爆炸冲击波防护效应的评价方法研究

以被防护对象在爆炸冲击波作用下的最低毁伤状态作为考虑防护设施在爆炸冲击波作用下防护能力的基础,基于等效靶板的试验方法及试验数据,建立了以冲击波超压-冲量为防护判据的爆炸冲击波防护效应的评价方法。利用该评价方法进行了某云爆装置的爆炸试验,对其威力进行了评价。结果表明了爆炸冲击波防护效应评价方法的可行性与实用性。     

爆炸冲击波防护效应的评价方法研究

以被防护对象在爆炸冲击波作用下的最低毁伤状态作为考虑防护设施在爆炸冲击波作用下防护能力的基础，基于等效靶板的试验方法及试验数据，建立了以冲击波超压一冲量为防护判据的爆炸冲击波防护效应的评价方法。利用该评价方法进行了某云爆装置的爆炸试验，对其威力进行了评价。结果表明了爆炸冲击波防护效应评价方法的可行性与实用性。     

泄漏油气燃爆灾害下FPSO结构响应分析

为评估FPSO泄漏油气燃爆事故中结构损伤风险,采用等效TNT法结合AUTODYN软件分析结构在爆炸冲击波下动态响应,分析其塑性、变形及应力分布,评估不同工况下结构损伤程度。结果表明,TNT起爆后冲击波高速传播,10ms时已覆盖工艺I区,经反射叠加耦合后破坏力增强;原油热处理器和电脱盐器发生失效和变形,生产甲板边缘位置受约束较小,发生较大变形,部分区域屈曲破坏;参与反应的油气越多,相同结构等效应力及变形越大,大应力、大变形区域分布越广;d=60mm时部分结构完全失效。     

矿难救生球系统在瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应

介绍矿难救生球系统(简称球)的原理及结构,构建巷道空间和球的分析模型,运用数值分析的方法,分别选择3种球体材料和3种球体厚度进行计算,对该系统在瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应进行研讨,分析冲击波作用下球表面的变形、等效应力、等效塑性应变以及球体材料、厚度等因素对球动态响应的影响。结果表明:运用数值分析的方法,可以为救生球系统设计建立一个仿真的实验环境,为优化系统设计、提高设计效率提供参考数据。     

FAE威力评价方法与目标防护分析

对燃料空气炸药（ＦＡＥ）爆炸场特性进行了分析;从冲击波超压－ 冲量毁伤准则出发,提出一种以靶板毁伤效应为评价依据的ＦＡＥ威力评价方法,并结合易损性等效原理,对不同毁伤等级下目标防护问题进行了分析     

汽车爆炸的超压分布规律实验研究

测试了不同药量和不同车型的爆炸超压值,对汽车爆炸的超压分布规律进行了实验研究.结果表明,小汽车内发生炸药爆炸时,车门侧压力明显大于车尾部方向的压力,车外的冲击波超压值要大于空气中炸药爆炸的结果,前者约为后者的1.0～2.2倍.即车体对冲击波约束作用要小于车内底盘的反射作用.计算得到了实验中冲击波超压对人员的杀伤半径和最小安全距离,对汽车爆炸案件具有一定指导作用.冲击波的反射不可忽视,货车下地面炸药爆炸表现出明显的冲击波反射作用,测得超压值大于空气中爆炸的超压值.     

公共建筑结构内爆炸效应的数值模拟

大型公共建筑结构内的爆炸问题分为4个连续阶段,即炸药的爆轰、冲击波的传播、冲击波与结构壁面的反射、结构壁面在爆炸载荷作用下的动力响应。为研究大型公共建筑结构内爆炸的效应,以爆轰动力学、爆炸力学、结构动力学和爆炸力学计算方法等多个领域的理论知识为基础,选取典型长方体空间为研究对象,采用有限元计算方法,对长方体密闭空间内冲击波传播规律及壁面爆炸载荷分布特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在爆炸冲击波距离结构壁面较远时,计算模型中的冲击波衰减规律与无限大气中的相似,可以采用空爆理论计算模型;而在结构壁面处,由于受到反射冲击波的影响,当反射波与入射波叠加后在某些观察点会出现压力急剧升高,甚至压力超过首个峰值的现象;在结构壁面的角域,由于冲击波衰减缓慢,超压作用时间较长,破坏效果也最大。     

