sizes were evaluated. The best texture was used as an additional feature along with the color, for identifying Tamarix. A total of 29 color photographs were processed to detect Tamarix infestations using a combination of the original digital images and optimal texture features. It was found that the saltcedar covered a total of 3.96 km² (396 hectares) within the study area. For the accuracy assessment, 95 classified samples from the resulting map were checked in the field with a global position system (GPS) unit to verify Tamarix presence. The producer's accuracy was 77.89%. In addition, 157 independently located ground sites containing saltcedar were compared with the classified maps, producing a user's accuracy of 71.33%.     

深度学习在裸地扬尘源监测中的应用研究

裸地是扬尘的重要来源，施工建设过程中形成的裸地极易在大风天气作用下造成扬尘污染。因此，快速、有效地定位裸地位置，并确认其管控措施落实情况，对于开展裸地扬尘源监管具有重要意义。基于高分辨率遥感监测数据，结合人工解译裸地扬尘源数据集，以北京市大兴区为例，利用深度学习方法对裸地和防尘网覆盖裸地进行分类识别。同时，利用颜色匹配法对大兴区防尘网覆盖裸地进行识别，横向评估深度学习方法的识别精度。结果显示：深度学习方法对防尘网覆盖裸地的识别精度达97%,对裸地的识别精度达61%;颜色匹配法对防尘网覆盖裸地的识别精度达85%。防尘网覆盖裸地的颜色特征鲜明，深度学习方法和颜色匹配法对防尘网覆盖裸地的识别精度都在85%以上。深度学习方法对于面积大于2 000 m²的图斑有着较好的识别精度。深度学习方法可以提高裸地遥感解译的效率，实现规范化图像识别，可以作为人工判读的辅助手段。在实际应用中，可通过进一步积累样本来增强模型性能。深度学习方法适用于裸地扬尘源线索快速发现、工地防尘网措施落实情况快速检测等场景。     

Influence of different textile fibers on characterization of dyeing wastewater and final effluent

Textile industry needs to recover and reuse its wastewater as to fulfil the demand of increasingly strict regulations. The characterization of dyeing wastewater samples according to textile fiber and final textile effluent enables the application of different treatment methods. This study aims to characterize dyeing wastewater in black color of polyamide, polyester, and viscose fibers and final textile effluent. Samples were collected and characterized completely for major pollution indicator parameters. Dyeing wastewater of polyester showed higher values for some parameters, e.g., 4994.44% (49,944,400 mg L^?1 and 917 NTU) of turbidity and 4100.00% of phenol when compared to dyeing wastewater of other fibers. Other parameters such as pH, alkalinity, color, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfides, chlorides, oil and grease, dissolved solids, and chemical and biochemical oxygen demand were also assessed. In addition to individual characterization, this study also presents a correlation of the contribution of each parameter to the final textile effluent. Although dyeing wastewater of polyamide contributes the most in terms of quantity for the final effluent, this study revealed that dyeing wastewater of polyester influenced the most on the final composition of the textile wastewater when evaluating color, turbidity, total iron, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phenol, mercury, oil and grease, and total phosphorus. The present study is focused on bringing new insights to provide future research with other strategies to improve the treatment of dyeing wastewater. In addition, some suggestions are also given for wastewater treatments according to type of textile fiber.     

基于Sentinel-3 OLCI影像的渤海FUI水色指数遥感提取及应用

水色是水体水文学特征的基本要素之一。水色测定主要是采用福莱尔比色表(Forel-Ule Scale)将自然水体按颜色从深蓝到红棕共分为21个级别,用以观测、记录海洋和内陆水体的颜色。基于2020—2021年大辽河口、黄河口西南及秦皇岛近岸海域的现场实测数据和同步Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,验证了FUI水色指数遥感提取结果的准确性,发现当现场测量时间与卫星过境时间接近时,FUI水色指数遥感提取结果与实测结果基本一致。利用2021年1—12月Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,提取了渤海月均FUI水色指数遥感产品,发现渤海FUI水色指数的主要变化区间为5~17,整体呈现辽东湾、渤海湾及莱州湾沿岸海域高,秦皇岛海域及其他离岸海域低的空间分布特征,且存在秋冬季高、春夏季低的时间变化规律。此外,FUI水色指数对诸多海洋生态环境问题具有显著的指示功能。尝试将其应用于海洋水色异常和海水水质类别观测,均取得了较好的应用效果。由此可见,FUI水色指数遥感提取将在今后的海洋生态环境监测与评价方面发挥重要作用。     

Facile and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Synthetic Pyrithroids in Their Formulations, Water and Grain Samples

A novel reagent was introduced for the facile and sensitive spectrophotometric determination of syntheitic pyrethroids in their formulations (fenvalerate, cypermethrin and decamethrin), water and grain samples. These methods were based on the hydrolysis of synthetic pyrethroids under the alkaline conditions to form respective aldehyde groups. These groups were condensation with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrochloride (MBTH) to yield color derivatives having λ_max at 520 nm for fenvalerate, 516 nm for cypermethrin and 512 nm for decamethrin. The proposed method could be successfully applied for the determination of synthetic pyrethroids in their formulations, water and grain samples.     

近岸海域水色异常遥感监测方法研究

水体颜色是判断水体质量的重要依据，利用遥感技术检测水色异常是进行水质评估和水体污染监测的重要技术手法。基于盐城市废黄河入海口处的GF1-WFV影像数据，利用遥感影像自身光谱特征来构建水色异常判断函数，对研究区域的水色异常进行快速提取和定位，并比较分析了基于单景影像特征和多景影像特征设置判断阈值的提取结果。研究结果表明：该方法完全基于遥感影像光谱特征，可有效提取出未知类型的水色异常信息；与基于单景影像设置的判断阈值相比，基于双景影像设置的判断阈值更合理、更适用，提取速度更快，提取范围更精确，Kappa系数为0.80;另外，采用合适窗口大小进行均值滤波处理能有效防止提取结果细碎和斑块化。     

Assessing the visual impact of physical features of tall buildings: Height,top, color

Considering their features, tall building are of high importance in the view of a city. Among their important features are height, top and color which are also some of the most important factors in their effectiveness. In the present study we assessed the effectiveness of these physical features in the overall visual impact of these tall buildings and determined the significance of each of these features in the visual impact of the tall buildings. To this end, we examined a tall building in the largest city of Iran (Tehran). We altered the physical features (its height, top, and color) of the building, providing nine images for each variable element. Combining these pictures, 27 trio pictures were eventually prepared and assessed by a sample of 384 people randomly selected from the population of Tehran. Then, the data were analyzed. The results indicated that height was the most effective factor in the eyes of the citizens, followed by top and, then, color with the least effect among the three factors. In a more thorough analysis of the interactive effect of the factors on each other, we reached the conclusion that height can affect the visual impact of top and color but top can only affect the visual impact of color and slightly the impact of height. However, the effect of color on the other two factors was insignificant.     

氯气检测管的研制

经过条件优化试验，研制出氯气检测管。检测管显色长度与氯气浓度呈线性相关，对氯气标气7次测定的变异系数为13．8％，平均相对误差为5．2％，小于15％；一次测定最大相对误差为20％，小于25％，符合国家标准GB7230－87的要求。与化学法比较，2种方法测试结果无显著性差异。干扰物有溴和氯化氢气体以及高浓度二氧化氮。检测管寿命为1a。