基于区间分析的履带起重机结构非概率可靠性研究

臂架结构作为履带起重机的重要部件,其结构的强度、刚度和稳定性决定了整个起重机的安全性和使用性能。为了预测履带起重机臂架结构的可靠度,采用区间非概率研究履带起重机的可靠性,只需知道不确定参量的界限而不需知道其分布情况,就能求出各功能函数的可靠性指标;将履带起重机臂架的额定起重量、起升载荷偏摆角度、起升冲击系数等不确定参量看成区间变量,建立了以臂架强度、刚度、整体稳定性为失效模式的可靠性分析模型;将区间变量标准化,在标准化区间变量的扩展空间中,按无穷范数度量从坐标原点到失效面的最短距离,以此来判断结构的非概率可靠度。最后,用该模型对现有某型号履带起重机臂架进行了可靠性分析,结果表明,用该方法得到的履带起重机区间非概率可靠度η1,符合实际情况。     

塔机垂直度自动测量方法研究

针对利用经纬仪测量塔机垂直度精度不高、不能实时监测等问题,提出一种塔机垂直度自动测量方法。通过测量塔机转角自动判断臂架位置,进而确定垂直度测量面。分析了现行垂直度测量的误差原因,推导了垂直度与塔机转角和倾角之间的计算公式,并设计了塔机垂直度自动监测系统。     

Lifting strength in two-person teamwork

This study examined the effects of lifting range, hand-to-toe distance, and lifting direction on single-person lifting strengths and two-person teamwork lifting strengths. Six healthy males and seven healthy females participated in this study. Two-person teamwork lifting strengths were examined in both strength-matched and strength-unmatched groups. Our results showed that lifting strength significantly decreased with increasing lifting range or hand-to-toe distance. However, lifting strengths were not affected by lifting direction. Teamwork lifting strength did not conform to the law of additivity for both strength-matched and strength-unmatched groups. In general, teamwork lifting strength was dictated by the weaker of the two members, implying that weaker members might be exposed to a higher potential danger in teamwork exertions. To avoid such overexertion in teamwork, members with significantly different strength ability should not be assigned to the same team.     

建筑施工起重机械事故一线作业人员不安全动作规律研究

为有效预防建筑施工起重机械事故,笔者将建筑起重机械一线作业人员按工种分为设备驾驶员、现场施工人员、安拆维修工和信号司索工4种。以行为安全“2-4”模型作为分析工具,对70起建筑施工起重机械事故样本中各类人员不安全动作进行分析。结果表明:建筑施工起重机械事故一线作业人员发出不安全动作196次,其中设备驾驶员发出不安全动作29次,占比41.43%,安拆维修工、信号司索工、现场施工人员分别发出不安全动作18、14和9次,占比分别为25.71%、20%和12.86%。一线作业人员常见的不安全动作是擅自拆除或起吊、未佩戴劳动防护用品、作业现场环境误判断、违反安全操作规程、资质不足作业,其中资质不足作业、违反安全操作规程和作业现场环境误判断发生频次最高。     

桥(门)式起重机安全运行监控记录装置的研制

针对桥式、门式起重机结构、运行和事故特点,应用微电子技术、集成电路和软件技术,研究开发由拱度监测、起重量监测、起升钢丝绳偏角监测、起升高度监测、制动器性能监测以及大车行走同步监测等6个模块组成的安全运行监控记录装置,对桥式、门式起重机运行中可能产生的安全隐患进行实时监测,并实现这些参数的实时显示、危险报警和紧急控制,对该装置的信号采集、传送、处理以及各功能模块之间的接口对接进行较详细的阐述。实例应用表明,该装置选择的6个监控参数能实现预期的安全保护功能和监控目的。     

Workspace design for crane cabins applying a combined traditional approach and the Taguchi method for design of experiments

Procedures in the development process of crane cabins are arbitrary and subjective. Since approximately 42% of incidents in the construction industry are linked to them, there is a need to collect fresh anthropometric data and provide additional recommendations for design. In this paper, dimensioning of the crane cabin interior space was carried out using a sample of 64 crane operators’ anthropometric measurements, in the Republic of Serbia, by measuring workspace with 10 parameters using nine measured anthropometric data from each crane operator. This paper applies experiments run via full factorial designs using a combined traditional and Taguchi approach. The experiments indicated which design parameters are influenced by which anthropometric measurements and to what degree. The results are expected to be of use for crane cabin designers and should assist them to design a cabin that may lead to less strenuous sitting postures and fatigue for operators, thus improving safety and accident prevention.     

