行为安全管理在施工中的应用分析

不良的行为习惯是导致事故的主要原因。为加强员工行为管理,提高安全行为意识,减少危险行为,本文简要介绍了建筑施工安全的管理现状,说明了行为安全管理的应用程序和方法,并将以人为中心的行为安全管理模式引入建筑施工企业,对行为安全管理提高安全的有效性进行了研究。通过在工程现场就危险因素进行为期4周的行为观察,分析发现,行为安全管理方法的实施对纠正不安全行为、提高安全管理水平效果明显,它有助于预防事故。同时,要保持较高的安全水平,应延长行为观察周期。行为安全管理是传统安全管理的补充,它的有效实施还需要员工直接参与行为观察、管理者支持以及相互的信任。     

行为安全管理元模型研究

为明晰行为安全管理研究与实践的基本框架，从而为行为安全管理提供新的思路、依据和方法，针对已有行为安全模型存在的缺陷，对行为安全管理元模型开展构造与演绎研究。首先，直接从安全行为本体出发，结合心理学与行为科学相关知识，构造行为安全管理元模型；其次，详细剖析行为安全管理元模型的基本内涵，并扼要概述行为安全管理元模型的应用价值。研究结果表明:行为安全管理元模型的主体部分，是组织系统之中安全行为主体相关安全行为的产生及作用过程，可阐明行为安全管理研究实践的基本程式与框架，促进行为安全管理研究与实践。     

行为安全管理在煤矿行为管理中的应用研究

为提升煤矿企业行为管理水平、控制生产活动中的不安全行为,在探讨煤矿行为管理存在的问题基础上,将行为安全管理方法(BBS)应用到煤矿行为管理。通过分析BBS方法原理与工作机制,设计BBS在煤矿中的实施流程:评估企业安全行为状况并制定安全行为改进目标的前期准备阶段;制定行为安全观察表并实施行为观察的行为安全观察阶段;纠正矿工不安全行为并激励行为规范矿工的干预与反馈阶段。提出健全BBS制度、健全行为考核体系与激励机制、完善行为安全培训体系的BBS保障机制。只有将BBS落实到煤矿安全生产实践,才能对矿工的不安全行为产生有效控制,从而提高煤矿安全生产绩效。     

基于行为安全的建筑事故预防量化方法与实证研究

在阐述安全行为(BBS)预防事故原理及其应用效果的基础上,选取某工程项目作为试验对象,结合我国建筑业一线工人的特点,对BBS实施中的培训方法、关键行为确认、观察方法3个关键环节进行具体试验。试验中建立了行为变化指数的图线,使用了安全行为指数(SI)来评定一线工人的安全行为及变化趋势。试验结果显示施工现场一线工人作业过程中的SI比基线期提高15%,表明所设计的BBS方法对于提高施工现场一线工人的行为安全性具有明显的效果。     

Critical Success Factors for Behavior-Based Safety: A Study of Twenty Industry-wide Applications

One-on-one interviews and focus-group meetings were held at 20 organizations that had implemented a behavior-based safety (BBS) process in order to find reasons for program success/failures. A total of 31 focus groups gave 629 answers to six different questions. A content analysis of these responses uncovered critical information for understanding what employees are looking for in a BBS program. A perception survey administered to individual employees (n = 701) at these organizations measured a variety of variables identified in prior research to influence success in safety efforts. The survey data showed five variables to be significantly predictive of employee involvement in a BBS process: 1) perceptions that BBS training was effective; 2) trust in management abilities; 3) accountability for BBS through performance appraisals; 4) whether or not one had received education in BBS; and 5) tenure with the organization. Also, employees in organizations mandating employee participation in a BBS process (n=8 companies) reported significantly higher levels of: (a) involvement; (b) trust in management; (c) trust in coworkers; and (d) satisfaction with BBS training than did employees whose process was completely voluntary (n = 12 companies). In addition, employees in mandatory processes reported significantly greater frequency of giving and receiving positive behavior-based feedback.     

