蝗虫群落与生物生态监测

从动物生存的环境可以推断出该条件下的动物生态类型,相反从动物的生态类型上也可以推断出该地区的生态环境条件.生态环境条件是动物生存的决定因素,蝗虫群落的组成及其分布与其生活的环境息息相关,象土壤和植被的关系一样,有一定的规律性,不同的植被类型常有不同的蝗虫群落发生,同时植被类型的不同蝗虫的优势种也有差异.从地形及植被类型(即蝗虫的生境代表类型)来看,     

围栏封育在伊犁昭苏盆地退化草地生态恢复中的应用

目前新疆伊犁地区草地退化、生态环境恶化,严重影响到伊犁州区域的经济发展和生态安全。本文以伊犁昭苏盆地昭苏马场春秋草场围栏封育区为研究区,定量分析围栏封育技术对退化草场恢复作用及其机制,以期发现恢复程度与封育时间的相关关系。结果得出围栏封育后优良牧草增产幅度大,两年围栏分别比一年围栏和不围栏增产262．95kg/hm^2和7723．5kg/hm^2。围栏封育两年后的草地适做放牧利用,而围栏封育一年适做打草场利用。     

学习先进理念、促进环境监测管理水平提升——中意环境管理与可持续发展培训感受

通过在意大利的考察学习,对学习考察的收获和感受进行了总结,并结合意大利现行环境政策和环境监测先进经验提出了我国在环境保护和监测管理方面的设想和建议,供同行参考.     

学习先进理念、促进环境监测管理水平提升

通过在意大利的考察学习，对学习考察的收获和感受进行了总结，并结合意大利现行环境政策和环境监测先进经验提出了我国在环境保护和监测管理方面的设想和建议，供同行参考。     

哈密地区"生态立区"的思考

哈密地区生态环境十分脆弱,森林覆盖率低,草场退化严重,近几年经济发展速度加快,但重开发、轻保护,资源开发和经济增长方式粗放,使生态系统遭到破坏.为坚持科学的发展观,保证地区经济、社会实现可持续发展,哈密地委、行署提出了"生态立区"的发展战略.本文对哈密地区"生态立区"的内涵及实现的途径进行了探讨.     

欧盟流域水环境监测与评价及对我国的启示

为提升我国水环境监测与管理能力,介绍了欧盟水框架指令关于水环境监测的规定,举例介绍了捷克、波兰和意大利等欧盟成员国的水环境监测与评价方法,并对我国在该领域的工作提出了一些想法。     

新疆城市废水处理方案的探讨

新疆城市废水（５８．１％＋１５．７％）排入地表水体和地下水体，致使部分地区地表水和地下水资源遭到不同程度的污染．进行了城市废水处理方法的对比分析，结合新疆地域特点，提出中小城市废水适宜用氧化塘处理方法．经氧化塘处理后的废水达到国家《农田灌溉水质标准》，灌溉当地农田和草场．既净化了城市污水，又减少了环境污染，把城市废水变成再生水资源循环使用，这对保护水源和发展农田灌溉起着积极的作用．     

意大利提升“绿色竞争力”

正人民日报报道为了消减自身发展限制和应对经济危机以来的低迷状况,意大利近年来鼓励企业在创新能力、技术科研方面加大投入。其中,大量企业尤其是初创企业积极投身绿色经济。意大利希望通过将绿色环保产业转化为更大的生产力和竞争力,拉动出口、创造更多就业机会的同时,促进本国制造在全球的竞争力,推动可持续经济的增长。     

乌鲁木齐地区近代生态环境变化特征

本文从近代社会发展探讨乌鲁木齐地区的生态环境变化特征.指出,自然绿州不断缩小,人造绿州扩大;城市发展迅猛,环境污染加重;地下水位下降;天然森林破坏而导致水土流失和沙化;草场过度放牧,退化严重;野生生物锐减;水资源利用率显著提高,耕灌地大面积增加,由此表明,该区生态环境发展趋势既朝着某些有利于人类发展,也存在某些不利人类发展的方向变化.     