塔机驾驶员的持续性视觉注意负荷研究

为提高塔机作业安全工效，基于视觉心理学、认知心理学理论，利用眼动追踪技术记录驾驶员视觉行为数据，分析和评估塔机驾驶员视觉转移过程的表征参数，结果表明:起重作业过程中驾驶员注视时间长，视知觉资源主要集中于起吊物，保持持续性注意状态，以维持高效起重作业，心理负荷较大；起重作业不同子过程注视时间与瞳孔直径差异较大，在空中平移过程中注意力较为分散，瞳孔直径较小，心理负荷较小。据此，提出了塔机起重作业的人因工效改善方向，为起重作业安全实施提供决策支持。     

核电站搬运核废料起重机的故障树分析

目的 :对某核电站用于搬运核废料的桥式起重机进行了故障树分析 ;方法 :以吊物坠落为顶事件而建立了故障树 ,通过故障树特征参数的计算对该事件进行了定性分析和定量分析。根据分析结果 ,确定了该起重机的关键元 (部 )件和薄弱环节 ,提出了降低吊物坠落概率的简便有效措施。     

Quantification of impact of line markers on risk on transmission pipelines with natural gas

The paper presents a model for the assessment of the influence of line markers on risk on transmission pipelines with natural gas. The impact of line markers on risk is determined as a function of the line marker recognisability, which in turn depends on the ability to discern a line marker from a distance. The model is based on physical properties of line markers, especially on their colour, measures and the colour of the environment. These properties served to quantitatively assess the discernability of two most frequently encountered types of line markers. Calculated distances at which a particular line marker is discernible were compared to the average distances between two line markers. Risk reduction factors were derived from the comparison between the calculated results and the data from the appropriate hazardous event database. Results of the model indicated significant dependence of the risk reduction factor due to line markers on the distance between two line markers and the weather conditions. The model shows its flexibility through its distinct dependence on local conditions along the pipeline route. It can serve as a supplement to the existing models for quantitative risk assessment on pipelines used in natural gas transportation.     

一起塔式起重机臂架断裂事故分析及预防

通过对一起塔式起重机臂架断裂事故的分析，从设计、制造、使用及维修管理等不同角度指出了事故的原因并提出了建议及对策。     

轨道门式起重机大车制动优化设计

针对门式起重机大车制动松弛,制动磨损严重、出轨翻车的问题,以某工厂轨道门式起重机为载体,设计了一种带大车匀减速防撞功能的门式起重机,介绍了基本结构和工作原理,通过在大车轨道两端设置一段安全刹车保护区域,压力传感器感应大车是否进入了安全保护区域而发车提醒信号,进而PLC控制单元整合处理采集到的压力信号和速度信号后控制制动器,制动器自动采取刹车减速措施,提高了门机的作业安全等级。当大车未进入安全保护区域时,大车制动器采用单独供电的方式,设置延时继电器,使大车断电运行一段距离后刹车制动,减少频繁调紧刹车,增强制动效果,提高门机吊装的稳定性和生产效率。     

塔机起重作业夜间照明工效的BIM辅助优化研究*

为提升塔式起重机施工作业的夜间照明工效水平,采用数学模型和BIM技术相结合的方法,以灯源的光通量及入射角为光学驱动参数,模拟眩光值、照度及其均匀度等光学变量,建立照明工效的光度学BIM辅助优化模型,优化起重作业照明灯源光学参数。研究结果表明:对塔式起重机施工作业区照明灯源光学参数进行组合优化后,夜间起重作业面照度及其均匀度显著提升,眩光值满足起重作业视觉环境条件。研究结果可为塔式起重机夜间起重作业照明方案设计提供科学依据。     

Computer simulations help determine safe vertical boom speeds for roof bolting in underground coal mines

PROBLEM: Incident investigation reports do not usually contain enough information to aid in studying boom arm vertical speed for roof bolting machines to determine the impact that appendage speed had on an operator's risk of experiencing a contact. Laboratory experiments with human subjects are also not feasible because of safety and ethical issues. METHOD: Researchers successfully developed a three-dimensional computer model that uses virtual human simulation software as the primary means to gather contact data when the boom arm touches the operator's hand, arm, head, or leg. RESULTS: Data analysis of roof bolter simulations shows that the speed of the boom arm is the most important factor in determining the risk of an operator making contact. Regardless of other variables, contact incidents were always greater when the bolter arm was moving up, greater on the hand, and greater for the boom arm part of the machine. The reason why the subject experiences more contacts when the boom arm is moving up rather than down is that more risky behaviors occur during drilling and bolting when the boom arm is ascending. Based on the data collected, boom speeds greater than 13 in/sec result in a substantial increase in risk to the roof bolter operator of making contact. Speeds less than or equal to 13 in/sec are associated with a more modest relative risk of making contact, which represents a decrease in potential hazard. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The use of such information can be quite helpful in making recommendations to machine design and task procedures to reduce the likelihood that roof bolter operators will experience injury due to contact with a moving roof bolting machine's boom arm.     

