可燃气体爆炸破坏效应的试验研究

借助高速摄像机及ProAnalyst软件,研究可燃气体体积分数和障碍物对可燃气体爆炸破坏力的影响。测定不同体积分数下的甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸冲击波超压,和爆炸火焰波在有无乒乓球方向传播的平均速度。试验结果表明:超压和平均速度均随着甲烷体积分数的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,其最大值均出现在甲烷体积分数为10%～11%之间;同一体积分数下的甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸火焰波在有乒乓球方向传播的平均速度比没有乒乓球方向传播的平均速度大。根据试验结果,推导出可燃气体爆炸冲击波超压和爆炸火焰波传播平均速度与可燃气体体积分数之间的函数关系,并得出障碍物对爆炸火焰波传播的加速作用随着体积分数的增加呈现先加强后减弱的变化趋势。     

温度对烃类可燃气体最小点火能的影响

研究非常温下温度对烃类可燃气体最小点火能的影响。通过电火花点火方法,以甲烷为试验气体测得最小点火能测试系统的敏感条件,验证测试系统的可靠性。在20~80℃范围内、测试系统可靠、气体敏感体积分数下,测试烃类可燃气体最小点火能随温度的变化规律。结果表明,测试系统的敏感间隙为1.5 mm,敏感电容为60.168p F。试验测得甲烷最小点火能为0.263 m J,与文献值0.28 m J基本一致,测试系统可靠性好。丙烯、异丁烯、异丁烷和环氧乙烷的敏感体积分数分别为4.8%、3.3%、3.2%和8%。在20~80℃范围内,这4种烃类气体的最小点火能都随温度升高呈显著的线性下降趋势。为避免具有同样性质的可燃气体发生燃烧或爆炸危险,需密切关注此类气体自身温度及其生产、储存和工业使用过程的环境温度。     

液化石油气点火能试验及爆炸火焰传播分析

为研究液化石油气体积分数与点火能的关系以及爆炸火焰的传播过程,在实验室应用特制的爆炸试验装置,采用调节点火能和液化石油气体积分数的方法,进行一系列爆炸试验,并使用高速摄像机记录爆炸的动态过程。试验结果表明,当液化石油气的试验爆炸体积分数在5%～9%时,其体积分数与点火能之间呈现比较平缓的变化关系,而当其体积分数小于5%或大于9%时,体积分数的稍微变化,其点火能将发生显著的变化。爆炸过程图像分析显示,在爆炸初期,火焰阵面的微分加速起主导作用。随着火焰从点火源位置向四周扩散,光滑的层流火焰开始逐步"湍流化",火焰阵面出现皱折,燃烧面积增加,火焰传播速度逐渐上升直至最大值。在整个过程中,火焰阵面出现非稳定的加速。     

EVA树脂粉尘/甲烷/空气杂混物爆炸特性

在20 L爆炸实验装置中,开展了3种不同中值粒径的EVA树脂粉尘/甲烷/空气所组成的杂混物爆炸特性研究,探究了甲烷浓度对粉尘爆炸下限、最大爆炸压力的影响。结果表明,尽管添加的甲烷气体浓度低于爆炸下限,仍使得粉尘爆炸下限得以降低,粒径较大的EVA III粉尘,当甲烷体积分数为1%时,爆炸下限降低约25%;粒径较小的EVA I粉尘,当混入甲烷体积分数为4%时,爆炸下限则降低80%;甲烷体积分数每增加1%,可燃粉尘最大爆炸压力上升约10%,但对于粒径较小的EVA I粉尘,当甲烷体积分数为4%时,最大爆炸压力的上升呈现突变趋势,上升近50%。     

甲烷含量对塑料粉尘空气混合物爆炸特性的影响

为探究可燃气体的添加对塑料粉尘/空气混合物爆炸特性的影响,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)2种塑料粉尘为研究对象,在对其进行热重分析(TG)的基础上,利用20 L球形爆炸试验装置,研究甲烷体积分数对这2种塑料粉尘/空气混合物爆炸压力、爆炸压力上升速率、爆炸下限等特征参数的影响。热重试验结果表明:PMMA粉体分解速率高,在外界供热条件下易发生燃烧,而TPU粉体分解所需能量更多,分解更加困难。爆炸试验结果表明:在试验选定的粉尘浓度条件下,2种粉尘爆炸压力及压力上升速率均随粉尘浓度呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;当甲烷体积分数从0增加到4%时,塑料粉尘爆炸的猛度和敏感度随之增加,其中PMMA粉尘爆炸猛度受甲烷影响更大,而TPU粉尘基本不受影响,但其爆炸下限下降更明显。     

