HPLC- RF法快速测定水中苯并(a)芘

利用高效液相色谱仪（ＨＰＬＣ），将样品中苯并（ａ）芘与其他有机物分离，并同荧光分光光度计（ＲＦ）的微流动池相联，作荧光测定，组成了ＨＰＬＣ－ＲＦ不检测。该方法相地标准差为４．５～７．２％，回收率为８６．５％～９３．５％，检测限为０．０００９μｇ／Ｌ。     

X射线荧光分析法及其在环境监测中的应用

综述了X射线荧光分析法在水质分析和大气颗粒物分析中的应用，介绍了粉状固态物、液体、气体等环境试样的制备方法，以及标准曲线法、标准加入法、内标法、散射线监控法、稀释法等定量分析方法，指出X射线荧光分析法前处理简单，分析精度高，操作简便、快速．在环境监测领域具有广阔的发展前景。     

天然水中不同形态磷的分布分析和测定

本文报导了用高灵敏度荧光光度法测定天然水然中水中磷的溶存状态。本文采用过滤,不经前处理,过滤-灰化，酸化-过滤-灰化及灰化等五种处理方法，分别测定了天然水系中各种形态存在的磷含量，并划出了磷的分布曲红，对研究磷的自然转化规律，寻长磷的污染来源提供了基本手段。     

磨盘山水库溶解性有机质光谱特性及来源分析

结合紫外可见吸收光谱与三维荧光光谱法，利用平行因子分析方法研究哈尔滨市磨盘山水库水体中的溶解性有机质（DOM）。结果表明，水体DOM吸收系数α355平均值为（4.71±0.66）m-1，表明水库中有色溶解性有机质（CDOM）较高；水库水体DOM存在3个荧光组分，分别为类腐殖质C1（345 nm、440 nm）、类腐殖质C2（285 nm、405 nm）和类富里酸组分C3（275 nm、475 nm）；C1、C3呈现显著的正相关性，自生源指数与C1呈显著的负相关性；类腐殖质的荧光强度在深层水体中逐渐增加，且深层水体的腐殖化程度较高，较为稳定；水库中心水体中DOM的自生源特征较其他区域明显，浮游植物和细菌的有机体降解产物增加。     

二氧化氯的消毒作用及制备方法研究

论述了二氧化氯作为饮用水消毒剂与其他各类常用的消毒剂相比具有的特点，讨论了二氧化氯的最佳投入方式及制备方法，研究出以氯酸钠与硫酸为原料反应生成二氧化氯的新方法，首次采用对人体无毒无害的Ｇ型还原剂，新方法具有安全、可靠、产气纯度高的经济等优点。     

甲烷对非分散红外吸收法测定固定污染源废气中二氧化硫的干扰

二氧化硫是中国重点管控的废气污染物。固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定有定电位电解法、非分散红外吸收法、碘量法等，其中非分散红外吸收法具有选择性好、寿命长、灵敏度高等优势，是固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定的常见方法。在波长为7.3 μm附近的红外吸收波段，甲烷和二氧化硫的特征吸收峰有明显重叠，造成交叉干扰。实验研究表明：甲烷将对二氧化硫的测定引入5%左右的正干扰。现场验证表明：对于含有高浓度甲烷的焦化废气，非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫结果显著偏高，经过数学修正后与其他方法可比。在应用非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫时，应确认烟气中不含甲烷或其浓度很低，否则应当采取有效手段消除或减小甲烷的干扰。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中微量钡

通过一系列条件试验，研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中微量钡的石墨管类型、最佳加热程序和最佳基体改进剂等。本方法降低了背景吸收干扰，提高了灵敏度，改善了精密度，与其他方法比较，具有操作简便、快速、自动化程度高的特点，可用于水中微量钡的检测。     

发光细菌法在环境监测中的应用

阐述了发光细菌的生理特性及其应用原理，重点评述了发光细菌法在工业废水、水域水质毒性及其他相关领域监测中的应用。与其他生物监测方法相比，具有快速、简便、灵敏等特点，测试结果与传统的鱼类毒性试验具有良好的相关性，实际应用方便可行。同时，结合现代电子技术和化学分析技术，对发光细菌法的发展进行了展望。     

碳素厂环境中多环芳烃分析方法的研究

采用紫外检测器和荧光检测器串联研究了测定碳素厂环境（废水、环境空气及烟道气）中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分析方法，一次进样可以同时获得紫外和荧光信号，具有更高的灵敏度和更好的选择性．     