“能源消耗模式和环境影响国际研讨会”在乌鲁木齐市召开

由新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府与欧洲联盟第十二总司组织，新疆科委、新疆环保局、新疆工学院及（欧盟）意大利科姆林特公司（COMERINTSPA）经过近一年时间孕酿与筹备的“能源消耗模式和环境影响国际研讨会”于1997年6月30日～7月3日在乌鲁木齐市举行。共有44名正式代表出席了会议，其中外方代表10名，中方代表34名。开幕式由自治区科委主任张曰知主持，自治区人民政府副主席王怀玉致开幕辞，欧洲联盟欧洲委员会驻华代表团科技参赞罗伦书、意大利科姆林特公司总经理Arata、国家科委办公厅副主任贾帕尔先后在开幕式上致辞。开幕式前，自治…     

Why Should We Calculate Complex Indices of Ozone Exposure? Results from Mediterranean Background Sites

While moving towards a flux-based approach, exposure-based ozone metrics are still a practical measure for summarising ambient air quality. Ozone hourly concentrations for the period 2000–2004 from sites in the Mediterranean Italy (≤600 m a.s.l.) were examined to define the O₃ summary statistic in the area, and to determine how O₃ exposure indices correlate to each other. Thirty-four of the most common O₃ exposure metrics were calculated. The results show that background O₃ pollution in Italy exceeds the European and North American standards. The exceedances of the target value, information and alert thresholds set by the 2002/3/CE Directive should encourage Italy to take the appropriate measures to reduce the risk. All the O₃ exposure indices, except the maximum permissible ozone concentration (MPOC) for forests, point to the potential for negative effects on vegetation and human health across Italy. As indices evaluated significantly correlated with each other, we suggest use of the most biologically meaningful metric when summarizing air quality information.     

Impact evaluation of agrotechnologies in watersheds

The special project RAISA (Advanced Researches for Innovation in Agricultural Systems) of the National Research Council of Italy concerns the development of new methodologies for the study and evaluation of the impact of agrotechnologies on the environment. In the project, several trans-disciplinary Units have worked together since 1990. The aim of the project is to define systems, using tools such as remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems, for decision making support in land planning and land use management, with particular attention to groudwater table pollution. The fundamental steps for evaluation of the impact of agrotechnologies on the Po river watershed, 75,000 km² in northern Italy, and Tevere (Tiber) river watershed, 17.169 km² in Central Italy are described here. The study concerns particular areas located in the western part of the Po River plain, where flooded rice is the main crop, and in the central plain of the Tevere basin where the risk of water pollution is considerable, due to small and medium sized swine breeding farms. The aspects considered were water pollution due to mineral nitrogen used to fertilize the rice crop and the nitrogen contained in the waste water from pig farms. For the Po river basin the methodology developed was based on the integration of satellite remote sensing images, and the available cartography, such as topographic and thematic maps, together with the hydrological and the toxicological data of the chemical fertilizers employed, summarized in maps of the groundwater table pollution hazard. A simpler evaluation was obtained in the Tevere river basin: the thematic layers were crossed in bi-directional matrices and the result merged with the map of the territorial distributionof the swine. In both cases the selected information was integrated and processed in Integrated sub-basin scale. The GISs led to the development of a user-friendly system for formalizing our knowledge of the degree of pollution hazard in simple and readable maps.Research supported by National Research Council of Italy, Special Project RAISA, sub-project N. 1 Paper N.     

Sediment composition and normalisation procedures: an example from a QUASH project sediment exercise

The QUASH UE-Project was designed to assess the reliability of normalisation approaches to compensate the influence of natural process affecting the distribution and concentration of contaminants in sediment. The focus of this paper was to test the influence on normalisation procedures of an inorganic matrix using a sample collected in the Venice Lagoon, Italy.     

Solar plants,environmental degradation and local socioeconomic contexts: A case study in a Mediterranean country

Photovoltaic plants developed on rural land are becoming a common infrastructure in the Mediterranean region and may contribute, at least indirectly, to various forms of environmental degradation including landscape deterioration, land take, soil degradation and loss in traditional cropland and biodiversity. Our study illustrates a procedure estimating (i) the extension of ground-mounted photovoltaic fields at the municipal scale in Italy and (ii) inferring the socioeconomic profile of the Italian municipalities experiencing different expansion rates of ground-mounted photovoltaic fields over the last years (2007-2014). The procedure was based on diachronic information derived from official data sources integrated into a geographical decision support system. Our results indicate that the surface area of ground-mounted photovoltaic fields into rural land grew continuously in Italy between 2007 and 2014 with positive and increasing growth rates observed during 2007-2011 and positive but slightly decreasing growth rates over 2012-2014, as a result of market saturation and policies containing the diffusion of solar plants on greenfields. We found important differences in the density of ground-mounted solar plants between northern and southern Italian municipalities. We identified accessible rural municipalities in southern Italy with intermediate population density and large availability of non-urban land as the most exposed to the diffusion of solar plants on greenfields in the last decade. Our approach is a promising tool to estimate changes in the use of land driven by the expansion of photovoltaic fields into rural land.     