组织安全文化的动力初探——行为基础安全

80%以上的事故都是由不安全行为引发的,提高人的安全行为将会大大提高安全的业绩.从安全文化的概念出发,通过讨论几种典型的安全文化模式得出安全文化的3个基本要素:组织因素、个人因素、行为因素.随着现代科技进步和组织管理体系的不断完善,个人和行为因素越发凸现.通过对行为基础安全方法的阐述和分析,概括出了行为基础安全促进安全文化的原因.行为基础安全的引进和实施将会大大提高组织的业绩和安全文化.     

中小型企业员工不安全行为管理模式构建研究

为解决我国中小企业员工不安全行为管控难题,基于不安全行为管理的重要性,采用文献分析法、现场调研法,调查了绵阳市130余家中小型企业不安全行为管理现状,分析得出中小型企业不安全行为管理存在的问题。基于协同理论,研究了安全文化、BBS行为观察流程和杜邦安全训练观察计划3种不安全行为管理模式并对其要素进行组合优化,提出了适合我国中小型企业的不安全行为管理模式。结果表明:不安全行为协和管理模式有利于解决纠正员工不安全行为,提升员工安全作业水平。     

基于行为安全的COACH模型与实践研究

基于行为安全理论的研究现状和应用实践的困境,提出了COACH模型,该模型在常规BBS基础上,更加强调对观察记录的跟踪和对观察者的控制与管理。在四川某企业开展了为期一年的应用实践,结果表明,该模型能够给出一套与业绩直接挂钩的管理体系,可以较好地解决常规BBS存在的问题。从问卷测量的结果来看,模型实施后,员工对企业的安全工作的认同得分从实施前的3.15分提高到3.97分,安全认同度得到较快的提高。     

安全生产违章行为的人口因素影响模型研究——基于省级面板数据的协整方法

为了探讨人口因素对安全生产违章行为的影响,基于省级面板数据,构建安全生产违章行为数量与作业人员人口因素之间的固定效应变系数模型。实证研究,从业者的受教育程度、第二产业在岗职工平均工资以及人员数量规模等因素,影响违章行为方式及程度。结果表明:受教育程度的提高将显著抑制违章行为的发生;提高作业人员工资将增加违章行为的成本进而遏制违章行为的产生,但这一效果会受到作业人员所持有的风险态度的影响;作业人员规模的增加将提高工伤事故率。建议从提供受培训教育机会、提高违章成本、降低第二产业比重、减少高危行业作业人员数量等方面采取措施遏制违章行为。     

Using a psychological contract of safety to predict safety climate on construction sites

Introduction: The fact that safety climate impacts safety behavior and delivers better safety outcomes is well established in construction. However, the way workers safety perception is inclined and developed is still unclear. Method: In this research, the influence of supervisors' developing safety climate and its impact on workers' safety behavior and their conceptualization of safety is explored through the lens of the ‘Psychological Contract’ (PC). More specifically, it is argued that ‘Psychological Contract of Safety’ (PCS) is a vital factor in explaining how workers attach meaning to a supervisor behavior. Extant research suggests: (a) safety climate is based on the perception of workers regarding safety; and (b) PCS is based on perceived mutual obligations between workers and supervisors. As a result, this research argues that if PCS or mutual obligations between workers and supervisors are fulfilled, then safety climate of the workers will be positively influenced. A model is presented depicting PCS as an alternative intervention in understanding how safety climate could be influenced and predicted by the level of fulfillment of mutual safety obligations. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) the model of the PCS is validated with data collected from a mega-construction project in Australia. Results: The results suggest that to have a positive and strong safety climate, top-level managers must ensure that mutual safety obligations between supervisor and workers are fulfilled. This enables the PCS to be introduced as a new ‘predictor’ of safety climate. Practical applications: The novel outcome of the research could be considered as a management intervention to modify supervisors' behavior to produce better safety outcomes.     

