煤粉粒径对粉尘爆炸影响试验研究与数值模拟

为分析煤粉粉尘的爆炸特性,利用20 L爆炸球测试装置与Fluent软件,试验研究煤粉粒径、质量浓度对煤粉云最大爆炸压力、爆炸指数的影响。结果表明,当试验环境温度为293~303 K时,点火能量为10 k J,粒径为26,73和115μm等3种粉尘云的最大爆炸压力均随着粉尘质量浓度的增加先升后降,在350 g/m3处达到最大值。同一粉尘质量浓度下,最大爆炸压力、爆炸指数均随着粒径的减小而增大。在60~120 ms时间内,粒径为26μm、质量浓度为350 g/m3的粉尘颗粒在球体内能保持一定的稳定状态,60 ms左右扩散达到相对均匀状态。爆炸后,燃烧最高温度为2 060 K,未燃区温度由300 K上升至375 K。粒径为26μm的煤粉尘云爆炸危险性等级为Ⅱ级,粒径为73和115μm的煤粉尘云爆炸危险性等级为Ⅰ级。     

桑木粉尘最低着火温度的试验研究

为了解桑木粉尘着火敏感性以保证安全生产,采用标准Godbert-Greenwald恒温炉和热板测试装置系统地研究粉尘粒径、粉尘云浓度、喷粉压力、堆积厚度对粉尘最低着火温度的影响。结果表明:测试条件下,粉尘粒径从80减小到140目时,粉尘云最低着火温度从480℃降至450℃;粉尘云质量浓度从212 g/m~3增加到1 696 g/m~3时,粉尘云最低着火温度从490℃到470℃;喷粉压力从0.02 MPa增加到0.1 MPa时,粉尘云最低着火温度从500℃到485℃。堆积厚度为5 mm,粉尘粒径从80目减小到140目时,粉尘层最低着火温度从360℃到325℃;粉尘粒径为100目,堆积厚度从1 mm增加到7 mm时,粉尘层最低着火温度从390℃降至340℃。在同一粒径范围内,桑木粉尘云最低着火温度比粉尘层最低着火温度高120℃。因此,木材加工企业在防爆电气设备选型时,应参考相应木粉尘最低着火温度值,同时应在生产中采取措施避免粉尘堆积。     

可燃粉尘爆炸基础研究综述

对工业可燃粉尘爆炸基础研究进行了综述.对粉尘爆炸领域有史以来的主要基础研究成果进行了高度概括,内容涉及引起粉尘爆炸的可燃物质、影响粉尘云可燃性和爆炸性的因素、粉尘云在空气中的燃烧、引发粉尘爆炸的点火源、一次和二次粉尘爆炸、粉尘闪燃、杂混物的爆炸及粉尘云爆轰8个方面.回顾了粉尘爆炸的预防和缓解措施进展,指出了本质安全设计的意义.最后针对纳米颗粒粉尘的爆炸特性进行了探讨,通常粉尘的最小点火能随粉尘粒径减小而减小、爆炸指数随粉尘粒径减小而增大,这种趋势直到粉尘粒径减小到1～10 μm一直存在,但这种趋势可能不会持续到纳米粉体级别,可能的两个原因是纳米粉体的难于分散和凝并作用.     

不同粒径镁铝合金粉尘爆炸与抑爆特性研究

为了研究镁铝合金粉爆炸危险特性,利用20L球形爆炸容器进行测试,结果表明:180目 (80 μm)、 120目(125 μm) 和60目(250 μm)3种粒径下的金属粉尘爆炸下限浓度分别为45 g/m3,55 g/m3和95 g/m3。相同浓度下最大爆炸压力随粒径增大的而减小。以碳化硅和石墨为代表的研究中,60目,120目和180目的镁铝合金粉以10%的浓度梯度加入碳化硅浓度分别至50%,70%和80%,石墨浓度至30%,50%和60%时,镁铝合金粉不会发生爆炸。表明碳化硅及石墨等惰性粉尘都能对粉尘爆炸有抑制作用,其中石墨对镁铝合金粉的抑爆作用明显优于碳化硅。     

粉尘云浓度对HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响

为准确评价高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）粉尘爆炸敏感性和开展有效的粉尘防爆工作,采用Godbert-Greenwald恒温炉标准实验装置研究了典型HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的分布特性,着重探讨了粉尘云浓度对不同喷尘压力条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响规律。研究表明:测试条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的变化处于360~445 ℃范围,随粉尘云浓度的增加呈现先降低后升高的总体趋势,粉尘云浓度为1.111 kg/m3时出现拐点,且粉尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增加而降低。     

