含油废水平行样的制备

扼要阐述了应用“超声空化”技术制备含油废水平行样的原理和方法，并通过各因素正交试验，优选出“超声空化”技术制备含油废水平行样品最优条件。     

用自制消解液替代进口试剂测定化学需氧量

用美国进口试剂在ＨＡＣＨ仪器上测试ＣＯＤｃｒ，具有准确度高、方法简便、安全、快速、节省试剂、防止有机物挥发等优点，但存在的问题是试剂价格昂贵、样品测试成本很高。为解决这一问题，经过多次试验，自行研制出了消解液试剂、经与进口试剂对比试验，结果令人满意，大大降低了样品测试成本。     

直接测汞法和原子荧光法测定土壤中总汞的比对研究

采用DMA-80直接测汞技术，与国标方法原子荧光法对土壤中总汞的测定进行了方法比对研究。试验结果表明，直接测汞法的检出限优于原子荧光法，精密度和准确性能够满足土壤实际样品的测定，对30个实际样品分析结果的比对表明，方法间无显著差异，该方法快速、准确、无污染。     

直接进样或固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中苯菌灵和多菌灵

建立了采用直接进样和固相萃取两种前处理方式，利用高效液相色谱法分析水中苯菌灵和多菌灵的方法。采用0.22μm聚醚砜滤膜过滤样品，或使用C18固相萃取小柱对样品进行前处理后，以C18反相柱为色谱柱，将柱温设定为40℃,流速设定为0.7 mL/min,以甲醇和水为流动相，利用等度洗脱进行分离，使用二极管阵列检测器进行定量，检测波长为280 nm。将苯菌灵在酸性条件下(pH<2.0)静置至少11 h后，转化为多菌灵进行检测。在上述条件下，采取直接进样时，多菌灵的检出限为4μg/L;采用固相萃取进行前处理且水样体积为100 mL时，多菌灵的检出限为0.09μg/L。标准曲线绘制结果显示，该方法在0.02～10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性良好(r>0.999)。在直接进样条件下测试低、中、高3种浓度的实际水样加标样品，得到的相对标准偏差在0.7%～2.9%之间，回收率在93.5%～102%之间；采用固相萃取时，低、中、高3种浓度的实际加标样品的相对标准偏差在1.3%～4.7%之间，回收率在86.8%～107%之间。测试结果表明，该方法可应用于实际监测工作。     

水中微量五氯酚的气相色谱法测定

提出ＧＣ－ＦＣＤ分析方法测定水中微量五氯酚残留量。水样经萃取分离、衍生后，采用石油醚提取醋酸五氯酚酯，然后进入色谱柱，柱内填充２％ＯＶ－１７＋２％ＱＦ－１／ＣｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂＷ－ＨＰ（８０～１００目），柱温２００℃，Ｎ＿２流量８０ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，五氯酚酯３ｍｉｎ内出峰，最低检测浓度为０．１μｇ／Ｌ，各种样品回收率均在９０％以上，样品测试结果满意，可用于多种水体中微量ＰＣＰ残留量的测定。     

化学需氧量测试废液中银的回收新法

化学需氧量测试废液中银的回收新法姚英文（广西省南宁地区环境监测站５３０００１）化学需氧量测试中耗用大量的硫酸银（Ａｇ２ＳＯ４），通常每一滴定样品耗银（以Ａｇ计）约０．２ｇ。因此，测试废液中贵金属银的回收已引起人们的高度重视。目前国内外回收银常采用的方...     

空气中总悬浮颗粒物的X射线衍射定性分析研究

以天津市环境监测中心采集的空气中总悬浮颗粒物（ＴＳＰ）膜（９７１０１２号）为样品,使用日本理学Ｄ／ｍａｘＲＡＸ射线衍射仪对其进行化合物定性分析,并介绍样品的采集与制样方法、仪器测试条件。最后通过ＪＣＰＤＳＩＣＤＤ（国际粉末衍射数据中心）标准数据库检索出该样品所含的全部化合物     

