LPG沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸火球热辐射概率风险评估

分析了火球热辐射的特点,针对LPG沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸火球造成的热辐射危害存在不确定性,建立了爆炸火球热辐射风险评估模型,提出了一种基于Monte-Carlo模拟的不确定性处理方法,引入实例计算了LPG沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸火球伤害范围、事故风险概率曲线方程和累计概率曲线方程,对于定量评估火球热辐射风险具有重要意义.     

天然气管道泄漏火球事故后果模拟评价

天然气管道发生泄漏时,大约90%的气体产生燃烧并形成火球,遇火源即发生危害性非常大的火球爆炸事故。本文针对城市天然气管道泄漏事故,综合考虑天然气泄漏后可能发生的火球燃烧和爆炸,利用爆炸冲击波和火球热辐射模型对天然气管道(完全破裂)在发生泄漏时发生火球爆炸进行计算,结果表明:2分钟内泄漏天然气云团超压爆炸的死亡半径和热辐射的火球半径分别高达39.44m和92.93m。因此,通过计算天然气泄漏火球事故爆炸和热辐射范围,对天然气火球爆炸事故预防与应急救援具有一定的意义。     

瓦斯爆炸事故有毒气体扩散及危险区域分析

针对瓦斯爆炸事故毒气扩散实际情况对高斯烟团模型进行改进,得出了适合井下瓦斯爆炸事故毒气扩散规律的公式,并对公式中的扩散参数进行了修正。按照井下瓦斯爆炸事故频发区的几种典型巷道,拟合了距爆源处大于300m情况下的毒气传播规律公式。依据该公式划分了瓦斯爆炸事故毒气扩散死亡区、重伤区、轻伤区,为瓦斯爆炸事故安全评价提供了理论基础。     

液化汽罐车爆炸事故灭火救援安全距离的确定

本文综述了沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸事故中火球热辐射模型和热辐射伤害破坏准则,应用点源火球热辐射模型和热强度伤害破坏准则,计算确定了一辆容积为23.9m充装10t液化石油气的汽车罐车发生沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸事故时灭火救援的安全距离。3     

高速公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的后果分析

本文针对公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的实例,对事故发生的原因进行了分析.分析结果认为,事故属于沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE),事故对人员和财产危害包括3个方面:火球热辐射、爆炸冲击波超压和抛射碎片.本文介绍了这3种危害的数学模型和方法,并针对事故实例进行了分析和计算.结果表明,在事故发生现场100m范围内的热辐射可致人死亡或造成三度烧伤;冲击波超压在80m范围外会使玻璃破碎,但无人员伤亡;抛射碎片在334 m的范围内都可能对人体造成伤害.由此,可以得出火球热辐射是事故中最主要危害的结论.     

基于油罐区火球事故的热辐射危害研究

为了研究油罐区火球事故热辐射危害，基于火球燃烧模型和热辐射传播原理，结合丙烷火球案例研究，并用FDS软件模拟验证。根据参与反应燃料的质量，确定火球燃烧参数：火球最大直径、燃烧时间、最大上升高度以及表面热辐射能。通过改进观测因子和大气透射率公式，建立关于受辐射目标高度的火球危害模型函数。用MATLAB计算结果，对照热辐射通量准则，确定罐体热毁伤等级。理论计算结果与模拟结果吻合度较好，监测点位置越高，接受热辐射通量越大，罐体受损越严重。相较于传统火球危害模型忽略受辐射目标高度，导致低估油罐受损程度，改进后模型分析油罐区火球事故热辐射危害更加安全、可靠。     

基于Unity3D的L-CNG加气站事故仿真研究

为了提高员工对站内储罐事故后果的认识,采用灾害机理和灾害效果仿真相结合的方法,在选取泄漏、火球热辐射及爆炸冲击波机理模型并建立L-CNG加气站三维场景的基础上,分别计算火球热辐射和爆炸冲击波的伤害半径,并用Unity3D中的粒子系统模拟了泄漏、火焰、爆炸事故后果及伤害范围,最终开发了一套基于Unity3D平台的事故仿真系统,直观呈现灾害影响范围,对L-CNG加气站的选址及应急方案的制定具有重要意义。     

瓦斯爆炸实验研究进展及展望

瓦斯爆炸事故是煤矿的主要灾害之一,为了预防和控制煤矿井下瓦斯爆炸事故的发生,国内外研究者采用理论、实验室实验和数值模拟实验等手段对瓦斯爆炸机理、瓦斯爆炸传播规律等进行了深入研究,本文从瓦斯爆炸实验室实验和瓦斯爆炸数值模拟实验两方面入手,对瓦斯爆炸的研究进展情况进行了分析总结.对于瓦斯爆炸实验室研究,分析总结了现有瓦斯爆炸实验手段以及瓦斯爆炸传播特性研究情况;对于数值实验研究,分析总结了瓦斯爆炸数值模拟模型、现有瓦斯爆炸数值模拟商业软件以及软件应用情况.最后对瓦斯爆炸未来需要深入研究的问题提出了展望.     