利用爆炸冲击波作用促进污泥改性试验探索

为了提高污泥的脱水效率,需要对污泥进行预处理.探索了一种新的污泥预处理方法,即利用炸药爆炸产生的冲击波作用于污泥.通过小型试验发现,污泥颗粒粒径在爆炸冲击波的作用下变小,污泥的絮状胶体结构破坏,污泥颗粒由胶结紧密变为疏松,从而证明了爆炸冲击波促进污泥改性的可行性.     

爆炸冲击波作用下圆形通风设施的动态破坏特性

为了研究瓦斯爆炸对通风设施造成的严重破坏及其导致的通风系统紊乱与灾情迅速扩展问题，基于LS-DYNA有限元软件，模拟研究巷道中瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下圆形通风设施的动态破坏特性，分析应力、应变、速度、位移的动态特征及其破坏过程，并对圆形通风设施动态破坏机理进行初步探索。研究结果表明:爆炸冲击波作用下，圆形通风设施正、反面出现压应力与拉应力分布圆环，且压应力与拉应力峰值处于在外部受约束边界径向圆环附近区域与圆心位置，应变、速度和位移最大值均分布在次区域；爆炸冲击波作用下，通风设施表面形成多圈的正向和反向的应变相互交替，呈现W型的褶皱变形；爆炸冲击波作用下，环向裂纹集中在受约束的边界区域附近，发生脆性破坏，其他区域会出现较多的径向裂纹，可发生韧性破坏，整个断裂过程是脆性与韧性断裂的混合型断裂。     

爆炸冲击下钢制浮顶储罐破坏的数值模拟

为获得大型钢制浮顶式储罐结构在爆炸冲击作用下的破坏机制,采用理论分析、缩比模型爆炸模拟试验与数值模拟结合的方法,研究浮顶储罐结构的破坏特征和内力变化过程。结果表明:由于爆炸冲击波的瞬间冲击作用,罐壁沿环向形成巨大的压缩内力,迎爆面罐壁顶部屈服导致罐体失稳破坏;浮顶罐的结构破坏经历了弹塑性动力响应过程,最终形成迎爆面罐壁的内凹塌陷和屈曲变形;并且,罐壁的内力以拉压力和产生弯矩的内力为主,但拉压作用更为明显,罐壁沿其环向处于受压状态,沿轴向处于受拉状态。     

基于试验的工业雷管传输皮带殉爆距离的安全评价

由于目前对于殉爆问题没有从理论上精确地定量描述这种复杂现象的模型,因此针对工业雷管生产线中传输皮带上雷管殉爆的问题,采用升降试验的方法分别确定了100发DDNP起爆药纸壳雷管、100发DDNP起爆药铝壳雷管、100发无起爆药纸壳雷管和100发无起爆药矿用纸壳雷管殉爆安全距离,对试验方法选择的合理性进行了分析评价,对试验条件下得出的结果用于指导工业雷管生产线中传输皮带上雷管摆放的合理性进行了分析。结果表明,文章得出的雷管发生殉爆概率为0．01％时的距离值可以用于确定工业雷管生产线传输皮带上雷管之间的殉爆安全距离。对于工业雷管生产线中存在的殉爆安全问题,采用试验的方法进行评价是合理的,得出结论在工业雷管生产线实际生产过程中有推广应用价值,对提高工业雷管生产线安全性有指导意义。     

Computer simulation of shock waves transmission in obstructed terrains

Generation and transmission of blast waves in real terrains is of major importance for risk analysis procedures involving accidental explosion scenarios. The problem arises from the impact of overpressure wave on people and structures that may be lethal or catastrophic under certain conditions. In this paper, a CFD simulation of shock wave propagation in obstructed terrain is attempted. Overpressure histories as well as a series of critical parameters, namely the positive and negative peak overpressure, the arrival time, and the positive and negative phase duration at specific points within the domain were obtained during the simulation. Their comparison with experimental measurements from field-scale high explosive blast tests performed by HSE showed a reasonably good agreement indicating that CFD computer programs provide reliable tools for estimating explosive shocks in complex terrains.     

