空分塔爆炸事故树分析

本运用事故树分析(FTA)，根据大量事故案例和导致空分塔爆炸的条件，以空分塔爆炸事故为顶上事件，采用布尔代数运算法则求解，得到18个最小割集，然后经过运算，得到结构重要顺序。为了避免空分塔爆炸事故的发生，空分塔有良好的静电接地和防止空分塔内乙炔超量是非常重要的。该事故树分析为空分塔的安全生产提供了重要的依据。     

加强对制氧机空分塔的安全运行管理

制氧机空分塔一旦发生爆炸,其破坏力极大,损失严重。如冶金部通报的新余钢铁公司6000m~3/h制氧机空分塔爆炸,就是一起典型的事故案例。据初步测算,该起爆炸直接经济损失780多万元,侥幸的是无人员伤亡。 我公司现有3台大型制氧机,1~#、2~#制氧机设计生产能力分别为10000m~3/h,3~#制氧机设计生产能力为15000m~3/h。多年来,空分塔始终保持安全运行。 要做到有效地监控空分塔,必须清楚其形成爆炸的根本原因。一般地讲,形成空分塔爆炸的因素有3个方面:①爆炸危险性物质,如乙炔和碳氢化合物以及油一类的可燃物;②液氧,助燃物;③引爆源,包括压力脉冲,静电以及化学反应特别强的物质（如臭氧、氮的氧化物,不稳定的过氧化物等）的存在。在这几方面中,如何防止可燃物的局部聚集是一个关键问题。从有关统计资料中可以看出,由于液氧中积累爆炸危险性物质而引起爆炸,发生在主冷凝蒸发器中占了多数就说明了这一点。我们坚持预防为主的原则,把安全管理重点放在事先把关上,采取全员参与,层层负责,责任明确,注重抓生产过程中的全方位安全管理,起到了超前控制的作用。     

化工区空分装置运行中的主要安全问题与对策

本文分析了目前我国化工区空分装置运行的主要安全问题及主要的火灾爆炸危险有害物质来源,并针对分析的结果提出了切实、可行的安全对策建议。     

某化工厂空分塔爆炸事故分析

正1997年5月16日,辽宁抚顺某化工厂6000m~3/h制氧机组的空分塔发生了一起爆炸事故,造成4人死亡、4人重伤,直接经济损失461.9万元。1997年5月16日上午9时05分,辽宁抚顺某化工厂6 000 m~3/h制氧机组的空分塔发生了一起爆炸事故。爆炸使空分塔上塔破坏,主冷凝器被撕裂成碎片并燃烧,上塔顶部的纯氮塔壳体飞出30 m,下塔受震倾斜外形较完好,爆炸形成的碎片飞落方圆500 m~2,产生的冲     

历史上五月发生的危险化学品事故

石油化工辽宁抚顺石化乙烯化工公司“5-16”爆炸事故1997年5月16日,辽宁抚顺石油化工公司乙烯化工有限公司发生爆炸事故,造成4人死亡,4人重伤,27人轻伤,直接经济损失426万元。事故的直接原因是该公司环氧乙烷装置发生故障,排出大量可燃工艺循环气,气体顺风飘向空分装置。空分装置吸入口没有实行严格的质量监控,使大量甲烷、乙烯气体被压缩机吸入空分装置,导致乙烯与液氧发生反应引起空分装置爆炸。     

空分装置的主要危险因素分析

以辽宁省抚顺市某空气分馏装置的可行性研究报告为依据,查阅了有关资料和事故案例,对该空分装置火灾爆炸和冷冻伤害的危险因素进行了分析。     

瓦斯爆炸事故的预防和控制

如何预防、控制瓦斯爆炸事故,是在揭示爆炸事故规律的基础上,运用其规律和预防、控制事故原理,联系安全管理的需求而产生的从本质上超前预防、控制瓦斯爆炸事故的科学方法.     