滤膜过滤 微波干燥法快速测定水中悬浮物

采用滤膜过滤微波干燥技术,建立了水中悬浮物的快速测定方法。以0.45μm硝酸乙酸纤维素(CN-CA)滤膜为过滤介质,采用变功率连续加热模式,空白湿滤膜在10 min内恒重(900 W/5 min+500 W/5 min),附有悬浮物的湿滤膜在13 min内恒重(900 W/8 min+500 W/5 min)。选择不同质量浓度的高岭土标准样品和不同类别的实际样品进行方法性能测试,结果表明,该方法检出限为5 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%~7.1%,相对误差为2.0%~5.0%,采用该方法与采用标准方法《水质悬浮物的测定重量法》(GB 11901—89)测定实际样品的结果吻合。该方法显著缩短了水中悬浮物测定的分析时间,精密度和准确度能够满足分析要求,可用于地表水及一般工业排放废水中悬浮物质量浓度的快速测定。     

总磷测试消解方法的选择与对比分析

选择简单可靠的消解方法是测定总磷质量保证的关键，总磷测试的消解方法较多，应根据具体情况选择。当几种方法都能适应样品分析要求时，建议首先选用过硫酸钾压力锅消解法。     

阀进样及反吹技术在非甲烷总烃分析中的应用

在非甲烷总烃的分析中应用十通阀与六通阀的联用技术，实现双通道进样和反吹除残功能。通过标准曲线实验和实际样品测试，证实改进后的方法能有效解决传统分析方法中存在的多个问题，并简化了操作，缩短了分析时间，提高了分析的准确度与精密度，延长了色谱柱的使用寿命。     

HIA, the next step: Defining models and roles

If HIA is to be an effective instrument for optimising health interests in the policy making process it has to recognise the different contests in which policy is made and the relevance of both technical rationality and political rationality. Policy making may adopt a rational perspective in which there is a systematic and orderly progression from problem formulation to solution or a network perspective in which there are multiple interdependencies, extensive negotiation and compromise, and the steps from problem to formulation are not followed sequentially or in any particular order. Policy problems may be simple with clear causal pathways and responsibilities or complex with unclear causal pathways and disputed responsibilities. Network analysis is required to show which stakeholders are involved, their support for health issues and the degree of consensus.From this analysis three models of HIA emerge. The first is the phases model which is fitted to simple problems and a rational perspective of policymaking. This model involves following structured steps. The second model is the rounds (Echternach) model that is fitted to complex problems and a network perspective of policymaking. This model is dynamic and concentrates on network solutions taking these steps in no particular order. The final model is the “garbage can” model fitted to contexts which combine simple and complex problems. In this model HIA functions as a problem solver and signpost keeping all possible solutions and stakeholders in play and allowing solutions to emerge over time. HIA models should be the beginning rather than the conclusion of discussion the worlds of HIA and policymaking.     

Applying value analysis and fuzzy logic to select areas for installing waste fills

This article discusses a methodology for assessing and rankinga predefined universe of objects to assist in the selectionof suitable areas for the construction of sanitary landfills.The methodology is, in principle, for universal application. Its development was initially based on the `Value Analysis' methodology and then on the `Fuzzy Eigenvector Method', or `Fuzzy Logic' as it is sometimes referred to. The focus of thestudy herein is on the comparative appraisal of a group ofelements which are part of the guidelines to be adopted whendetermining the choice of the most suitable site for a sanitarylandfill. This set of guidelines includes technical, economical,environmental, social and political aspects. As an example of themethodology proposed, four different areas were chosen. They werestudied to determine which is the most appropriate site for thedevelopment of a new solid waste fill site. The results for thesefour areas, together with the functions chosen and functionweights, are presented here.     

WARM: a European model for energy and environmental analysis

This paper describes the structure of a newly developed econometric, imperfectly competitive, general equilibrium model for the medium term study of energy and environmental problems. The geographical coverage of the model regards twelve European countries as well as the European Union as a whole. Compared to existing quantitative E3 (economy-energy-environment) models, the WARM model is characterized by a few novel and relevant features Firstly, in contrast to multicountry interlinked models, it copes with the international dimension by integrating differences from a common European denominator within a unified and homogeneously designed framework. A panel data estimation approach is used to achieve this objective. Secondly, in contrast to the traditional market-based philosophy of many econometric models, it adopts a perspective focused upon economic agents' decisions. Thirdly, in contrast with the practice of modelling technical progress as an exogenous and deterministic phenomenon, it incorporates an explicit attempt of modelling the sources and effects of endogenous technical change. A Kalman filter latent variable approach is the methodology from which statistical information on the dynamics of technical progress can be obtained. Finally, all markets in the model are imperfectly competitive, including the labour market where the wage bargaining process is explicitly modelled and estimated. This last feature is especially important in view of the European unemployment problem.     