瓦斯对煤尘爆炸特性影响的实验研究

瓦斯的存在对煤尘爆炸特性的理论计算和数值仿真的结果与实际数据有一定差距,因此,通过不同浓度瓦斯与煤尘共存条件下爆炸实验研究,得出了矿井瓦斯对煤尘的最低着火温度、最小点火能量、爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速度等爆炸特性影响的规律即瓦斯对煤尘最低着火温度影响不大;瓦斯可使煤尘的最小点火能量减小,尤其是对难于点燃的煤尘;混合物的爆炸下限浓度随瓦斯浓度的增加而降低;混合物的最大爆炸压力上升速度由于瓦斯的存在而增强,而最大爆炸压力几乎没有变化。同时研究了瓦斯对无爆炸性煤尘的影响。实验研究的结论对于现场防止煤尘爆炸的发生具有指导意义。     

Impact of a shock wave on a structure on explosion at altitude

The number of explosive attacks on civilian buildings has recently increased and the pattern of damage inflicted on structures when an explosion takes place at altitude remains quite difficult to predict. The primary aim of the work reported here was to enhance the understanding of how blast waves from an explosion at altitude interact with the ground and with a structure. Small-scale experiments were conducted using a propane–oxygen stoichiometric mixture as explosive. This approach is original because it models high-explosive detonation in terms of gaseous charge explosion using TNT equivalents. Several non-dimensional laws are expressed and validated by experiments. These relationships allow determination of the propagation of a blast wave and its interaction with a structure as a function of the position of the explosive charge when the explosion occurs at altitude. Then, from knowledge of the blast loading, using Hopkinson's scaling law and TNT equivalents, we can predict the interaction of blast waves with the ground and a structure on a real scale. Simulations were performed using the Autodyn code, and good correlation with the experimental results was obtained.     

Small-scale physical explosions in shock tubes in comparison with condensed high explosive detonations

A series of small-scale experiments involving physical explosions in a 1.6 l pressure vessel was carried out. Explosions were initiated by spontaneous rupture of an aluminium membrane on one side of the vessel at a pressure in the range 1–1.2 MPa. The pressure waves released were measured at different distances along two separate shock tubes, one 10 m long and 200 mm in diameter (closed at one end by the high pressure vessel) and the other 15 m long and 100 mm in diameter.TNT equivalency was used for predicting the blast wave characteristics after vessel rupture. TNT equivalency was used because equations for prediction of peak pressure and impulse of the blast wave in 1-D geometry after detonations of condensed explosives are known. Some experiments with an equivalent amount of real explosive were carried out for comparison with the theoretical and experimental data obtained. The applicability of the TNT equivalency method presented for calculations of maximum pressure and shock wave impulse generated after rupture of the pressure vessel in 1-D geometry is discussed.     

爆炸冲击波在建筑群中传播规律的数值模拟研究

为了研究建筑群的布局特性对爆炸冲击波传播的干扰作用及爆炸对周围环境的影响,笔者基于任意拉格朗日多物质流固耦合算法,对空气采用ALE网格,爆轰产物采用JWL状态方程,利用LS-DYNA程序对TNT理想爆炸源的爆炸进行了数值模拟,并与经验公式的计算结果进行了对比,得出了数值模拟方法可行的结论。在该基础上,以一个建筑小区为例,对其遭受爆炸后的响应作了进一步模拟研究。结果表明,建筑物的密度和布局方式对爆炸场的数值与形态都有敏感作用,因此,在城市规划建筑布局阶段,应考虑建筑密度和布局对爆炸冲击波的影响。     