HAZOP/QRA在空分装置风险评估中的应用

<正>空分装置是化工产品生产设计中的重要装置。目前,空分装置大都采用深度冷冻空气分离技术,通过低温分馏技术产生氧气、液氧、液氮、氮气等产品,技术复杂,一个环节出现问题就会影响整个生产过程。潜在风险高,生产过程可能发生火灾、气体中毒、容器爆炸、     

空分装置的主要危险因素分析

以辽宁省抚顺市某空气分馏装置的可行性研究报告为依据，查阅了有关资料和事故案例，对该空分装置火灾爆炸和冷冻伤害的危险因素进行了分析。     

氧气安全生产及使用技术(续完)

五、氧站其它有关安全技术 (一)空分装置基础的安全空分基础不得用木材等可燃物作绝热层,因液氧漏泄浸入会形成液氧炸药,极其危险. 空分基础必须抗冻隔冷。据资料与武钢氧气厂实测数据,大型空分装置基础顶面温度.一般在-50℃左右.当中现漏冷漏液情     

氧气厂重大危险源辨识和安全管理

对氧气厂液氧储罐区和氧气球罐区进行了重大危险源辨识,分析了氧气球罐发生物理爆炸的影响范围,提出了液氧储罐区和氧气球罐区预防事故的安全对策措施,并对重大危险源管理提出了建议.     

Investigation of the Fushun ASU explosion in 1997

On the 16 May 1997 an explosion occurred at the Fushun Ethylene Complex, in Fushun, Liaoning province, China. The explosion source was located in the distillation column of the air separation nunit of the complex. The explosion was extremely severe causing the death of four people, injuring four severely and 27 slightly, and causing extensive material damage.A number of possible pollution sources was investigated. The remains of the low pressure column and of the main vaporiser were reassembled. A model was developed to understand ignition of aluminium when polluted by combustible material in liquid oxygen. Laboratory tests were made on ignition of polluted aluminium in LOX. Ethylene dispersion in the atmosphere was also modelled.It can be concluded that the accident resulted from an exceptional pollution peak due to venting of ethylene during a shut down of the ethylene oxide plant, together with a temporarily low liquid level in the main vaporiser of the air separation unit at reduced load.The hydrocarbon pollutant acted as an igniter, the actual fuel was aluminium. Calculations show that a few hundreds grams of ethylene were able to ignite more than 1000 kg of aluminium in liquid oxygnen, multiplying the explosion energy by more than 1000.     

The explosion parameters of methanol under variable pressures and 423 K

The high-temperature and high-pressure methanol one-step oxidation has been the primary process for the mass production of dimethoxymethane. However, the risk of explosion for this process is still not properly defined. This paper presents new results from the experimental study on the explosion characteristics, including the explosion pressure and the explosion limits for methanol/air mixtures with a variable oxygen level, under an initial pressure between 0.3 MPa and 0.75 MPa and at the initial temperature of 423 K. The upper explosive limits were found to increase along with the initial pressure. If the limits for normal air are known, the oxygen effect on flammability is predictable from the thermal balance method. With a correlation for the pressure effect and a method for the oxygen effect, we can have the flammable range predictable.     

氢氩混合气（5%∶95%）在空气中可爆性实验研究

为研究氢氩混合气（5%∶95%）在空气中爆炸时所对应氢、氧极限含量,按照爆炸性测试标准EN 1839—2017,测试氢氩混合气在与空气的总混合气体中不同占比时的可爆性。研究结果表明:氢氩混合气（5%∶95%）在总混合气体中体积分数为76.018%~86.029%时,总混和气体具有爆炸危险性,与之对应能够发生爆炸的最低氢气体积分数为3.8%,最低氧气体积分数为2.93%,不具有爆炸性的最高氧含量为2.72%,该值较ISO 10156—2017《气体和气体混合物-气瓶阀口选择用潜在燃烧性和氧化能力的测定》中规定的极限氧含量低,研究结果可为氢氩气与空气的混合气体爆炸事故预防提供新的参考。     

Experimental studies of ignition and explosions in cyclohexane liquid under oxygen oxidation conditions

The safe operation of hydrocarbon liquid-phase oxidation by air or oxygen requires the knowledge on the flammability of hydrocarbon/oxygen mixtures in both the vapor space and vapor bubbles. The latter is of particular importance in situation where pure oxygen is used as the oxidant as most bubbles are expected to be flammable and explosive. New experimental findings are presented for ignition and explosion in cyclohexane liquid under oxygen oxidation conditions. A bubble column is constructed and fitted with multiple igniters. Experiments were performed at liquid temperatures between 373.15 and 423.15 K under various flow rates of pure oxygen. Two drastic different ignition and explosion behaviors were observed. The first is a typical bubble explosion from the direct ignition of the flammable bubbles in the liquid. The explosion occurs immediate following the ignition and do not produce significant energy that endanger the system. The other is a remote, delayed ignition and explosion in the vapor space that can produce significant overpressure and endanger the system. The explosion is attributed to the ignition of flammable vapor space by active free radicals from cyclohexyl hydroperoxide decomposition. A mechanism is proposed for the remote, delayed ignition to occur in the oxidation system. It is concluded that explosion in an oxidizing, bubbly liquid is not only a likely scenario but also a severe scenario, and cyclohexane oxidation should not be carried out directly with pure oxygen and without any inerting.     