氢气对预混甲烷/空气燃爆过程的影响

为研究氢气的加入对不同体积分数甲烷/空气预混爆炸过程影响的规律,在尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×1 000 mm的管道中通入体积分数为8%、9.5%和11.5%的甲烷/空气预混气体,然后加入一定体积分数的氢气。氢气所占体积分数分别为0、0.74%、1.48%、2.95%、4.40%。分别对加入不同体积分数的甲烷爆炸过程中爆炸压力、火焰图像和爆炸温度进行测量、分析。结果表明:只有在8%纯甲烷爆炸时能够形成完整的郁金香火焰。8%和9.5%甲烷体积分数试验中,氢气的加入使火焰面由上下对称变得不对称,火焰阵面上移,火焰速度加快;爆炸中的最大超压增大并且最大超压时刻点提前。在11.5%的甲烷加氢试验中,随加氢量增加,爆炸压力、温度、火焰速度分别略微降低。这表明氢气的加入在体积分数为8%的爆炸反应中较大地促进了反应,而体积分数为11.5%时加氢后爆炸反应减弱。通过理论分析计算了半封闭管道中体积分数为9.5%甲烷爆炸温度和实测温度之间的差异。爆炸压力和温度的变化能很好地反映加入氢气对甲烷爆炸的影响。     

泄压点火不同端管道内甲烷爆炸特性数值模拟

结合气体爆炸传播机理,利用FLACS软件对泄压点火不同端两种方式(泄压口通径为25 mm和泄压口完全开放)下甲烷的爆炸过程进行数值模拟,获得了5种体积分数甲烷的爆炸特性参数,分析得出:两种不同泄压方式下,10%,9.5%,11%体积分数的甲烷爆炸特性变化趋势接近,7%,8%的甲烷较前三者有所延迟;5种甲烷在管道中心处的最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率、最大爆炸压力下降速率、温度峰值都随甲烷体积分数的增大而逐渐上升,在10%时达到最大,继续增加甲烷体积分数则出现下降趋势,最大爆炸压力时间变化趋势与其相反;管道中心处的爆炸产物浓度随着甲烷体积分数的增大而增大,与泄压方式无关;增大管道泄压口面积有利于爆炸压力以及爆炸高温高压气体的释放,使得各体积分数甲烷的最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率、最大爆炸压力下降速率、温度峰值均下降,到达最大爆炸压力的时间均增大。     

混合均匀性对甲烷爆炸特性影响的试验研究

为探明甲烷在不同混合均匀性下的爆炸特性,预防甲烷气体爆炸,设计由喷射流混合器和静态混合器组成的2级气体混合器,并利用自行研制的可燃气体爆炸特性测试装置,试验测试不使用和使用2级气体混合器2种情况下甲烷的爆炸极限和爆炸压力。结果表明:在2级气体混合器的作用下,甲烷的爆炸下限从5. 25%降低到5. 15%,爆炸上限从17. 15%升高到17. 55%,甲烷爆炸极限范围拓宽了4. 20%,且甲烷爆炸上限受混合均匀性的影响较大;使用2级气体混合器时,甲烷爆炸压力升高,且随着甲烷体积分数的升高,爆炸压力的增幅先增大后减小,当甲烷体积分数为11%时,爆炸压力的增幅最大,甲烷爆炸压力受混合均匀性的影响也最大。     

载流雾化水惰化甲烷空气预混气体特性实验研究

设计了预混气体载流雾化水惰化和抑制燃烧管实验台,对层流火焰的燃烧速度、稳定性及拉伸变形规律进行实验研究,分析了雾化水抑制和熄灭层流预混火焰的过程和机理,获得了雾化水惰化爆炸极限内甲烷和空气预混气体的特性。研究结果表明:浓度为7%的甲烷和空气预混气体,最小惰化雾化水通量为20.8ml/(m2.min);对于浓度为9%的甲烷和空气预混气体,最小惰化雾化水通量为32.9ml/(m2.min);对于浓度为11%的甲烷和空气的预混气体,最小惰化雾化水通量为44.6ml/(m2.min)。研究成果为雾化水熄灭甲烷火焰和抑制甲烷爆炸具有一定的指导意义。     

