A very simple yet accurate solution to the thermal explosion problem

A very simple solution to the thermal explosion problem for one-dimensional solids is presented. The solution produces analytical expressions for the criticality condition. Two different solutions are used. One solution gives higher answers than those known from exact solutions and the second solution gives lower answers. This allows bracketing the expected answer with a determined tolerance. The results obtained compare quite favorably with those obtained from known exact numerical solutions. This allows the utilization of the present method for many a practical problem with an acceptable tolerances.     

Rigorous Calculation of Critical Flow Conditions for Pressure Safety Devices

Sizing and verification of pressure relieving systems is an important topic in the design of process plants in order to assure equipments and people protection against malfunctions and hazards. The calculation of the critical flow (choke) condition is analysed with respect to existing standard calculations procedures (API and Omega methods) that implement approximate procedures and may not be extended to temperature/pressure regions near the thermodynamic critical point. These procedures may be replaced by a more rigorous calculation based on the evaluation of the local sonic velocity with equations of state. The method applies to systems composed of pure chemical components as well as to multi-component mixtures existing in the single phase and multi-phase regions. As a consequence of an exact calculation of the critical flow conditions, more accurate values of the discharged flowrate may be obtained. Comparisons with calculations performed using the standard API RP 520 procedure and Omega method are presented.     

大型相连容器中火焰传播的研究

为了进一步了解相连装置中粉尘爆炸的火焰传播行为和压力发展,为该结构的安全防护设计提供有价值的信息,采用大型实验装置对相连容器中玉米淀粉/空气混合物爆炸时的火焰传播行为进行了实验研究,同时采用已开发的数值模型对实验进行仿真计算。实验表明:粉尘浓度的变化对粉尘爆炸的火焰传播行为有重要影响;在粉尘浓度很低的情况下,火焰仍然能够在管道中加速传播且爆炸发展的最终结果相当猛烈。数值模型采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法模拟两相流现象,通过求解非稳态的湍流两相反应流守恒方程对实验进行二维仿真,计算结果与实验结果符合性较好,表明该模型可以很好地应用于粉尘爆炸火焰传播的研究。     

等效温度曲线的数值拟合

通风空调工程中,等效温度是衡量气候舒适程度的主要指标.传统的查图法求解等效温度不仅繁琐,而且不准确.本文以等效温度为基础,在等效温度图中取值,运用Matlab拟合数据,并进行坐标变换,求解出干球温度、湿球温度及风速之间的规律,推导出等效温度的数值求解方法.经实例计算和误差分析证明,此数值解法较为准确.     

泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的试验研究与数值模拟

为了解泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的发展过程,采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法对玉米淀粉在圆柱形容器内的泄爆过程进行研究。数值模型采用欧拉–拉格朗日方法模拟粉尘爆炸的两相流问题,通过求解非稳态的湍流两相反应流守恒方程对试验进行二维仿真。试验和模拟结果表明,点火位置对爆炸发展过程有明显影响,点火位置离泄爆口越远,容器中的最大泄爆压力Pred,max越高。在粉尘爆炸的安全防护设计中,应把点火位置作为重要影响因素之一加以考虑。     

Modelling bund overtopping using Shallow Water Theory

A model is presented of liquid flow under gravity, over horizontal and sloping surfaces, based on the Shallow Water Equations. The aim is to facilitate assessment of the efficacy of bunds surrounding liquid storage tanks, in cases where the liquid front encountering the bund carries significant momentum. The model, called SPLOT, incorporates terms representing the effects of turbulent and laminar friction, and a sub-model for the effect of vertical walls. Having produced a robust numerical solution method, and verified its performance in cases where analytic solutions are known, it is the objective of this work to test the model’s validity against experimental data on flows overtopping bunds. SPLOT is found to be very satisfactory in a wide range of circumstances involving both vertical and sloping bunds. Physical reasons are identified for the overly conservative predictions found in the remaining cases, and a simple parameter is derived which indicates whether the model is being used outside its range of optimum validity.     

Ignition characteristics, conditions of criticality and disappearance of criticality of cumene hydroperoxide reaction by modeling approach

The thermal explosion problem of cumene hydroperoxide exothermic reaction which is used in chemical industries for production of some chemical materials is investigated. The analytical solutions of the problem to determine the margin between ignition and non-ignition systems are presented. The solution offers different analytical expressions which relate between the critical parameters for both steady and unsteady-states in different planes of solutions for different cases. The numerical solutions in different planes offer different trajectories of solution as sub-critical (non-ignition) and supercritical (ignition). Also from the numerical solution the relations between the critical parameters are presented. The critical behaviors from both analytical and numerical solutions are concise and pertained the same results.     