Explosion limits of mixtures relevant to the production of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride)

A simple method exists to estimate the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) based upon the lower explosion limit (LEL) by assuming (1) that the LOC lies at the apex of the explosion area, (2) that the LEL is unaffected by nitrogen addition and (3) that the apex of the explosion area lies on the stoichiometric line. This estimation method is assessed for mixtures relevant to the production of 1,2-dichloroethane. To this end, the explosion areas of ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen/air, ethylene/nitrogen/air and ethylene/1,2-dichloroethane/hydrogen chloride/nitrogen/air mixtures are determined at typical process conditions. The experiments are performed in a closed spherical 8 l vessel. The mixtures are ignited by fusing a coiled tungsten wire, placed at the centre of the vessel. A 5% pressure rise criterion is used to determine the explosion limits. The experimental procedure is based upon EN 14756. It is found that a safe estimate of the LOC of ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen/air mixtures can be found based upon the LEL of these mixtures.     

多元可燃性气体爆炸压力与中间产物发射光谱特性的耦合研究

工业生产中爆炸事故往往是由多元可燃气体与空气混合后遇到明火而引起的，为研究乙烷（C₂H₆）、乙烯（C₂H₄）、一氧化碳（CO）、氢气（H₂）对甲烷爆炸特性的影响，选取多组分可燃气体甲烷爆炸压力特性和自由基发射光谱的影响进行研究，利用陕西省工业过程安全与应急救援工程技术研究中心重点实验室搭建的多功能球形气体/粉尘爆炸实验装置和单色仪进行爆炸实验测试，同步采集时间—压力曲线、中间产物（OH，CH₂O）的发射光谱信号，考察多组分可燃气体浓度对甲烷爆炸压力特性和中间产物的影响。结果表明:在富氧状态下，多组分可燃气体加剧了甲烷—空气混合体系的爆炸剧烈程度，随着体系中氧气含量的减少、由富氧状态变为贫氧状态、促进作用逐渐减弱转变为阻尼作用，爆炸压力特性与中间产物发射光谱参数的影响规律基本保持一致，均呈高度正相关；多元混合体系爆炸剧烈程度越大，自由基发射光谱达到峰值的速度越快，自由基更早、更快的积累是加剧爆炸程度的原因之一。     

油田注空气工艺防爆实验的研究

通过实验,研究可燃气体(甲烷)的爆炸极限规律和加入惰性气体(氮气)后可燃气体临界氧含量的变化规律,测定在特定条件下甲烷的爆炸极限范围和安全氧含量,根据实验结果,确定氧含量的安全标准并提出相应的事故预防与控制措施,确保注空气采油技术实施过程中的风险处于可控制范围内,使注空气采油技术得到更广泛的应用。     

PTG测定油脂与高压氧气的反应

介绍说明几起氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程中爆炸事故。介绍高压氧气与油脂的反应,论述了空压机润滑油燃烧基本特性,采用热重天平进行了空压机润滑油在不同压力的气体氛围内的燃烧试验,建立起空压机润滑油的热重和微商热重曲线,得到空压机润滑油在不同压力的氧气氛围内的自燃点。放入加压热重分析仪内的润滑油,接触高压氧气后迅速被氧化,氧气压力越高,氧化程度越深。随着氧气压力的升高,润滑油的着火点降低。这表明氧气瓶中油脂,随着充氧压力的增加,着火点降低,即压力越大,油脂越容易自燃,释放热量,导致爆炸。提出安全措施。     

含氧氢气钢瓶释放过程危险性分析及处置

针对一起空气误充入氢气钢瓶而导致使用时发生多起爆炸的事故,详细分析了氢氧混合气钢瓶在释放过程中的主要危险性,对释放过程中最可能存在的点火源即静电的产生机理及静电的放电条件进行了详细的论述,应用TNT当量法对可能发生的氢气钢瓶爆炸事故的破坏强度进行了估算。针对爆炸事故的高危险性,制定了以电机作为开阀动力的远距离放空方案,并提出了接地、洒水增湿等预防静电产生的有效措施,综合考虑冲击波超压伤害和人员操作的方便,确定了合理的安全操作距离,为防止爆炸产生的碎片对周围人员、建筑的伤害,在释放场所周围及人员操作场所设置了沙包墙作为防爆掩体。