电梯制动器制动响应时间抽检结果分析

本文介绍了检测电梯制动器制动响应时间的方法。该方法利用存储记录仪的两个测量通道同时检测制动器断电信号和制动器微动开关动作信号,通过比较两个信号间的时间差测得电梯制动器的制动响应时间。本文对电梯制动器制动响应时间专项抽查的结果进行了分析。发现在用电梯存在制动响应时间超标的情况,且制动器作为上行超速保护装置的部件,其制动响应时间远小于不作为上行超速保护装置部件的制动器。     

矿井制动系统中的计算机仿真应用

笔者以矿井提升机制动系统的制动器为研究对象,采用计算机仿真对其进行模拟。首先,对制动器的闸瓦位移和油压关系建立了数学模型;然后,通过计算机仿真模拟出位移-时间和油压-时间图,通过对系统的仿真可以直观地了解系统的工作性能,比如改变参数后系统的输出与实际是否相符,以使系统达到最优。仿真模拟的重点是模拟制动器的工作过程,当设定仿真参数与实际制动系统的参数相同时,检查仿真输出是否由于实际的输出一致,从而可以更有利于系统的改进和完善;同时在测试曲线中可以得到制动盘的偏摆、空动时间、闸瓦间隙等参数,这些都是影响制动器安全的重要因素,也是制动系统性能测定的重要内容。     

关于起重机制动器相关计算探讨

对起重机制动器装在高低速轴上的制动转矩参数分别进行计算探讨，得出两种工况下不同的计算推导公式，对制动器的设计及检验给出了一定的评判标准，从而对制动器合理的进行选择与检测。     

排气制动下汽车制动失效的坡长临界值计算

针对连续长下坡汽车王制动器失效的现象,研究了在排气制动下汽车下坡制动失效的坡长临界值问题.根据汽车主制动器制动毂温升模型,推导出在山区不同长纵坡路段,排气制动下汽车主制动器制动失效的坡长临界值,提出r伍5%、6%坡道上,采取Ⅳ档排气制动时,维持40km/h的安全稳定车速,主制动器制动失效的坡长临界值分别为3072m和1929 m,为长下坡路段交通安全设施的设计提供了理论依据.     

封星技术在永磁同步曳引机上的应用

本文阐述了永磁同步曳引机封星技术的设计原理和制动条件,且详细分析了制动过程以及制动速度,并结合封星技术常见的型式以及其电气原理图,发现永磁同步曳引机封星技术可以作为永磁同步曳引机辅助安全保护装置,降低电梯因制动器失效带来的危害,提高电梯的安全性能,同时也要扬长避短,以免对电机等带来不必要的危害。     

制动器用电磁体的另一种非对称磁路设计

为了获得更好地制动安全性及延长制动器寿命,针对相关文献中制动器用电磁体磁路的非对称设计方案的不足之处,提出了新的磁路形状设计,即采用开槽的方法来获得要求的非对称磁路,并对此作了理论分析。由于磁路形状复杂,采用Ansoft软件中Maxwell-3D对设计的电磁体进行磁场及其吸力的仿真计算。对仿真结果和理论分析作了对比。以此制作的样品试验结果表明,电磁体工作姿态平稳,未发现因卡死而出现摩擦力的大幅度波动。且磨损均匀,满足了工作寿命的相关要求,为电磁制动器安全制动、延长工作寿命提供了保证。     

磁路形状对电磁制动器制动安全性的研究

电磁制动器是一种新开发的新型车用制动器,保证制动性能并对该制动器的关键部件电磁体进行优化设计十分重要。通过分析车辆制动过程中电磁制动器的工作机理,得到电磁体的受力与磨损状况,提出并设计了非轴对称准椭圆形电磁体磁路,采用Ansoft3D电磁场软件计算电磁力和磁密,选取合理磁密制作了样品。由仿真计算和试验表明,制动时工作平稳,磨损均匀,满足了特定制动器制动力及制动安全的要求,为开发不同型号的新型电磁制动器打下了基础。     