Preventing collisions involving surface mining equipment: a GPS-based approach

PROBLEM: An average of three workers a year are killed in surface mining operations when a piece of haulage equipment collides with another smaller vehicle or a worker on foot. Another three workers are killed each year when haulage equipment backs over the edge of a dump point or stockpile. Devices to monitor the blind areas of mining equipment are needed to provide a warning to operators when a vehicle, person, or change in terrain is near the equipment. METHOD: A proximity warning system (PWS) based on the global positioning system (GPS) and peer-to-peer communication has been developed to prevent collisions between mining equipment, small vehicles, and stationary structures. RESULTS: A final system was demonstrated using one off-highway haul truck, three smaller vehicles, and various stationary structures at a surface mining operation. The system successfully displayed the location of nearby vehicles and stationary structures and provided visual and audible warnings to the equipment operator when they were within a preset distance. SUMMARY: Many surface mining operations already use GPS technology on their mobile equipment for tracking and dispatch. Our tests have shown that it is feasible to add proximity warning to these existing systems as a safety feature. Larger scale and long-term tests are needed to prove the technology adequately. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: A PWSs that incorporates a combination of technologies could significantly reduce accidents that involve collisions or driving over an edge at surface mining operations.     

NIOSH手工提举方程在缸盖搬运中的应用

为了平衡操作人员的精力和体力,在保证人安全的前提下,提高生产力。采用NIOSH（National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health）提举方程对机加工车间缸盖搬运上线工位进行人机工程安全评估,通过对操作工作业的水平距离（H）、垂直距离（V）、提升距离（D）以及频率（F）进行研究,并对修订版NIOSH提举方程的重量常量与高度系数进行了修正。结果表明,经过合理调整四大参数,可在不设起吊、机器人等设备的情况下,保证人的身心健康,节约成本,提高人的工作效能。     

门式起重机起升动载荷分析

以某工厂门式起重机为研究对象,利用轴套力建模法和编制相应CMD命令文件建立了钢丝绳模型,对部件添加材料属性,并对整机施加相应的约束、载荷和驱动,实现了门式起重机的虚拟样机建模。研究了不同的调速方法对起升动载荷的影响,采用联合仿真法对比分析了串电阻调速和变频调速法对动载荷的影响,为门式起重机的疲劳寿命研究提供数据支撑。     

Tower crane safety in the construction industry: A Hong Kong study

Tower cranes are extensively used for lifting materials in construction sites. Most construction sites are very confined and close to public. Tower crane accidents not only hazard workers in construction sites, but also pedestrians. This paper investigates tower crane safety in related to the understanding and degree of executing statutory requirements and non-statutory guidelines for the use of tower cranes in the Hong Kong construction industry. A questionnaire survey and structured interviews are conducted. It is found that human factors are attributed to tower crane safety. Indolent performance of requirements or responsibilities of practitioners in tower crane operations is found. Inadequate training and fatigue of practitioners are one of the main reasons causing unsafe practices of tower crane operations. Recommendations for improving safety performance in tower crane operations are also discussed.     

人的安全性评价研究

随着人们对人在整个安全系统中的重要性认识的不断提高 ,如何对人的安全性进行科学的评价也就越来越显得重要。笔者在综合论述了目前我国对机车乘务人员、起重机械作业人员、驾驶员以及电力运行人员的安全性研究以及国外相关研究的基础上 ,提出了有关人的安全性评价的定义 ,并提出如何建立人的安全性评价体系以及对人的安全性评价的通用指标 ,探讨了在实际工作中如何运用上述指标去评价人的安全性。为人的安全性评价提供了一种有效的方法和新的研究思路     

起重机械轨道清扫器的失效形式分析与优化

轨道清扫器是起重机械上重要的安全防护装置之一。对于桥、门式起重机而言,因其轨道附近堆积物料复杂,轨道清扫器的设置与工作状况往往直接影响整机的安全。本文笔者探讨了传统轨遒清扫器形式及其失效模式,自主研发的新型起重机械轨道清扫器能够很好的起到轨道清扫和避免运行车轮脱轨等危险事故地发生,保证了起重机械使用过程中运行的可靠性和安全性,一定程度地减少事故发生。     

桥式起重机的啃轨及其处理方法

啃轨是影响桥式起重机安全运行的常见缺陷。本文将着重介绍桥式起重机啃轨原因及处理方法。