煤矿其他可燃气体对空气中甲烷爆炸极限的影响

为研究矿井火区中一氧化碳(CO),氢气(H2),乙烯(C2H4)和乙烷(C2H6)等可燃气体对空气中甲烷(CH4)爆炸极限和爆炸危险度(F值)的影响及双组份可燃气体爆炸界限和爆炸危险度的变化,采用空气中可燃气体爆炸极限测定方法完成一系列试验,测定加入不同体积分数其他可燃气体时CH4的爆炸极限。其他可燃气体的加入,均使空气中CH4和混合可燃气体的爆炸界限加宽;同时加大了CH4和混合可燃气体的爆炸危险度。试验结果表明:加入C2H4气体对CH4爆炸极限影响较大,使CH4及其双组份混合气体的爆炸危险度明显增大;加入量为2.0%时,CH4的F值增加了540%。而加入CO气体比加入C2H6,C2H4和H2等气体对CH4及混合气体的爆炸极限影响都小。     

初始压力对连通容器甲烷-空气混合物泄爆压力的影响

建立球形容器与管道、2个球形容器与管道组成的2种形式的连通容器试验装置,研究初始压力对连通容器甲烷-空气混合物泄爆压力的影响。结果表明:连通容器内泄爆超压随初始压力增加而增大,并与初始压力近似成线性关系;对于2个球形容器与管道组成的连通容器,起爆容器的泄爆超压始终小于传爆容器;泄爆方式和点火方式对连通容器泄爆超压有较大影响,大容器点火时,2个容器的泄爆压力差随初始压力增加而增大,但小容器点火时,2个容器的泄爆压力差随初始压力的增加变化较小;初始压力对不同结构和尺寸的连通容器的泄爆压力的影响不同,当令初始压力对大容器点火时,小容器内泄爆压力受影响最大,而当对单球形容器与管道组成的连通容器的小容器点火时,小容器内泄爆压力受影响最小。     

点火位置对独头巷道中瓦斯爆炸超压的影响

运用AutoReaGas爆炸仿真模拟器研究了独头巷道中点火位置对瓦斯爆炸后果的影响。结果表明,在本计算条件下,爆炸静态超压随着距离的增加而减小,爆炸动压随着距离的增大而增大,点火位置对爆炸后果有重要影响,点火位置离封闭端越近,各个测点上所得到的超压越大。     

Experimental investigation of limiting oxygen concentration of hybrid mixtures

An investigation into the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) of fifteen combustible dusts and methane, ethanol and isopropanol hybrid mixtures in the standard 20 L explosion chamber was performed. Three ignition energies (10 J, 2 kJ and 10 kJ) were used. The results show that a 10 J electrical spark ignition leads to significantly higher limiting oxygen concentration values than either 2 kJ or 10 kJ pyrotechnic igniters. This could be due to the “overdriving” effect of the chemical igniters, which produce a hot flame that virtually covers the entire explosion chamber during combustion. With respect to hybrid mixture investigation, the 20 L sphere was modified to allow the input of methane gas and flammable solvents. The limiting oxygen concentrations of the hybrid mixtures were found to be considerably lower than those of dust air mixtures when the relatively weaker spark igniter was used. There was no significant change in limiting oxygen concentration when the higher energy chemical igniters were used.     

ABC干粉抑制瓦斯爆炸的实验研究

为测定ABC干粉对瓦斯爆炸的抑制作用,采用容积为20L的近球形抑爆实验系统,粒径为20.76μm,主要成分为高聚合度磷酸铵盐的ABC干粉进行瓦斯抑爆实验。实验结果表明：ABC干粉的添加能够降低瓦斯爆炸的压力;粉体浓度为0.10g/L时,抑爆效果最好;粉体的抑爆效果,不仅与粉体浓度有关,还与爆炸性混合气体中的甲烷浓度有关;点火延迟时间越长,粉体抑爆效果越差。     

基于正交实验的面粉爆炸特性研究

为探究面粉爆炸实验中粉尘质量浓度、点火能量、点火延迟时间对面粉爆炸的影响,采用正交实验法并利用20 L球形爆炸测试装置比较研究了粉尘质量浓度、点火延迟时间以及点火能对面粉爆炸的影响程度。结果表明:对最大爆炸压力影响最为显著的因素是点火延迟时间,对最大爆炸指数影响最为显著的因素是粉尘质量浓度;在实验浓度范围内,存在最佳实验条件。当粉尘质量浓度500 g/m3、点火延迟时间100 ms时,面粉爆炸最剧烈。     