混合金属粉尘爆炸最小点火能量影响因素研究*

为探究混合金属粉尘爆炸危险性及与单一粉体爆炸特性差异，确保车间安全生产，采用粉尘云点火能量测试系统对车间混合金属粉尘及铝粉最小点火能量在不同影响因素下的变化规律及2种粉尘火焰变化特征进行测试。研究结果表明:混合金属粉尘和铝粉最小点火能量在一定范围内（38~96 μm）与粒径呈正相关性，当混合金属粉尘粒径大于75 μm时，所需最小点火能量大于1 000 mJ，其爆炸敏感性迅速降低，此时铝粉仍有较强爆炸敏感性；2种粉尘最小点火能量随质量浓度增加呈先降低后升高的趋势，最小点火能分别为295，15 mJ，对应的敏感质量浓度为600，1 000 g/m3，混合金属粉尘在质量浓度为500~700 g/m3时具有较大爆炸危险性；同铝粉相比，混合金属粉尘点火能量更高、火焰燃烧时间更短、火焰高度更低、爆炸剧烈程度更弱。     

综放工作面转载破碎点粉尘分布特征研究

为了研究综放工作面转载破碎点的粉尘分布特征,对进风顺槽沿程粉尘分布进行了现场实测,得到主要产尘点为转载机机头1 m处、破碎机处和前溜及后溜处.进一步分析了主要产尘点的分散度和粉尘浓度变化规律,结果表明:转载机机头1 m处以5 μm以下呼吸性粉尘为主,PM5粉尘质量浓度呈现先高后低的趋势,PM10粉尘质量浓度变化与之相反,治理时尘源处要以呼吸性粉尘为主,还需关注扩散滞留的可吸人粉尘;破碎机处主要为10 μm以下可吸人粉尘,PM5粉尘质量浓度开始波动较小,一段时间后升高,PM10粉尘质量浓度表现为先高后低的趋势,治理时尘源处要以可吸入粉尘为主,还应关注呼吸性粉尘的扩散;前后溜区域粉尘颗粒分布比较均匀,PM5粉尘质量浓度呈间歇性波动,PM10粉尘质量浓度变化比较平稳,治理时除考虑呼吸性粉尘和可吸人粉尘外,还应注重风流的影响,后溜处还需考虑粉尘粒径分布的多样性.     

硬脂酸粉尘爆炸特性试验研究

为研究硬脂酸粉尘的爆炸特性,采用20 L球型爆炸仪对4个粒径范围的硬脂酸粉尘进行粉尘爆炸试验研究。结果表明:一定浓度范围内增大粉尘浓度能够提升硬脂酸粉尘的爆炸能量和燃烧速率。增大粉尘浓度,爆炸猛烈度先增强后减弱;减小粉尘粒径,能增强爆炸猛烈度和敏感度。粒径小于58 μm粉尘的爆炸猛烈度和敏感度最大,浓度500 g/m3时,该粉尘有最大爆炸压力1.12 MPa和最大升压速率142.00 MPa/s。     

开放性粉尘时空分布的数值模拟研究

工程爆破常在开放空间中进行,因其产生的粉尘会对爆源周围环境造成影响,所以受到了广泛关注。为阐明工程爆破产生的粉尘的时空分布特征,基于相似性原理建立了二维几何模型,使用ANSYS Fluent仿真软件对爆破粉尘在不同环境风速下的时空分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明：在静风状态下,近尘源区域中的爆破粉尘自由缓慢扩散,空间分布范围小;当环境风速分别为1、2.45、5、10 m/s时,粉尘粒子均随气流扩散,且风速越大,粉尘粒子运移越快,空间分布范围越广;在近壁面区,受壁面摩擦影响,气流形成一涡旋卷吸区,涡旋卷吸区内粉尘浓度高,停留时间长,是高污染区,也是爆破粉尘防治的着力点。     

速生杨木粉尘最小点火能的实验研究

为防止木材加工中木质粉尘燃爆事故的发生，以纤维板生产中常见的原材料速生杨木粉尘作为研究对象，在分析粉尘粒径分布、元素分析、工业分析及形貌特征的基础上，采用1.2 L哈特曼管对3种不同粒径（0~50，＞50~96，＞96~180 μm）速生杨木粉尘进行最小点火能实验，探究点火延迟时间、喷粉压力、质量浓度和粒径分布对速生杨木粉尘最小点火能的影响及变化规律。研究结果表明:在质量浓度为500 g/m3时，分别增加点火延迟时间和喷粉压力，最小点火能都先减小后增大；最佳点火延迟时间和最佳喷粉压力分别为120 ms和120 kPa；粒径对最佳点火延迟时间和最佳喷粉压力无显著影响。在点火延迟和喷粉压力分别为120 ms和120 kPa条件下，最小点火能随质量浓度的增加先减小后增大。粉尘粒径与最小点火能呈正相关性，3种样品的最小点火能分别为1~3，1~3和7~13 mJ，对应的敏感质量浓度分别为500 ，750和1 250 g/m3，属于特别着火敏感性粉尘。     