Techno-economical efficiency and productivity change of wastewater treatment plants: the role of internal and external factors

Efficiency and productivity are important measures for identifying best practice in businesses and optimising resource-use. This study analyses how these two measures change across the period 2003-2008 for 196 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Spain, by using the benchmarking methods of Data Envelopment Analysis and the Malmquist Productivity Index. To identify which variables contribute to the sustainability of the WWTPs, differences in efficiency scores and productivity indices for external factors are also investigated. Our results indicate that both efficiency and productivity decreased over the five years. We verify that the productivity drop is primarily explained by technical change. Furthermore, certain external variables affected WWTP efficiency, including plant size, treatment technology and energy consumption. However, plants with low energy consumption are the only ones which improve their productivity. Finally, the benchmarking analyses proved to be useful as management tools in the wastewater sector, by providing vital information for improving the sustainability of plants.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

光散射法扬尘在线监测质量管理研究与应用

主要阐述了光散射法扬尘在线监测应用于建筑工地、干散货码头堆场、混凝土搅拌站的质量管理和质量评估。为了提高光散射法扬尘在线监测的数据质量，上海市采取扬尘在线监测设备现场质量抽测的模式，通过对在用仪器的监测点位、除湿方式、校准方式、质量浓度转换系数、与标准重量法监测结果的相对误差和相关系数、仪器运行维护水平等影响监测质量和数据有效性的关键指标的检查，开展扬尘监测在用仪器质量评估和仪器商合格评定，稳步提高在用仪器质量，为在线监测质量管理和质量评估提供可借鉴的技术方案和实践经验。     

A critical review of principal traffic noise models: Strategies and implications

The paper presents an exhaustive comparison of principal traffic noise models adopted in recent years in developed nations. The comparison is drawn on the basis of technical attributes including source modelling and sound propagation algorithms. Although the characterization of source in terms of rolling and propulsion noise in conjunction with advanced numerical methods for sound propagation has significantly reduced the uncertainty in traffic noise predictions, the approach followed is quite complex and requires specialized mathematical skills for predictions which is sometimes quite cumbersome for town planners. Also, it is sometimes difficult to follow the best approach when a variety of solutions have been proposed. This paper critically reviews all these aspects pertaining to the recent models developed and adapted in some countries and also discusses the strategies followed and implications of these models.     

Integrating adaptation to climate change in regional plans and programmes: The role of strategic environmental assessment

Climate changes exert negative impacts on the global environments and the human beings. They imply more frequent extreme weather events, which are responsible of sea level rise, coastal erosion, flooding, droughts, and desertification. Mitigation and adaptation represent intertwined strategies for counteracting climate changes. Mitigation is associated to the lessening of the causes of climate changes and includes actions reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation is a proactive concept addressing how humans can adapt and benefit from climate change. The mainstreaming and integration of adaptation to climate change into routine practice can be favored by Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of regional policies, plans and programmes. In this study, we aim at scrutinizing a set of SEA reports of regional plans and programmes adopted in Sardinia (Italy), to investigate if -and to what extent- adaptation to climate change has characterized planning and programming tools. Evidence shows that the integration of adaptation-driven issues into regional planning is still in its infancy but presents the signs of promising expansion.     

美国环境空气监测培训课程设置的经验与启示

详细介绍了美国环境空气监测培训课程设置的方法和结构,分析了其在课程的目标规划、内容设计和指导人员自学方面的主要做法,总结出应从监测人员能力和知识要求角度设定培训目标,以技术性实用性内容为主设计课程环节,将指导支持人员自学摆在更突出位置。借鉴美国经验,文章对探索我国环境空气监测培训的课程设置提出了具体建议。     

A critique of the performance of EIA within the offshore oil and gas sector

The oil and gas sector is a key driver of the offshore economy. Yet, it is also associated with a number of unwanted environmental impacts which potentially threaten the long term economic and environmental viability of marine ecosystems. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can potentially make a significant contribution to the identification and management of adverse impacts through the promotion of evidence based decision making. However, the extent to which EIA has been embraced by key stakeholders is poorly understood. On this basis, this paper provides an initial evaluation of EIA performance within the oil and gas sector. The methodology adopted for the paper consisted of the structured review of 35 Environmental Statements (ESs) along with interviews with regulators, operators, consultants and advisory bodies. The findings reveal a mixed picture of EIA performance with a significant number of ESs falling short of satisfactory quality and a tendency for the process to be driven by compliance rather than best practice.