大空间建筑烟气填充研究方法的对比

为了对大空间建筑烟气填充研究方法进行对比分析。以一个废弃的大空间仓库为研究对象,采用了全尺寸火灾实验、计算机数值模拟和理论分析相互应用验证的研究方法,研究理论及数值模拟两种火灾烟气层高度的描述方法的准确性。结果表明当采用t2火模型时,在与现实的吻合程度方面,数值模拟〉Zukoski理论模型〉Yamana-Tanaka理论模型;随着火灾的不断发展,相对误差逐渐增大。通过对比分析发现,全尺寸实验、理论模型和数值模拟三种方法相互验证可以更好地保证研究的准确性;总结得到了两种与现实较吻合的描述烟气层高度的理论方法,并且提出减小误差应注意的几点事项,包括尽可能提高火源热释放速率、烟气层温度描述的准确性;不考虑火源热量通过建筑边界结构散失等。     

Shock-induced dust ignition in curved pipeline with steady flow

The ultimate objective of the research outlined in this paper is to determine the conditions governing shock-induced ignition of dusty flows in curved pipelines using analytical and computational approaches. The results of numerical simulation indicate that ignition of two-phase flows in curved channels is mainly conditioned by the shock-induced flow and is not very sensitive to the flow structure in front of the shock wave. The calculations of nonreactive shock propagation in the quasi-steady two-phase flow and in the uniform quiescent dust suspension revealed significant differences in the postshock flow structure downstream the channel corner. Nevertheless, ignition occurred in the region where the predominant role was played by reflected shock waves, i.e., in the vicinity to the channel corner. The results call for further studies dealing with shock-induced ignition and explosion build-up in curved channels.     

基于Weibull分布的煤体强度计算研究

以往矿山压力计算中多数使用煤体试件测试强度代替煤体强度进行计算,计算结果往往具有较大误差,针对此类问题,采用理论分析、实验室实验、数值模拟,数据拟合等手段研究了矿山工程中煤体强度的计算方法。结果表明:煤的强度具有一定的尺寸效应,测试试件边长越大,其强度越低;根据其尺寸特征,应用RFPA软件中的Weibull函数功能,模拟求解并拟合得出煤体强度与均质度和原煤强度之间的关系。定义了煤样标准强度为边长或直径为50 mm的煤试件强度,拟合得出煤样标准强度与原煤强度和煤体强度关系的表达式,可据此理论计算矿山工程中的煤体强度。     

炮采放顶煤采空区自然发火的数值模拟应用

针对炮采放顶煤开采采空区容易发生自燃问题，基于漏风渗流方程、气体渗流一扩散-氧消耗方程，建立了采空区自然发火非稳定数值模型，采空区按非均质考虑，耗氧汇按煤矸氧化和瓦斯涌出稀释两方面综合考虑，用有限元数值方法联立求解模型。结合羊草沟矿实例，通过该矿自然发火后来的测试区的现场实测结果，拟合反演得到采空区煤的耗氧速度、瓦斯涌出强度和渗透特征参数，用确定的模型分析了前段出现自然发火的原因；描绘了炮采放顶煤开采时采空区冷却带、自燃带和窒息带等三带的形状，指出冒落压实的不均衡的非均质采空区，自燃点在偏人风一侧。用三带划分理论讨论了工作面参数（风量、推进度、控顶距）同自燃的量化关系，提出了从根本上预防采空区自然发火的途径与方法。     

外力作用下管道内表面缺陷处裂纹扩展研究

为提高油气管道安全风险评估的准确性,以含内表面缺陷管道为研究对象,利用ABAQUS软件线弹性及弹塑性分析不同尺寸缺陷对裂纹萌生特征的影响;采用扩展有限元法,建立管道3点弯曲模型与全尺寸静载物理试验,并非线性拟合裂纹扩展尺寸,研究内表面缺陷处裂纹扩展情况。研究结果表明:内表面缺陷中心处极易萌生裂纹,随着缺陷尺寸的增大,裂纹萌生所需外力在缺陷相对长度为0.08、相对深度为0.4时的增长趋势变化较大,且缺陷深度对裂纹萌生的影响更大;对比数值模拟与全尺寸物理试验,发现在小于70 mm位移载荷或147.25 kN外力下裂纹尺寸快速扩展,之后呈变缓的趋势;非线性拟合裂纹尺寸,得到较为准确的裂纹扩展尺寸的预测结果。     

反应性液体紧急泄放面积设计进展

为防止反应失控造成爆炸事故,减少事故损失,在介绍模拟反应失控的实验装置ARC、VSP以及RSST等的基础上,针对不同的紧急泄放类型,如气相系统、蒸气系统和混合系统的紧急泄放研究进展,进行了分析论述,旨在发现解决反应失控紧急泄放问题的更好方法,从而为进一步研究反应失控的紧急泄放问题打下基础.     

