无火焰原子吸收法测定水中的银

以硝酸做介质,用石墨炉原子吸收光度法可测定自来水及环境污水中的微量银,钙,镁,铁等对银的测定有轻微干扰,其它共存元素不干扰测定,结果令人满意。     

空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法测铬时的干扰及消除

对空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法测铬(Cr)时共存元素对其测定结果的干扰进行研究。结果表明,当ρ(共存元素)/ρ(Cr)100时,Mg、Co、Al、V、Ni、Fe、Na、Ca对Cr测定有影响,而K、Mn、Zn、Mo、Pb、Si、Cu均不影响Cr的测定;当ρ(共存元素)/ρ(Cr)为10和30时,加入1%HNO_3和2%NH_4Cl可消除干扰;当ρ(共存元素)/ρ(Cr)30时,加入5%HCl和超过1%的NH_4Cl可消除干扰;5%HCl作为介质消除Cr测定干扰的效果要优于1%HNO_3介质。     

高效富集—火焰原子吸收光度法测定饮用水中的铅

用高效螯合树脂富集器富集－火焰原子吸收分光光度法可测定自来水中μｇ／Ｌ级的痕量铅,大量共存元素不干扰铅的测定,测定结果令人满意。     

无焰原子吸收法直接测定土壤中的Pb、Cd

微量Pb、Cd的测定多采用原子吸收方法。土壤、岩石中的Pb的测定,由于受到Al、Mg、Ca、Fe等共存元素的干扰,所以采用DDTC或双硫腙/MIBK萃取。也有的用APDC/MIBK、双硫腙/CCl_4萃取后,用0.02NHCl反萃取。在萃取时,要首先在8 NHCl介质中用异丙     

用TPTZ溶剂萃取原子吸收法测定微量Cd

1. 前言 由于Cd是一种环境污染物质,所以有许多定量分析Cd的报导。特别是原子吸收法具有灵敏度高,共存元素干扰比较少,操作简便,往往不用进行样品前处理而能直接测定等优点,广泛被人们所采用。 此外,在许多元素共存的体系中,测定极微量金属元素时,选择性的浓缩及分离待测成分元素的方法有共沉淀法,吸附法,溶剂萃取法,电解法等。     

原子吸收光度法测定树叶中的重金属

用浓硝酸与高氯酸消解树叶,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ含量较高,可直接用火焰原子吸收法测定,含量较低的Ｐｄ、Ｃｄ,Ｃｒ则用石墨炉法测定。Ｐｂ及Ｃｄ含量甚微,受基体及共存元素干扰严重用标准加入法可消除干扰,结果令人满意。     

用火焰原子吸收法测定镀铬泥渣中的铁、镍、铜、锌、铅

我们曾对镀铬泥渣中铬的原子吸收测定进行了研究,本文重点研究镀铬泥渣中Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb测定时共存元素的干扰及其消除方法。 实验证明,大量Ni、Si的存在严重干扰铁的测定,大量Cu的存在严重干扰Ni的测定。采用标准加入法以消除Ni对Fe的干扰;采用沉淀法,萃取法分离铁与镍;在标液中加入等量铜来消除大量铜对测定镍的干扰,都难免繁琐费时。本文采用加入十二烷基硫酸钠或柠檬酸作干扰抑制剂,消除了大量铜对镍及大量硅对铁、锌测定的干扰;用降低乙炔流量,提高火焰温度的方法消除了二倍量的镍对铁测定的干扰,拟定了用火焰原子吸收法,不经分离直接测定镀铬废水处理后的泥渣中铁、镍、铜、锌、铅的测定程序。样品分析精密度均小于±4％,铁、镍、铜、铅的标准加入回收率为96—106％,锌为90—115％,用于实际样     

偶氮硝磷—mN高灵敏度和高选择性分光光度法测定水和废水中钍

在放射性监测分析中,钍的测定是一个重要项目,用光度法测定钍,目前一般认为偶氮胂Ⅲ是优良的显色剂,可惜锆、铀、钛等元素共存时有严重干扰。本文选用偶氮硝膦—mN作显色剂,实验结果表明方法具有高灵敏度和高选择性,可不经分离测定水和废水中的钍。 实验部分 —、仪器和试剂 751 G型分光光度计用于绘制吸收光谱:72型分光光度计用于吸光度的测定。 偶氮硝膦—mN:0.02％水溶液(试剂系     

用金属涂层石墨管原子吸收法直接测定天然水中痕量锡

本文在研究金属Ta、W、V、Mo、La涂层石墨管对Sn测定灵敏度影响的基础上,选择能提高灵敏度一个数量级的涂La石墨管、在天然水中加入抗坏血酸和(NH_4)_2HPO_4消除共存元素的干扰,直接测定了ppb级含量的Sn。     