LPG球罐BLEVE过程中超压与热耦合效应模拟研究

为评估LPG球罐发生BLEVE过程中超压与热耦合效应对化工企业抗爆控制室和避难所选址的影响,采用TNO多能法数学模型计算冲击波超压,采用多源数学模型计算火球热辐射。编写MATLAB计算程序,并应用ANSYS模拟二者破坏效应的耦合作用。LPG球罐发生BLEVE过程中,爆炸冲击波的传播速度、持续时间和火球的传播速度、持续时间不同,爆炸冲击波主要在燃料高速抛散的初期形成,之后基本与火球脱离。分别模拟计算冲击波超压和火球热辐射对抗爆控制室和避难所的影响,结果表明：抗爆控制室选址只需考虑爆炸冲击波的影响;避难所选址需要考虑冲击波超压和火球热辐射作用双重影响。在研究基础上提出,LPG球罐附近人员逃生的避难所应设置在球罐防火堤外紧邻防火堤处的地下,应具有抗震、防渗、防火、防中毒窒息等功能。人员应在BLEVE发生前进入避难所才能逃生。     

液化石油气BLEVE事故研究

为了减小液化石油气沸腾液体扩展蒸汽云爆炸事故后果,采用ALOHA软件对液化石油气储罐泄漏事故进行研究,基于液化石油气泄漏量、空气湿度、风速、储存温度等爆炸事故后果影响因素进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:液化石油气泄漏量越大,沸腾液体扩展蒸汽云爆炸事故产生的火球直径越大,燃烧时间或热辐射时间越长,且造成的危害范围越大,事故后果越严重;随着空气湿度增加,事故影响的范围逐渐减小,事故后果相对减小;随着液化石油气储存温度增加,事故影响范围逐渐减小;风速对于事故影响范围无影响;空气湿度、储存温度及风速对火球直径及火球燃烧时间无影响。     

Analysis of the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of a liquefied natural gas road tanker: The Zarzalico accident

The road accident of a tanker transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) originated a fire and, finally, the BLEVE of the tank. This accident has been analyzed, both from the point of view of the emergency management and the explosion and fireball effects. The accidental sequence is described: fire, LNG release, further safety valves release, flames impingement on vessel unprotected wall, vessel failure mode, explosion and fireball. According to the effects and consequences observed, the thermal radiation and overpressure are estimated; a mathematical model is applied to calculate the probable mass contained in the vessel at the moment of the explosion. The peak overpressure predicted from two models is compared with the values inferred from the accident observed data. The emergency management is commented.     

Fire and explosion hazard analysis during surface transport of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): A case study of LPG truck tanker accident in Kannur,Kerala, India

This paper presents an analysis and simulation of an accident involving a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) truck tanker in Kannur, Kerala, India. During the accident, a truck tanker hit a divider and overturned. A crack in the bottom pipe caused leakage of LPG for about 20 min forming a large vapor cloud, which got ignited, creating a fireball and a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) situation in the LPG tank with subsequent fire and explosion. Many fatalities and injuries were reported along with burning of trees, houses, shops, vehicles, etc. In the present study, ALOHA (Area Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) and PHAST (Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool) software have been used to model and simulate the accident scenario. Modeling and simulation results of the fireball, jet flame radiation and explosion overpressure agree well with the actual loss reported from the site. The effects of the fireball scenario were more significant in comparison to that of the jet fire scenario.     

Fire and risk analysis during loading and unloading operation in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plant

The article focuses on analyzing risks associated with the gas transfer operation in a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plant in India. The transfer operations involve transferring liquified gas from the transport tanker to the underground storage tank. Due to the rapid expansion of the cities, many LPG bottling plants in India got surrounded by residential areas and business centers. Moreover, to maintain the supply chain, the frequency of the transfer operations at the bottling plant also increased. In this scenario, an accidental release of LPG during the transfer operation may lead to various consequences such as a pool fire, a fireball, and even a catastrophic rupture of the tank with a successive explosion of its contents. In the study, the operations involved in bottling plants are classified into different hazard zones and analyzed. The probability of occurrence of events leading to an accident is modeled using modeling tools such as ALOHA and PHAST. The consequences of an accident following various events, such as jet fire, fireball, etc., are modeled, and the simulation results are compared. The thermal radiation has been estimated as 4–40 kW/m², which could adversely affect the nearby population and could result in damaging plant machinery and equipment.     

An integrated quantitative hazard analysis method for natural gas jet release from underground gas storage caverns in salt rock. I: Models and validation

It is very important and necessary to perform quantitative hazard analysis for possible accidental leakage from an underground gas storage cavern in salt rock. An integrated quantitative hazard analysis method for natural gas jet release from salt caverns is presented in this paper, which was constituted by a revised model for gas leakage rate calculation, a consequence analysis and a model of probability assessment for harm. The presented method was validated by comparing the analytical results with the data collected from the real accidents (including the leakage, jet fire, fireball and vapor cloud explosion). It is indicated that the proposed method was more accurate than the TNT equivalence method for vapor cloud explosion and gave more reasonable results when applied to the consequence analysis for the thermal radiation from jet fire and fireball.     

Thermal radiation from vented dust explosions

The fireball from a vented dust explosion presents a danger to personnel who may be within the vicinity of the event. The risk of serious injury to people caught within the fireball is great, and anyone just outside the fireball may be at risk from thermal radiation. This report describes a project in which the effects of thermal radiation from vented dust explosions was studied. The aim was to establish the areas around a fireball in which people would be at risk from thermal radiation. Six dusts were tested in a large vented vessel and external fireballs were generated under a range of conditions. The fireball geometry and the heat flux from the fireball were studied. A range of material samples were exposed to the fireball. The safe areas around the fireballs were established for each of the six dusts. Generally, the larger vent areas resulted in the larger fireballs and high heat pulse values. However, the fireball was usually too brief to ignite fabric samples unless they were very close to the fireball. The work has shown that in most cases the safe area was relatively close to the surface of the largest fireball.     

氯气和光气爆燃事故源强估算

在建立化学品泄漏的气体排放、液体排放、两相排放模式和爆炸燃烧的火球和气爆，蒸气云爆炸及绝热扩散和池蒸发扩展等模式的基础上，估计分析了氯气和光气爆燃事故源强，即爆炸能量及碎片抛射、冲击波、热辐射和毒云等后果影响