冬季自然通风对住宅室内空气品质的改善性能评价

为获得理想的自然通风方式,以改善寒冷地区住宅冬季室内空气品质、营造舒适的室内环境,采用现场实测和理论分析相结合的方法,对冬季自然通风中的室内外环境参数进行了测试,得到了室外环境参数、人工调节方式对室内环境参数及空气品质的影响特征; 针对舒适与健康的双重要求是寒冷地区住宅冬季通风的主要矛盾这一特点,分别采用临界温度、热舒适性、排污效率、人工调节便捷性等指标对不同方案的通风性能进行了评价.结果表明,采用18 ℃的临界温度可保证采暖所需的热能最低值,同时也有利于抑制甲醛、氨等的释放及挥发速率; 各房间的热舒适性均满足相关规范要求,即本文所列举的这4种方案在执行过程中并没有牺牲房间的热舒适性,只是稍微有些偏凉.方案6的排污效率最高,为88%,方案8次之,方案3最低.这与方案6中两进风口关于回风口对称布置,室内平均空气龄最短有关; 4种方案具有相同的人工调节便捷性.综合各方面因素,方案6为本文最佳通风方案.     

某铸造厂房夏季室内热环境测试分析及评价

高温是工业厂房常见的职业危害因素,为了掌握工业厂房夏季室内热环境特征,对某铸造厂房不同工作地点的空气温度、相对湿度、风速及湿球黑球温度（WBGT）进行了现场测试,对比分析了室外环境参数与工作地点环境参数的变化规律,结合高温职业卫生限值规定对室内高温环境进行了评价,并建立了室内空气温度与WBGT的关系式。结果表明：室内空气温度高于室外空气温度,而室内相对湿度小于室外相对湿度;不同工作地点的WBGT平均值在27.13～33.74℃,部分工作地点全天WBGT都超出了高温作业职业接触限值的规定;室内空气温度升高1℃,WBGT将升高0.68℃。研究结果可为工业厂房室内高温环境设计及评价提供参考。     

夏季人体皮肤湿润度水平对热应激响应的研究

为了研究夏季室内高温、高湿环境下皮肤湿润度水平与人体热应激响应的关系,特邀40名在校大学生配合试验,于2010年和2011年的7—8月在重庆大学三峡库区生态环境实验中心进行了相关研究。通过测试不同工况下的皮肤湿润度,研究了人体局部和整体的出汗感,并结合室内环境热感觉和热舒适心理测试,分析了人体的热应激水平。结果表明:额头、胸口、背部为人体出汗较敏感部位,三者共占出汗感增幅的80%以上,对整体出汗感影响最大;在中性偏热环境下,相对湿度对皮肤湿润度的影响大于温度,且皮肤湿润度与整体出汗感呈线性关系;中性热舒适温度比中性热感觉温度高0.5℃,皮肤湿润度对热感觉的影响大于对热舒适的影响。     

现役民机客舱热舒适评价

采用修正热舒适评价值(Corrected Predicted Mean Vote,CPMV)模型,针对实测的国内及国际航线数据进行了客舱环境的热舒适评价.结果表明,当客舱内压力满足适航标准要求范围、相对湿度明显低于舒适性要求时,低压和低相对湿度均能导致热舒适评价值(Predieted Mean Vote,PMV)的正偏移,偏移量为0.3～0.4,即低气压和低湿会使乘客感觉更温暖,但这2个参数对乘客热舒适的影响有限.短途航班热舒适性不理想,部分航班出现过热或过冷现象.     

喷雾送风系统对热环境及人体热反应影响研究

为探讨不同喷雾送风模式对室内高温环境的改善效果，研究喷雾送风系统对室内环境参数、人体平均皮肤温度及主观热感受的影响。通过搭建高温强辐射环境试验平台，设置喷雾与送风相结合、仅喷雾及仅送风等4种不同的喷雾送风模式，分析喷雾送风系统对室内热环境的降温效果。并以12名在校大学生为受试者，探讨喷雾送风系统对人体皮肤温度、热感觉、热舒适、空气干湿感的影响规律。结果表明：喷雾与送风相结合时降温效果最好，室内空气温度降低3.9℃,人体平均皮肤温度降低2.2℃,受试者热感觉从接近3(热)降至-1(微凉),热舒适由-2(不舒服)提升至2(舒服)。研究结果可为喷雾送风系统设计提供参考。     