The safety observer effect: the effects of conducting safety observations

INTRODUCTION: Some research suggests that conducting safety observations of another's safety performance may serve as an effective tool in increasing the safety performance of the observer. The primary purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of conducting safety observations on the postural safety performance of observers engaging in an assembly task for short time periods. The secondary objectives of the study were: (a) to measure productivity, and (b) to measure the accuracy of participant safety observations. METHOD: An ABC (A: baseline, B: information, C: observation) multiple-baseline design counterbalanced across postural behaviors (back, shoulder, and feet position) was implemented with six participants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Substantial improvements in postural safety occurred after participants conducted safety observations, and these improvements did not appear to negatively affect productivity. Results also suggest that there is no relation between the accuracy of an observer's safety observation and their subsequent safety performance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This research provides evidence that a safety observation process can function to increase safe postural behavior of observers. Thus, the implementation of such a process may contribute to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and related costs in the workplace.     

Multi-level safety climate associations with safety behaviors in the fire service

Introduction: Limited research associated with safety climate has been completed within the fire service. Given this dearth of information, the present study sought to identify a valid and reliable measure of safety climate at both the workgroup and organizational levels within the fire service. Methods: Researchers surveyed 994 firefighters in two large metropolitan fire departments. Preliminary analyses including psychometrics, confirmatory factor analyses, and shared perception analyses were completed. A linear mixed model analysis was then completed to assess the relationships between workgroup safety climate, organizational safety climate, and safety behaviors, including both safety compliance and safety citizenship behaviors. Results: Measures of safety climate at the workgroup (WGSC) and organizational levels (OSC) were derived. WGSC factors include supervisor support (α = 0.92), vertical cohesion (α = 0.89), and horizontal cohesion (α = 0.94). OSC factors include management commitment (α = 0.91), safety programs/policies (α = 0.89), perceived fairness (α = 0.86) and incident command (α = 0.90). Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed our multi-factor models were a good fit to the data. The linear mixed model analysis found that WGSC positively predicted safety compliance behavior (B = 0.13, p < .001) and safety citizenship behavior (B = 0.22, p < .001) and OSC positively predicted safety compliance behavior (B = 0.16, p < .001) and safety citizenship behavior (B = 0.15, p < .001). Conclusions: This work presents reliable and valid measures of both workgroup and organizational safety climate, which have positive relationships with safety behavior outcomes. Practical application: The measures, which were developed through an extensive multi-method process, provide a means for researchers and practitioners to assess safety climate in the fire service and provides guidance for future safety climate research, including informing intervention research, which could potentially bolster safety climate and enhance safety in the fire service.     

金属矿山员工风险认知与安全行为的关系*

为探索金属矿山员工风险认知与安全行为之间的关系，选取金属矿山冒顶坍塌、中毒窒息和车辆伤害3类常见风险，从风险特征维度的视角提出研究假设。通过设计风险认知与安全行为量表开展调查，并对调查所获的397份问卷进行统计分析，利用相关分析、回归分析和中介效应对研究假设进行检验。研究结果表明:员工风险认知对安全行为有显著正向影响作用；风险熟悉度与员工风险认知存在显著正向关系，可用于表征员工风险认知；风险熟悉度对安全行为具有显著正向影响作用，且风险认知在这一过程中起部分中介作用；风险可控性和恐惧性在风险认知对安全行为作用过程中分别起负向调节和正向调节作用；风险自愿性仅对安全行为有直接的负向作用。     

安全氛围对企业安全行为的影响研究

国外大量研究表明,安全氛围调查在改进企业的安全行为方面有积极的作用,为组织制订未来的安全政策提供依据。本研究通过查阅文献、国外类似的诊断调查工具及软件,根据所提出的理论假设,采用线性结构方程建模的方法,构建了本研究的LISREL理论模型,并设计了相应的调查问卷和量表。从所建立的安全氛围的三个构面(安全管理、安全认知、安全态度)入手探讨企业的安全氛围对企业的安全行为(两个构面:安全执行、安全处理)的影响。本研究采用问卷调查的方式采集数据,将所得资料用SPSS11.0和LISREL8.3软件来分析处理和检验研究假设,研究结果为实证单位改进企业的安全行为提供了帮助。     