Numerical study of dust lifting in a channel with vertical obstacles

In the paper, several results of numerical computation of multiphase flows in a channel with complex geometry are considered. The objective of the research was to study the dust lifting process from a layer behind a shock wave in a rectangular channel with vertical obstacles in the upper part of the tube. It is to be shown that that kind and also any sort of geometry may crucially change the whole phenomena of dust enhancement and of combustion. This is very important for safety in, for example, coal mines where channels are usually of more sophisticated structure than is usually assumed by most researchers.     

Modelling bund overtopping using a shallow water CFD model

This paper describes the development of a model for assessing the hazards arising from liquid spills from storage tanks containing flammable liquids. The model is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions to the shallow water equations and is able to account for the interaction of a liquid spill with sloping ground and walls/bunds. These features mean that it has a much wider range of applicability than simple models and yet, as it is based on the solution to the two-dimensional shallow water equations, is relatively quick to run. The key parameter of interest in risk assessments is the fraction of a tank contents that would overtop the surrounding wall/bund that has been designed to retain it. A simple ‘sub-model’ has been developed to take account of this three-dimensional phenomenon within the two-dimensional model. The numerical solution of the shallow water equations is obtained through an adaptive method using two shock-capturing numerical techniques; the weighted average flux (WAF) and random choice methods (RCM). These provide a robust solution algorithm. A simple test case has been used to demonstrate the applicability of the model.     

危险品道路运输多目标路径优化方法研究

道路危险品运输路径优化是提高危险品运输安全的一项重要措施。通过对国内外文献的分析研究，本文提出了危险品道路运输路径优化的数学模型，该模型首先求出单项目标的最优解，然后找出每项目标的实际值尽可能接近各自单项的最优值。本文也建立了包括路线长度、时间、费用、路线风险、敏感目标人数在内的危险品道路运输目标体系，并给出危险品运输路线选择决策的程序，为政府相关部门进行路线选择提供决策依据。     

Electrostatic ignition of sensitive flammable mixtures: Is charge generation due to bubble bursting in aqueous solutions a credible hazard?

Experiments have been conducted to gain insight into the credibility of sparging aqueous solutions as an electrostatic ignition hazard for sensitive hydrogen/air or fuel/oxygen mixtures (Minimum Ignition Energies of ∼0.017 mJ and ∼0.002 mJ, respectively, compared to ∼0.25 mJ for hydrocarbon/air mixtures). Tests performed in a 0.5 m³ ullage produced electric field strengths between 125 and 560 V m⁻¹ for air flows of 5–60 l min⁻¹, respectively, comprised of 2–4 mm diameter bubbles. Field strength can be related to the space charge and fitting to an exponential accumulation curve enabled the charge generation rate from the air flows to be estimated. This was observed to be directly proportional to the air flow and its magnitude was consistent with literature data for bubble bursts. The charge accumulation observed at laboratory scale would not be a cause for concern. On the basis of a simple model, the charge accumulation in a 27 m³ ullage was predicted for a range of air flows. It is apparent from such calculations that ignition of hydrocarbon/air mixtures would not be expected. However, it would seem possible that field strengths might be sufficient to cause a risk of incendive spark or corona discharges in moderately sized vessels with sensitive flammable mixtures.     

Benchmarking of two-phase flow through safety relief valves and pipes

This paper compares calculated results for two-phase flows through safety relief valves and pipes using the TPHEM, CCFLOW and RRERSP computer programs. These studies were conducted to locate errors in the programs as well as to further our understanding of how each program worked. For most low-to-moderate viscosity flow examples, and for the frozen flow examples, the program results agreed despite differences in the calculation methods. Current thinking is that the TPHEM computer program gets better results for high viscosity flows through safety relief valves (nozzles) and for pipe down flows. This is because this program successively iterates nozzle flows to achieve results consistent with the choke pressure, temperature and quality and successively iterates pipe flows to achieve results consistent with the pipe length. Safety relief valve flows from the RRERSP computer program are reduced by the inlet pipe non-recoverable pressure loss. This effect is significant for several cases.     

建筑物避难疏散的网格模型

根据人员在建筑物内不同位置具有不同的移动特性 ,将建筑物在平面上划分成能反映人员具体位置的坐标网格 ,建立了描述人员应急疏散的数学模型 ,用场模拟的方法可得到建筑物的疏散时间和人员移动轨迹     

趋势面拟合法在煤矿瓦斯地质变量预测中的应用研究

从瓦斯地质学的观点出发,将反映煤层瓦斯基本参数的空间变化规律看做是与其赋存地质条件密切相关的连续函数。结合趋势面拟合及其模型优化的原理和方法分析得出了淮北矿业集团公司芦岭煤矿井田范围内瓦斯含量的变化及分布与其位置坐标的对应数值关系,依据该数值关系可对矿井深部采场和未开采区域实施比较准确、可靠的定量瓦斯预测。该方法也适用于其他具有相似特征的瓦斯地质变量分析。