温和地区高校宿舍冬季室内热舒适性评价

以昆明理工大学某学生宿舍作为研究对象,对室内热环境进行现场测试和问卷综合分析,根据测试和调查结果选取了有效温度作为衡量指标,基于MTS和PMV-PPD模型分析的方式对研究对象存在的冬季室内热环境较差、温度低、湿度高的问题进行了热舒适评价,旨在为昆明高校宿舍热环境的研究和改善提供参考。     

温和地区地下超市空气质量评测研究

以典型温和地区昆明为代表,采用量化监测和主观问卷的方法,综合主客观评价,分析温和地区地下超市室内空气品质.分别统计分析周末和工作日人流量与CO2、TVOC浓度之间的变化规律、不同功能区各污染物浓度的对比、单项污染物的逐时变化规律以及超市内不适症状情况.在此基础提出改善温和地区地下超市室内空气品质的措施.     

基于PMV指标的掘进巷道通风效果的数值模拟

以某高温掘进巷道为研究对象,研究不同通风方式下巷道内气流的速度场、温度场及人体热舒适性指标(PMV)场的特征.根据计算流体力学(CFD)理论,建立带浮升力效应的湍流模型;分析掘进巷道模型的边界条件;并对压入和抽出两种通风方式下巷道内气流的速度场、温度场和PMV场进行模拟计算.计算结果表明,压入式通风克服了抽出式通风气流紊乱的缺点,其速度场分布符合受限贴附射流规律;在巷道同一截面不同高度处的温度梯度不超过3 ℃;PMV平均值为0.49,范围为-0.7～0.7,均属人体感觉舒适范围,能更好地满足人体热舒适性要求.本研究可为高温掘进巷道通风方式的选择提供参考.     

基于规范变换的空气质量指数公式的广义普适性

为了建立形式简洁、计算简便和普适的室内、外空气质量评价的指数公式,基于室内空气质量标准(GB/T 18883—2002),适当设置室内空气各指标"参照值"及指标值的规范变换式,并对各指标的标准值进行规范变换,使室内空气15项指标的各级标准规范值的变化范围与室外空气7项指标的同级标准规范值的变化范围一致。因此,基于规范对称性原理,用免疫进化猴王遗传算法优化得出的适用于7项指标规范值的室外空气质量评价的6个普适指数公式也同样适用于15项指标规范值的室内空气质量评价。以邯郸居民区和广州公共场所2个室内空气质量评价为实例,对6个指数公式的实用性进行了检验。结果表明,6个指数公式的评价结果是彼此和谐和一致的,也与传统的指数公式法的评价结果相符合。6个指数公式是目前室内、外空气质量评价中最简化、规范、普适和统一的方法。     

出汗假人在服装热湿舒适性中的测试与评价

服装热湿舒适性能的测评是服装实际使用之前的关键步骤,而出汗假人又是测试评价服装热湿舒适性的必要手段。因此,本文对出汗假人在服装热湿舒适性中测试指标、测试标准和方法等进行了综述,分析了出汗假人的测试特点,重点阐述了出汗假人测试方法的局限性。最后,本文还介绍了数值暖体假人的测试方法,对出汗假人测评服装热湿舒适性提出建议与展望。     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

WTO与中国安全生产

新世纪之始,中国将要迈进世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ）。在入世的过程中,与美国为首的发达国家之间始终存在着阻挠与反阻挠、限制与反限制的斗争,目前虽已告一段落,但远未结束。可以预见,中国加入ＷＴＯ之后,斗争非但不会停止,甚至可能会更复杂、更激烈。这场经济、贸易斗争实际上还有着深刻的政治与社会背景。最近几年,发达国家一直在努力使社会条款纳入世界经济贸易体系之中,在“关注发展中国家人权状况”的旗号下,反复提出“劳工标准”问题,即把本国安全生产问题与国际贸易挂钧。实际上这是“涂上绿色’”的贸易保护主义。中国是一…     

在回顾中思考 在创新中发展

2008年,是中国的奥运之年,也是中国林科院建院50周年、哈尔滨林机所建所50周年、<林业劳动安全>杂志创刊20周年. <林业劳动安全>的诞生,为林业安全文化建设开辟了一片广袤的园地,为加强学术交流打开了一洞明亮的牕牖,为行业安全的发展提供了一块方正的铺路石……     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式