双环己酮草酰二腙光度法测定电镀废水中的铜

在ＰＨ８－１０氨性介质中心,Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）能与双环己酮草酰二腙生成蓝色络合物,λｍａｘ＝６０２ｎｍ。在０μｇ／２５ｍＬ－３５μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内遵守比尔定律。常见大量共存元素干扰测定,可不经预处理直接用于电镀废水测定。     

Sampling inference,an alternate statistical model

Sampling inference is proposed as an alternate paradigm. This method is discussed with respect to classical, Bayesian and a proposed probabilistic real world system. A probabilistic real world system is suggested as more valid and useful in practical as well as research situations. Sampling inference applied to a probabilistic model allows for valid inferences for volunteer and representative as well as random samples. A concept of time and distance based samples is introduced.     

大连市近三十年大气环境变化及可持续发展对策

介绍了近三十年来大连市在经济快速发展 ,能源不断增加的情况下 ,空气质量得到明显改善 ,同时针对目前仍然存在的由能源结构不合理、机动车尾气、工业废气及二次扬尘等污染问题提出了发展循环经济、进行结构和布局调整、推进清洁生产、深化环境综合整治及加强立法执法和全民参与等可持续发展对策     

Fuzzy Logic Model to Estimate Seasonal Pseudo Steady State Chlorophyll-A Concentrations in Reservoirs

A fuzzy logic model is developed to estimate pseudo steady state chlorophyll-a concentrations in a very large and deep dam reservoir, namely Keban Dam Reservoir, which is also highly spatial and temporal variable. The estimation power of the developed fuzzy logic model was tested by comparing its performance with that from the classical multiple regression model. The data include chlorophyll-a concentrations in Keban lake as a response variable, as well as several water quality variables such as PO₄ phosphorus, NO₃ nitrogen, alkalinity, suspended solids concentration, pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration and Secchi depth as independent environmental variables. Because of the complex nature of the studied water body, as well as non-significant functional relationships among the water quality variables to the chlorophyll-a concentration, an initial analysis is conducted to select the most important variables that can be used in estimating the chlorophyll-a concentrations within the studied water body. Following the outcomes from this initial analysis, the fuzzy logic model is developed to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentrations and the advantages of this new model is demonstrated in model fitting over the traditional multiple regression method.     

RECOVERY: A Contaminated Sediment-Water Interaction Model

This paper describes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers screening-level water quality model (RECOVERY version 3.0) for assessing long-term impacts of contaminated bottom sediments on surface waters. The model couples contaminant interaction between the water column and the bottom sediment, as well as between contaminated and clean bottom sediments. The analysis is intended primarily for organic contaminants with the assumption that the overlying water column is well mixed vertically. The contaminant is assumed to follow linear, reversible, equilibrium sorption and first-order decay kinetics. The system is physically represented as a well-mixed water column (i.e., zero-dimensional) underlain by a vertically-stratified sediment column (i.e., one-dimensional). The sediment is well-mixed horizontally but segmented vertically into a well-mixed surface (active) layer and deep sediment. The deep sediment is segmented into variably contaminated and clean sediment regions. Processes incorporated in the model are sorption, decay, volatilization, burial, resuspension, settling, bioturbation, and pore-water diffusion. The solution couples contaminant mass balance in the water column and in the mixed sediment layer along with diffusion in the deep sediment layers. The model was verified against laboratory and field data, as well as against an analytical solution for the water and mixed sediment layers. These comparisons indicate that the model can be used as an assessment tool for evaluating remediation alternatives for contaminated bottom sediments.     

环境检测领域能力验证工作的组织及评价方法

介绍了环境检测领域能力验证的基本情况和统计方法，以及当前国内外能力验证计划提供者采用的数据处理方法，分析了该领域能力验证的发展趋势。指出环境检测领域化学分析方面的能力验证计划一般采用参加者结果的中位值或稳健均值作为指定值，采用标准化四分位距或稳健标准偏差作为能力评定标准差，以 z比分数法评价参加者的能力。     

Monitoring of Ganga Water and Sediments Vis-à-Vis Tannery Pollution at Kanpur (India): A Case Study

The leather industry, besides being a major contributorto the Indian national economy, is unfortunately alsoone of the major polluters. The present articlediscusses the influence of the wastes on thephysicochemical characteristics of the Ganga water andsediments. Two sampling sites have been chosen atKanpur, the first before and the second after thepoint where tanneries are located. The samephysicochemical parameters which have been determinedin the wastes have been monitored at these two sitesfor two seasons. The results reveal that mostparameters increase as the river traverses betweenthese two points. The increase in values of parameterssuch as BOD, COD, Cl^-, and total solids could bedue to the domestic wastes just as much as to thetannery wastes. Phenols and sulfides, can also comefrom other sources, but their probability of comingfrom tanneries is higher. However, chromium is oneparameter which can primarily be identified tooriginate from the tanneries. The speciation of thesediments for chromium reveals that the leakage ofchromium into the Ganga is taking place at the secondsite. There is almost a ten fold increase in chromiumat the second site as compared to the first. At thefirst site the surface chromium is primarily in theresidual fraction while at the second site it is inthe Fe–Mn oxide fractions.     