Experimental study on CO2/CF3I suppression of methane-air explosion and flame propagation

To explore the inhibitory effects of CF₃I and CO₂ gas on the explosion pressure and flame propagation characteristics of 9.5% methane, a spherical 20 L experimental explosion device was used to study the effect of the gas explosion suppressants on the maximum explosion pressure, maximum explosion pressure rise rate and flame propagation speed of methane. The results indicated that with a gradual increase in the volume fraction of the gas explosion suppressant, the maximum explosion pressure of methane and maximum explosion pressure rise rate gradually decreased, and the time taken to reach the maximum explosion pressure and maximum explosion pressure rise rate was gradually delayed. At the same time, the flame propagation speed gradually decreased. Additionally, the time taken for the flame to reach the edge of the window and the time taken for a crack as well as a cellular structure to appear on the flame surface was gradually delayed. The fluid dynamics uncertainty was suppressed. The explosion pressure and flame propagation processes were markedly suppressed, but the flame buoyancy instability was gradually enhanced. By comparing the effects of the two gas explosion suppressants on the pressure and flame propagation characteristics, it was found that at the same volume fraction, trifluoroiodomethane was significantly better than carbon dioxide in suppressing the explosion of methane. By comparing the reduction rates of the characteristic methane explosion parameters at a volume fraction of 9.5%, it was observed that the inhibitory effect of 4% trifluoroiodomethane on the maximum explosion pressure was approximately 4.6 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide, and the inhibitory effect of 4% trifluoroiodomethane on the maximum explosion pressure rise rate and flame propagation speed was approximately 2.7 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide. The addition of 0.5%–1.5% trifluoromethane to 4% and 8% carbon dioxide can improve the explosion suppression efficiency of carbon dioxide. This enhancing phenomenon is a comprehensive manifestation of the oxygen-decreasing effect of carbon dioxide and the trifluoroiodomethane-related endothermic effect and reduction in key free radicals.     

半密闭空间油气爆炸初期火焰特性研究

为了研究半密闭空间内部油气着火爆炸初期火焰特性，进行了不同油气体积分数下的油气着火爆炸实验，通过高速摄影等技术手段对爆炸过程中火焰形态进行了捕捉，分析了不同油气体积分数下爆炸初期火焰着火模式、火焰形态、传播过程和火焰浮力稳定性的变化规律。结果表明:油气体积分数为决定容器内部着火模式的关键因素，随着油气体积分数的逐渐增大，着火模式呈现出燃烧-爆炸-爆燃后持续燃烧的转变；爆炸下的火焰具有明显的分区现象，而其他的着火模式则没有；随着油气体积分数的增加，越靠近化学当量比，纵向和横向火焰阵面速度越大；油气体积分数小于等于1.1%或大于等于2.6%时，火焰稳定性受浮力影响显著。     

The hazards and risks of hydrogen

An analysis was completed of the hazards and risks of hydrogen, compared to the traditional fuel sources of gasoline and natural gas (methane). The study was based entirely on the physical properties of these fuels, and not on any process used to store and extract the energy. The study was motivated by the increased interest in hydrogen as a fuel source for automobiles.The results show that, for flammability hazards, hydrogen has an increased flammability range, a lower ignition energy and a higher deflagration index. For both gasoline and natural gas (methane) the heat of combustion is higher (on a mole basis). Thus, hydrogen has a somewhat higher flammability hazard.The risk is based on probability and consequence. The probability of a fire or explosion is based on the flammability range, the auto-ignition temperature and the minimum ignition energy. In this case, hydrogen has a larger flammability zone and a lower minimum ignition energy—thus the probability of a fire or explosion is higher. The consequence of a fire or explosion is based on the heat of combustion, the maximum pressure during combustion, and the deflagration index. Hydrogen has an increased consequence due to the large value of the deflagration index while gasoline and natural gas (methane) have a higher heat of combustion. Thus, based on physical properties alone, hydrogen poses an increase risk, primarily due to the increased probability of ignition.This study was unable to assess the effects of the increased buoyancy of hydrogen—which might change the probability depending on the actual physical situation.A complete hazard and risk analysis must be completed once the actual equipment for hydrogen storage and energy extraction is specified. This paper discusses the required procedure.