波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法测定PM2.5中23种元素

研究以单元素标准膜为基础，结合NIST SRM 2783颗粒物滤膜标准样品，建立了波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法测定PM_2.5中23种无机元素的测定方法，优化了测试条件，测量一个样品耗时约15 min，计算了各元素的方法检出限。对NIST SRM 2783滤膜标准品在一周内重复测定10次来计算方法的准确度与精密度，测定结果显示大多数元素的测量值在给出的参考值范围内，且测量标准偏差一般在10%以内。对比了石英与聚四氟乙烯材质（Teflon）滤膜的空白值，石英滤膜中Si、Fe、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca等元素的背景值较高，Teflon滤膜的背景值较低，推荐选用Teflon滤膜作为PM_2.5组分分析采样滤膜。分别用波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法及酸消解-ICP-MS法测定了样品膜中的元素组分，得到的测定结果基本一致。     

原子吸收光谱技术在环境样品状态分析中的应用

综述了自1985年以来国内外应用原子吸收光谱法与其它测试技术联用等方法,进行环境试样中金属状态分析的技术进展,引述文献86篇.     

Characterization of soil contamination by lead around a former battery factory by applying an analytical hybrid method

Former battery factories have created environmental and health problems for years and the exposure to lead in surface soils has been underestimated. Nonetheless, the identification of lead contamination and its spatial distribution is crucial. The determination of heavy metals in soils can be performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). However, alternative techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been used lately in environmental studies since measurements can be taken in the field in a prompt manner, despite its lower accuracy. In this study, a former battery factory site in Monterrey, Mexico, has been studied in order to detect lead contamination. Soil samples were assessed for contamination by using an analytical hybrid method that comprises both analytical techniques, namely, ICP-MS and XRF. Samples were taken in 215 locations and, after a simple homogenization process, they were analyzed by using a portable XRF device. Within those 215 sampling points, 25 samples were analyzed concurrently by using ICP-MS according to international sampling guidelines. Results obtained were adjusted in order to define an analytical hybrid method, which encompasses the advantages of each technique. An improved characterization was achieved by using the proposed analytical hybrid method since maps of lead distribution and calculated areas of concern showed better predictability. The combination of spectroscopic techniques is of great applicability for environmental agencies and decision makers.     

Systematic comparative and sensitivity analyses of additive and outranking techniques for supporting impact significance assessments

Assessing the significance of environmental impacts is one of the most important and all together difficult processes of Environmental Impact Assessment. This is largely due to the multicriteria nature of the problem. To date, decision techniques used in the process suffer from two drawbacks, namely the problem of compensation and the problem of identification of the “exact boundary” between sub-ranges. This article discusses these issues and proposes a methodology for determining the significance of environmental impacts based on comparative and sensitivity analyses using the Electre TRI technique.An application of the methodology for the environmental assessment of a Power Plant project within the Valencian Region (Spain) is presented, and its performance evaluated. It is concluded that contrary to other techniques, Electre TRI automatically identifies those cases where allocation of significance categories is most difficult and, when combined with sensitivity analysis, offers greatest robustness in the face of variation in weights of the significance attributes. Likewise, this research demonstrates the efficacy of systematic comparison between Electre TRI and sum-based techniques, in the solution of assignment problems. The proposed methodology can therefore be regarded as a successful aid to the decision-maker, who will ultimately take the final decision.     

荧光定量PCR技术在环境领域的应用

实时荧光定量PCR技术作为一项新兴技术,越来越受到人们的重视,它以快速、准确定量、便捷等优点广泛应用于科学研究各个领域。近年来,实时荧光定量PCR技术不断发展,并应用于环境领域中,大大提高了环境监测水平。综述了实时荧光定量PCR技术的基本原理及其在国内外环境领域中的应用。     

An environmental pressure index proposal for urban development planning based on the analytic network process

This paper introduces a new approach to prioritize urban planning projects according to their environmental pressure in an efficient and reliable way. It is based on the combination of three procedures: (i) the use of environmental pressure indicators, (ii) the aggregation of the indicators in an Environmental Pressure Index by means of the Analytic Network Process method (ANP) and (iii) the interpretation of the information obtained from the experts during the decision-making process.The method has been applied to a proposal for urban development of La Carlota airport in Caracas (Venezuela). There are three options which are currently under evaluation. They include a Health Club, a Residential Area and a Theme Park. After a selection process the experts chose the following environmental pressure indicators as ANP criteria for the project life cycle: used land area, population density, energy consumption, water consumption and waste generation. By using goal-oriented questionnaires designed by the authors, the experts determined the importance of the criteria, the relationships among criteria, and the relationships between the criteria and the urban development alternatives.The resulting data showed that water consumption is the most important environmental pressure factor, and the Theme Park project is by far the urban development alternative which exerts the least environmental pressure on the area. The participating experts coincided in appreciating the technique proposed in this paper is useful and, for ranking ordering these alternatives, an improvement from traditional techniques such as environmental impact studies, life-cycle analysis, etc.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱技术在环境监测中的应用进展