Optimized Coagulation of High Alkalinity, Low Temperature and Particle Water: pH Adjustment and Polyelectrolytes as Coagulant Aids

The Yellow River in winter as source water is characterized as high alkalinity, low temperature and low particle concentrations, which have brought many difficulties to water treatment plants. This study fully examines the optimized coagulation process of the Yellow River by conventional and pre-polymerized metal coagulants, pH adjustment and polyelectrolytes as the primary coagulants or coagulant aids. For all the metal coagulants, polyaluminum chlorides are superior to traditional metal coagulants due to their stable polymeric species and low consumption of alkalinity. The removal of natural organic matter by monomeric metal coagulants can be improved through pH adjustment, which is in accordance with the higher concentration of polymeric species formed at corresponding pH value. With the addition of polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids, the coagulation performance is significantly improved. The effective removal of dissolved organic matter is consistent with high charge density, while molecular weight is relatively important for removing particles, which is consistent with polyelectrolytes as primary coagulants. These results suggest that the coagulation mechanisms in the removal of dissolved organic matter and particles are different, which may be exploited for optimized coagulation for the typical source water in practice.     

污染物在地下水毛细饱水带的运移规律浅释

分析了毛细饱水带的水动力学特性，指出在地下水污染研究中，污染物在毛细饱和水带和潜水怪具有相同的水平运动规律，并以实例分析说明该带对污染物运移的重要性。建议在研究和一非饱和条件地下水及污染物运动问题时把毛细饱水带与潜水含水层统一为饱马毛细饱水带顶面作为饱水面。     

Valuing biodiversity: reality or mirage?

The objective of this paper was to consider the social value ofbiological diversity and explore if this value could be expressedin terms of a unidimensional metric in money. Economics distinguishes between use-values and non-use-values, which are critically evaluated for valuing biodiversity. It is shown that these utility-based valuations have severe limitations as they treat species in isolation from their ecological contexts. In contrast, ecosystem ecology regards ecosystems as an integratednon-linear and nonconvex system in which ecosystem functions canbe understood as a four-component cycle; exploitation, accumulation of biomass, creative destruction and renewal. Withinsuch a cycle, ecosystems can be seen to have two properties: stability and resilience. A good proxy for resilience is the probability of extinction of species, and social value of biodiversity can be expressed as a partial ordering with thisprobability as an index. This approach is consistent with decision theory, of which social choice is an important component, pioneered by Arrow.     

Groundwater resource assessment, categories, and typologies: case study, Andhra Pradesh, India

In India, groundwater assessment units are classified as overexploited areas, critical areas, semi-critical, or safe areas based on the stage of groundwater development and long-term water level trends. Intuitively, in the safe units, wells are expected to function and have good yields. Besides, in the safe units, new wells are expected to be successful. Conversely, the expectation of a successful well or wells with good yields is much lesser in the overexploited units. However, when these expectations are not met in the field, doubts are raised about the quality of assessment and its usefulness, and there is outright distrust on the agencies assessing groundwater resource by the common man as well as on the planners, administrators, and the politicians. Therefore, there is a need to present the results in a way that does not create confusion. One of the methods is to combine the assessment results with aquifer characters using geographic information system (GIS); when this is done, a whole set of newer classes emerge, which can be mapped. These classes are termed as groundwater typologies in this study. Each typology has some characteristics or traits in common, which include basic aquifer character as well as the stage of groundwater development. Thus, a class may be safe, but if the aquifer is poor, then it is separated from a class that is safe and where the aquifer is good and so on. In Andhra Pradesh, which is taken as the case study for this purpose, eight main typologies emerged, and two of these main typologies were further divided into four subtypologies each. This new way of understanding the pattern of groundwater abstraction (using GIS) has a better visual impact. Groundwater typologies are found to be much more rational and useful in developing management strategies, rather than simple listing as overexploited areas, critical areas, semi-critical areas, and safe areas as is commonly done. The typologies so delineated indicate on the map (or table) that balanced usable groundwater is in between 5 and 6 bcm/a as against the estimated balance of 20.5 bcm/a, and it is largely in poor hard rock type of aquifers, which occupy about a third of the area of the state.