汽车防抱死制动系统性能的研究

汽车防抱死制动系统的性能直接关系到汽车的运行安全,笔者以获得汽车制动最佳效能并能自动适应路况变化为控制系统的设计目标;通过分析车轮制动的动力学原理;运用自寻最优控制理论;进行了基于路面附着系数的汽车防抱死制动系统设计。仿真实验结果表明:该控制系统能充分利用最大附着力制动、实现自动路面识别并可提高汽车制动时的操作稳定性;进而证实了基于路面附着系数的汽车防抱死制动自寻最优控制方法,相对以往的控制方法更为简单和更适合于实际应用。     

制动器二次制动模式的分析

本文分析了电梯制动器的两种新的二次制动模式:异步制动和分时制动。二次制动模式与一次制动模式用的是同样制动器,只是控制方法不同。异步制动和分时制动能将制动器的制动和制动器的二次保护有机融为一体,既能提高制动器的可靠性,又能实现制动器的二次保护。     

一种制动器力矩测量系统的研制及应用

制动器是起重机重要的零部件,它对起重机械的安全运行起着重要作用.针对它的检验检测,设计了1种制动器动态制动力矩测量系统,该测量系统主要由机械结构、控制系统、数据分析系统组成.它可以对鼓式、盘式、钳盘式制动器和制动电机的动态制动力矩进行测量,通用性较强.本文对它的设计思路和工作原理进行了详细阐述,并利用2台不同型号的制动...     

轨道门式起重机大车制动优化设计

针对门式起重机大车制动松弛,制动磨损严重、出轨翻车的问题,以某工厂轨道门式起重机为载体,设计了一种带大车匀减速防撞功能的门式起重机,介绍了基本结构和工作原理,通过在大车轨道两端设置一段安全刹车保护区域,压力传感器感应大车是否进入了安全保护区域而发车提醒信号,进而PLC控制单元整合处理采集到的压力信号和速度信号后控制制动器,制动器自动采取刹车减速措施,提高了门机的作业安全等级。当大车未进入安全保护区域时,大车制动器采用单独供电的方式,设置延时继电器,使大车断电运行一段距离后刹车制动,减少频繁调紧刹车,增强制动效果,提高门机吊装的稳定性和生产效率。     

汽车辅助制动装置发展综述

平均行驶速度和载重量的增加,要求车辆具有更大的制动效能,为了有效分流制动负荷常采用辅助制动系统.介绍国内外制动法规的发展和现状,排气辅助制动装置、发动机缓速器、电涡流缓速器和液力缓速器的结构、工作原理及各辅助制动装置的制动性能;比较各辅助制动装置的优缺点,有利于汽车制动技术的发展,全面提高汽车行驶安全性能;展望未来汽车辅助制动装置的两大发展趋势,一是电子控制技术在汽车制动上的应用,二是多种辅助制动装置的联合制动.     

E-bikers’ braking behavior: Results from a naturalistic cycling study

Abstract

Objective: The number of e-bike users has increased significantly over the past few years and with it the associated safety concerns. Because e-bikes are faster than conventional bicycles and more prone to be in conflict with road users, e-bikers may need to perform avoidance maneuvers more frequently. Braking is the most common avoidance maneuver but is also a complex and critical task in emergency situations, because cyclists must reduce speed quickly without losing balance. The aim of this study is to understand the braking strategies of e-bikers in real-world traffic environments and to assess their road safety implications. This article investigates (1) how cyclists on e-bikes use front and rear brakes during routine cycling and (2) whether this behavior changes during unexpected conflicts with other road users.

Methods: Naturalistic data were collected from 6 regular bicycle riders who each rode e-bikes during a period of 2 weeks, for a total of 32.5?h of data. Braking events were identified and characterized through a combined analysis of brake pressure at each wheel, velocity, and longitudinal acceleration. Furthermore, the braking patterns obtained during unexpected events were compared with braking patterns during routine cycling.

Results: In the majority of braking events during routine cycling, cyclists used only one brake at a time, favoring one of the 2 brakes according to a personal pre-established pattern. However, the favored brake varied among cyclists: 66% favored the rear brake and 16% the front brake. Only 16% of the cyclists showed no clear preference, variously using rear brake, front brake, or combined braking (both brakes at the same time), suggesting that the selection of which brake to use depended on the characteristics of the specific scenario experienced by the cyclist rather than on a personal preference. In unexpected conflicts, generally requiring a larger deceleration, combined braking became more prevalent for most of the cyclists; still, when combined braking was not applied, cyclists continued to use the favored brake of routine cycling. Kinematic analysis revealed that, when larger decelerations were required, cyclists more frequently used combined braking instead of single braking.