电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(ICP-MS)是目前发展最快的痕量元素分析测试技术之一。由于该技术提供了极低的检出限、极宽的动态线性范围,干扰少、分析精密度高,可进行多元素同时快速分析,可与多种分离技术及样品前处理方法和进样方法相结合等优点,得到了迅速的发展。介绍了ICP-MS的基本原理及仪器构造、与其他分析测试技术的比较及发展趋势,并着重介绍了其在环境监测和环境科学研究领域的应用。     

Exploring the relationship between vegetation spectra and eco-geo-environmental conditions in karst region, Southwest China

Remote sensing of local environmental conditions is not accessible if substrates are covered with vegetation. This study explored the relationship between vegetation spectra and karst eco-geo-environmental conditions. Hyperspectral remote sensing techniques showed that there were significant differences between spectral features of vegetation mainly distributed in karst and non-karst regions, and combination of 1,300- to 2,500-nm reflectance and 400- to 680-nm first-derivative spectra could delineate karst and non-karst vegetation groups. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) successfully assessed to what extent the variation of vegetation spectral features can be explained by associated eco-geo-environmental variables, and it was found that soil moisture and calcium carbonate contents had the most significant effects on vegetation spectral features in karst region. Our study indicates that vegetation spectra is tightly linked to eco-geo-environmental conditions and CCA is an effective means of studying the relationship between vegetation spectral features and eco-geo-environmental variables. Employing a combination of spectral and spatial analysis, it is anticipated that hyperspectral imagery can be used in interpreting or mapping eco-geo-environmental conditions covered with vegetation in karst region.     

Methodologies for determination of antimony in terrestrial environmental samples

Methodologies for the environmental analysis of total antimony and aqueous chemical speciation are critically reviewed, including preparation techniques for aqueous and solid matrices and the determination of solid state partitioning and recommendations are given for future research directions. Concentrations of total antimony commonly present in aqueous and solid environmental samples are readily determined using present day analytical techniques. This has resulted primarily from technological advances in microwave digestion for solid matrices and the development of plasma based analyte detection systems. ICP-AES and ICP-MS techniques are both utilised for the environmental analysis of total antimony concentrations. However, ICP-MS is increasingly favoured as a result of reduced spectral interferences and the potential for analyte detection in the pg mL(-1) range. Determination of aqueous antimony speciation presents a number of complex analytical challenges and highly selective separation and identification techniques are required prior to detection. The majority of published techniques including common applications of hydride generation are insufficiently selective for the determination of intrinsic chemical speciation and often only oxidation state data are obtained. The recent in-line applications of HPLC-ICP-MS offer the potential for highly selective separations of aqueous antimony species and determination of detailed chemical speciation data. However, considerable development work is required to optimise chromatographic separations and identify uncharacterised species resident in environmental systems. Analytical techniques to aid the determination of antimony's associations with solid environmental matrices include the application of chemical extraction procedures and leaching experiments. To date, this area of analytical research has received little attention and further studies are required to elucidate this aspect of antimony's environmental chemistry.     

Externalities of Fugitive Dust

It is known that fugitive dust can cause human health and environmental problems, alone or in combination with other air pollutants. These problems are referred to as ‘external costs’ that have been traditionally ignored. However, there is a growing interest towards quantifying externalities to assist policy and decision-making. With this in mind, the present study aimed at discussing the environmental regulations that deal with fugitive dust, the impact of fugitive dust on human health and global climate system, and the available methods for calculating fugitive dust externalities. The damage cost associated with human health and global environmental problems was predicted based on the environmental strategy priority model. The damage cost estimated by the model ranged from 40 to 374 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust with a mean value of 120 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust. It was also found that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have contributed to about 60% and 36% of the estimated damage cost, respectively. The remaining 4% was attributed to both nitrate and sulfate aerosols.     

Speciation of gold(III)-L-histidine complex: a multi-instrumental approach

The formation and structure of gold (III)-L-histidine complex was investigated with the use of carbon (13C) and proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis (CE), capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (CE-ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), and laser desorption mass spectroscopy (LDMS). It was found that two L-histidine molecules and one gold ion slowly form a complex in acidic solution. Each L-histidine molecule provided two nitrogen ligands; one was the alpha-amino group and the other from the imidazole ring. The Au(III)-bis-L-histidine complex precipitates after deprotonation of the free carboxylic group, resulting in an increase in the solution acidity. Determination of the exact sequence of events and the identity of the complex was a comprehensive instrumental analysis problem involving the above techniques.