Influence of sewage culvert cover plate thickness on dynamic response and damage of the cover plate under gas explosion

In order to address the risk of combustible gas explosions in sewage culverts, a numerical model was established using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The model consisted of a culvert and a cover plate, and was used to study the effect of cover plate thickness (ranging from 0.08 m to 0.12 m) on the dynamic response and damage of the structure under explosive loads. The results indicated that, during the loading negative pressure stage, the equivalent stress peak value of the central monitoring unit of the cover plate first increased and then decreased with increasing cover plate thickness. Additionally, the maximum principal stress peak value first decreased and then increased, while the maximum shear stress peak value first increased and then decreased. During the loading positive pressure stage, the maximum principal strain peak value of the monitoring unit decreased overall with increasing cover plate thickness. However, the equivalent plastic strain peak value initially increased and then decreased gradually. The equivalent strain indicated that plastic damage occurred in the cover plate. Beyond a thickness of 0.11 m, increasing the cover thickness did not appear to enhance its resistance to plastic damage. The damage analysis revealed that as cover plate thickness increased, the peak displacement and velocity of the monitoring unit continued to decrease, while the overall stability and explosive resistance of the cover plate increased. Additionally, the number of damaged fragments decreased. However, once the cover plate thickness reached 0.11 m, the bonding performance of the reinforced concrete structure had been fully developed, increasing the thickness of the cover plate no longer had a significant impact on the explosive resistance of the cover plate.     

Dynamic responses and damage of storage tanks under the coupling effect of blast wave and fragment impact

Blast wave and fragment are two main types of physical damage effects representing a significant threat to storage tank structures in chemical industrial parks. Compared with the effect of only blast wave or fragment, the coupling effect of them may cause more severe consequences and is worthy of study. A numerical study of the dynamic responses and damage of a vertical storage tank subjected to the coupling effect of blast wave and fragment is conducted based on a typical accident. The simulation results reveal that stress-concentration and rapid increase of the stress exist in the impacted region of the storage tank under the coupling effect, which leads to the structural damage of the tank exhibiting different failure modes. The coupling effect is significantly apparent following a dramatic increase of the plastic strain, and the damage of the storage tank is further aggravated. From the displacement response and energy absorption, the overall damage of the storage tank subjected to the coupling effect is more severe than that caused by blast wave and fragment separately, which also indicates that the coupling effect is an enhanced damage effect. Besides, the contribution of blast wave and fragment to the coupling effect depends on scaled distance. The results of the study help reveal the coupling effect of blast wave and fragment and prevent domino accidents caused by the coupling effect.     

Consequences assessment of explosions in pipes using coupled FEM-SPH method

Explosions often lead to destruction of equipment, which is a difficult problem including complicated fluid-solid interactions. Most traditional CFD methods cannot synchronously solve the movements of fluids and large deformation and fracture of solids because such problem is usually accompanied with constantly moving-and-changing boundary conditions. In this paper, a coupled Finite Element Method-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) method was proposed to simulate the dynamic processes of explosions in pipes. The propagation of blast wave and the fracture of pipe were captured in every timestep, where the energy dissipation caused by plastic deformation and crack propagation were fully considered. A rate-dependent failure criterion for high-strain-rate load conditions was employed in the numerical simulation, which was presented in our previous work and has been verified in the dynamic fracture behavior of steels for pressure vessels and pipes. In addition, a simpler formula was proposed to describe the attenuation of blast wave outside the pipe and the consequences caused by the explosions were assessed. Results revealed the interaction between blast wave and pipe, the leakage of detonation products, the attenuations of peak overpressures outside the pipe and the corresponding consequences at different distances. It is found that when considering the energy consumption during plastic deformation and crack propagation in coupled FEM-SPH method, the assessment results are more rational than that without considering such energy consumption.