Conclusions: The results provide new insights into the behavior of cyclists on e-bikes and may provide support in the development of safety measures including guidelines and best practices for optimal brake use. The results may also inform the design of braking systems intended to reduce the complexity of the braking operation.     

隔爆低频永磁同步电动机矢量控制方式研究

为了解决隔爆低频（TBD）型永磁同步电动机（PMSM）中如何利用精确的转子位置和速度信号去实现磁场定向的问题,分析了永磁同步电动机的矢量控制理论,讨论了无传感器矢量控制方案,提出了基于空间电压矢量脉宽调制（SVPWM）技术的矢量控制方案,采用TMS320LF2812为核心处理器进行矢量控制系统的硬件设计,采用DSP编程实现该系统的软件设计,进行了基于无传感器矢量控制系统的仿真研究及实验波形分析。结果表明：无传感器矢量控制方案具有很好的动态特性,能够稳定运行,满足驱动系统的要求。     

Effect of alcohol use on accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers

Objective: The present study examines the accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers at different blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) in heterogeneous driving conditions using driving simulator experiments.

Methods: Eighty-two licensed drivers performed simulated driving in a rural road environment designed in the driving simulator at 4 BAC levels: 0.00, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%. Driving performance was analyzed using vehicle control variables such as mean acceleration and mean brake pedal force. Generalized linear mixed models were developed to quantify the effect of different alcohol levels and explanatory variables such as driver’s age, gender, and other factors on the driving performance indicators.

Results: Alcohol use was reported as a significant factor affecting the accelerating and braking performance of drivers. The acceleration model results indicated that drivers’ mean acceleration increased by 0.013, 0.026, and 0.027 m/s² for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Results of the brake pedal force model showed that drivers’ mean brake pedal force increased by 1.09, 1.32, and 1.44 N for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Age was a significant factor in both the models where a 1-year increase in driver age resulted in a 0.2% reduction in mean acceleration and a 19% reduction in mean brake pedal force. Driving experience could compensate for the negative effects of alcohol to some extent while driving.

Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that drivers tend to be more aggressive and impulsive under the influence of alcohol, which deteriorates their driving performance. Impairment in accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers under the influence of alcohol leads to increased crash probabilities. The conclusions may provide reference in making countermeasures against drinking and driving and contribute to traffic safety.     

基于BDD考虑共因失效的接触网系统可靠性分析

为分析共因失效对高速铁路接触网系统的影响，将二元决策图(Binary Decision Diagram，BDD)与共因失效理论引入到接触网系统可靠性分析中。利用逻辑相邻优先组合法(Logic Neighbor Priority Connect，LNPC)将高速铁路接触网系统的故障树模型转化为BDD模型并求取其可靠度表达式，利用隐式方法对考虑了共因失效的接触网系统可靠度进行计算，利用MATLAB绘制考虑共因失效和不考虑共因失效情况下接触网系统可靠度变化曲线。研究结果表明:提出的分析方法适用于接触网系统的可靠性分析，为接触网系统的可靠性分析提供了一定的理论依据。     

EN50129及其在铁路安全相关系统中的应用研究

针对列车不断提速给我国铁路安全管理带来的新的问题和挑战,以欧洲电工标准化委员会(CENELEC)专门制定的铁路安全相关标准EN50129为指导,介绍并研究标准制定的背景、目的、适用范围、体系结构以及在铁路安全相关系统中的应用。从国际安全标准的角度出发,分析和探讨铁路安全相关系统研究和开发问题以及安全文件体系和安全评估体系,并根据我国铁路安全管理的现状,提出进一步完善和改进现有管理办法需要考虑的主要问题。其目的是要在铁路安全管理和应用中吸收或借鉴国际先进的技术和方法,建立适合我国铁路发展的安全标准和安全评估体系,推进铁路安全管理走向规范化、系统化,切实保障铁路运行安全。