A methodology for rapid assessment of the environmental status of the shallow aquifer of ��Tavoliere di Puglia�� (Southern Italy)

Anticipating the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), the Italian Government issued Legislative Decree n.152/99 which sets out rules for classifying the environmental status of national water bodies in order to achieve specific qualitative objectives by 2016. The most recent European Groundwater Directive (2006/118/EC), which was only recognized by Italy in early 2009 (Legislative Decree 30/09), requires such resources to be characterized from a qualitative standpoint and the risk of their being polluted by individual pollutants or groups of pollutants to be evaluated. This paper reports a simple methodology, based on easy-to-apply rules, for the rapid classification of groundwater, and the results of its application to the shallow aquifer of the plain of Tavoliere delle Puglie located in south Italy. Data collected during well-water monitoring campaigns carried out from 2002 to 2003 made it possible to assess the environmental status of the Tavoliere which, unfortunately, was found to be characterized by ??significant anthropic pressures on quality and/or quantity of groundwater and necessitating specific improvement actions??.     

Landscape Change and Ecosystem Classification in a Municipal District of a Small City (Isernia,Central Italy)

Landscape changes taking place from 1954 to 1992 in the muncipal district of Isernia city (Central Italy) were described in relation to a system of ecosystem classification. Isernia municipal district was selected for study because recent historic changes in this area represent a typical example of landscape transformation similar to many small cities of Italy and other Mediterranean countries. To assess overall changes, three land cover maps (scale 1:25,000) were derived from panchromatic aerial photographs and field surveys. These were then digitalised in a Geographic Information System. A Land Facet (LF) map was derived by combining a phytoclimatic, a lithostatigrafic and a topographic map, and then digitalised as data layers in the same GIS. Results demonstrated two main landscape transformation trends: forest and semi-natural areas increased (8%), whereas agricultural areas decreased (12%). The urban area was relatively small during the entire analysed period, growing from 1% in 1954, to just 5% in 1992. Forest coverage was significant on reliefs, on hillside ecosystems such as limestone and on clay and marl hills LF. Arable land was particularly significant in flat ecosystems with deeper soils, such as on recent alluvial plain LF. These temporal changes were interpreted as being related to the replacement of traditional farming methods (grazing pastures) with more intensive methods (crop fields), especially on alluvial plains.     

Greenhouse gas emission reductions through waste management and disposal planning

The Third Conference of the Parties of the UN-FCCC (CoP-3) held in Kyoto in 1997 defined a Protocol with level of reduction of the Greenhouse Gasses (GHGs) overall emissions for Italy of 6.5% with respect to 1990 emissions. A mathematical model was created in order to evaluate the range of GHGs reduction effects obtained by upgrading waste collection, treatment and disposal system to new Italian regulation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Occurrence of pesticides in surface water bodies: a critical analysis of the Italian national pesticide survey programs

In recent years, several monitoring programs have been established as a consequence of EU Directives which include requirements for monitoring the quality of water resources (drinking water, groundwater and surface water). Plant protection products (PPPs) are an obvious target for monitoring activities, since they are directly released into the environment. In Italy, the National Environmental Protection Agency (ISPRA ex APAT) has recently published two reports containing the results of the National Plans for Control of Environmental Effects of PPP. These documents contain the collection of monitoring data related to the presence of PPP residues in surface water and groundwater. The first objective of this work was to critically analyze the results of monitoring campaigns on pesticide residues in surface waters in Italy. In particular, the paper focuses on whether and how the Italian approach satisfies the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, whether they are representative of the whole national territory, and how the utilized approach is appropriate for the characterization of risk to surface water. Starting from this analysis, some considerations about the limits of environmental monitoring as a tool for managing risk were highlighted.