基于多元子代理模块系统(MAS)的单司机值乘驾驶安全可靠性研究

介绍并分析影响单司机值乘驾驶安全可靠性的因素,强调单司机值乘人-机-环境系统安全性中人行为的重要性,提出利用MAS模型对单司机值乘的安全可靠性进行分析。介绍该模型的标定过程,给出其驾驶行为的安全可靠度和Agent模型结合在一起来确定司机决策行为的过程和方法。为提高我国单司机值乘驾驶安全性提供了一种研究方法。     

Safety beliefs and safe behavior among midwestern college students

PROBLEM: This study investigated the impact of safety beliefs on safe behavior and the effect of age, gender, class standing, and geographic region on these beliefs and behaviors. It also compares the level of safety beliefs and safe behavior of Midwestern college students in 1993 to those in 2002. METHOD: A total of 1,059 undergraduate students at four Midwestern universities completed the 33-item questionnaire developed by Crowe (J. Saf. Res. 26 (1995) 187) during the spring semester of 2002. RESULTS: Significant main effects for gender and age on safety beliefs and safe behavior were found as well as a significant interaction between gender and age for both outcome variables. The regression model with the independent variables of personal responsibility and gender yielded a multiple R of.58, which explained 34% of the variance of the self-reported safe behavior. Midwestern college students in 2002 were found less safety-conscious in terms of self-reported safety beliefs and safe behavior than those in 1993. DISCUSSION: The findings indicate that safety education of adolescents and young adults in the United States has not been effective, at least for the last decade, or today's social and school environment is less conducive to the students' safe behavior and beliefs than a decade ago. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Proactive multidisciplinary approaches to enhance safe behavior and beliefs of young adults should be made based on critical evaluation of current approaches.     

安全领导力国内外研究现状分析

为了推动安全领导力的研究,使用文献分析的方法,研究了安全领导力的国内外研究现状,探讨了其未来研究方向。结果表明:目前安全领导力的主要研究内容为安全领导力对安全绩效或安全行为的作用机理和不同领导类型对安全绩效或安全行为的影响;对安全领导力的研究方法多为问卷调查法;安全领导力的未来研究方向应集中在安全领导行为构成研究、安全领导力测评量表开发以及安全领导力修炼3个方面。     

恐惧诉求对职业驾驶员安全驾驶态度和行为意向的影响

研究以EPPM模型作为理论框架,探讨恐惧诉求对危险驾驶行为(超速和不系安全带)态度和行为意向的作用。54名职业驾驶员在观看交通安全恐惧诉求录像后,完成安全驾驶行为问卷。回归分析表明恐惧诉求的交通事故录像能够改变驾驶员对超速及不系安全带驾驶的态度和行为意向,但作用不完全一致。恐惧情绪唤起通过恐惧情感所引发的威胁评估过程中介对不超速行为意向的影响。最后,对研究的局限和未来的研究进行讨论。     

Improving workplace safety by thinking about what might have been: A first look at the role of counterfactual thinking

Introduction: Information processing theories of workplace safety suggest that cognition is an antecedent of safety behavior. However, little research has directly tested cognitive factors as predictors of workplace safety within organizational psychology and behavior research. Counterfactuals (cognitions about “what might have been”) can be functional when they consist of characteristics (e.g., “upward’ – focusing on better outcomes) that alter behavior in a manner consistent with those outcomes. This field study aimed to examine the influence of counterfactual thinking on safety behavior and explanatory mechanisms and boundary conditions of that relationship. Method: A sample of 240 medical providers from a hospital in China responded to three surveys over a four-month time frame. Results: Results showed that upward counterfactuals were positively related to supervisor ratings of safety compliance and participation. These relationships were mediated by safety knowledge but not by safety motivation. Upward counterfactuals were more strongly related to safety behavior and knowledge than downward counterfactuals. As expected, safety locus of control strengthened the mediating effects of safety knowledge on the relationship between upward counterfactuals and safety behavior. Conclusions and Practical Applications: The findings demonstrated that counterfactual thinking is positively associated with safety behavior and knowledge, thus expanding the variables related to workplace safety and laying some initial groundwork for new safety interventions incorporating counterfactual thinking.