除尘器脉喷清灰影响阶段的粉尘分级排放特征

过滤除尘器采用的脉冲喷吹式清灰造成清灰影响阶段粉尘排放浓度的大幅升高,制约除尘器的过滤捕捉性能。为了探索脉冲喷吹工况对清灰影响阶段粉尘排放的影响规律,为工业除尘器清灰设计提供技术参考,构建了脉喷清灰滤筒除尘器试验系统,测试滤筒内壁的压力分布,考察TSP(总粉尘)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)分级排放质量浓度变化,并研究了气包压力、过滤风速、最大允许过滤阻力对粉尘排放的影响。结果表明,在脉喷清灰影响阶段,TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)具有类似的变化趋势,排放质量浓度均先快速升高而后缓慢降低,持续时长30~60 s;排放量总体上随气包压力、最大允许过滤阻力增加而升高,其中气包压力达到临界值0.4 MPa时,排放质量浓度峰值和排放量增加显著;而粉尘排放随过滤风速增加先增后减。研究表明,通过调整脉喷工况可降低清灰影响阶段粉尘排放。     

Initiation of dust explosions by electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself

An investigation of ignition of dust clouds by the use of electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself has been conducted. This method of triggering capacitive sparks probably represents a realistic mechanism for initiating accidental dust explosions in industrial practice. Unlike the conventional method for determining the minimum ignition energy (MIE) in the laboratory, the delay between dust dispersion and spark discharge is not a degree of freedom. In stead, the transient dust cloud itself is used to initiate spark breakdown between electrodes set at a high voltage lower than breakdown in pure air. In the present study, different kinds of dusts were tested as ‘spark triggers’, and they exhibited quite different abilities to trigger breakdown. Large particles were found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than smaller ones. In general, conductive particles were not found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than dielectric ones when using the same dust concentration.Minimum ignition energies (MIE) of three dusts (Lycopodium clavatum, sulphur and maize starch) were determined using the authors' method of study. The MIEs were somewhat higher than those obtained using conventional methods, but relatively close to the values obtained through conventional methods.     

Influences of coal dust components on the explosibility of hybrid mixtures of methane and coal dust

In order to study the influences of coal dust components on the explosibility of hybrid mixture of methane and coal dust, four kinds of coal dust with different components were selected in this study. Using the standard 20 L sphere, the maximum explosion pressure, explosion index and lower explosion limits of methane/coal dust mixtures were measured. The results show that the addition of methane to different kinds of coal dust can all clearly increase their maximum explosion pressure and explosion index and decrease their minimum explosion concentration. However, the increase in the maximum explosion pressure and explosion index is more significant for coal dust with lower volatile content, while the decrease in the minimum explosion concentration is more significant for coal dust with higher volatile content. It is concluded that the influence of methane on the explosion severity is more pronounced for coal dust with lower volatile content, but on ignition sensitivity it is more pronounced for coal dust with higher volatile content. Bartknecht model for predicting the lower explosion limits of methane/coal dust mixture has better applicability than Le Chatelier model and Jiang model. Especially, it is more suitable for hybrid mixtures of methane and high volatile coal dust.     

除尘管道内木粉尘爆炸压力传播规律研究

为了探明除尘管道中粉尘爆炸压力的传播规律,利用自制通风除尘管道爆炸特性测试装置进行试验。研究结果表明:整个管道中粉尘爆炸压力波的传播过程可以分为自由传播阶段、管壁反射阶段和一维传播阶段;压力波在传递过程中处于边移动边生长的状态,具有压力累积效应;除尘管道中粉尘爆炸压力波幅及平均升压速率均与粒径呈负相关关系,二者随浓度变化呈现先上升后下降的趋势;利用Matlab分析了浓度、粒径对压力波的交互效应,表明二者交互作用显著。     

Moderation of dust explosions

Inherent safety is a proactive approach to process safety in which hazards are removed or minimized so as to reduce risk without engineered (add-on) or procedural intervention. Four basic principles are available to attain an inherently safer design—minimization, substitution, moderation, and simplification. The subject of the current paper is the principle of moderation as it applies to the prevention and mitigation of dust explosions.

Moderation can be achieved by processing a material under less severe operating conditions or by processing the material in a less hazardous form. With respect to the latter approach, it may be possible to alter the composition of a dust by admixture of solid inertants, or to increase the dust particle size so as to decrease its reactivity. Additionally, avoidance of the formation of hybrid mixtures of explosible dusts and flammable gases is an application of moderation of the material hazard.

Several examples are given for each of the above three forms of moderation. The discussion on admixture of solid inertants includes examples from the following industrial applications: (i) refractory materials manufacturing, (ii) food processing, (iii) power generation, (iv) industrial recycling, and (v) foundry shell mold fabrication. The importance of particle size consideration is explained first from the perspective of engineering tools such as the Dow Fire & Explosion Index, and professional guidance on the definition of a dust and suitable particle sizes for explosibility testing. Industrial examples are then drawn from the following areas: (i) rubber recycling and textile manufacturing, (ii) industrial recycling, (iii) wood processing, (iv) dry additive handling (polyethylene facility), (v) polyethylene production, (vi) carbon block recycling, and (vii) coal mining. The concluding discussion on hybrid mixtures includes brief cases from the process safety literature.     

Manganese mill dust explosion

A process dust explosion in a manganese pulverizing plant is described and probable causes of the incident are discussed. Explosibility and ignition characterization data are presented. An assessment is made of the feasibility of the use of deflagration suppression as a method of explosion protection in fine metal powder process systems.     

甲烷-煤尘复合火焰的传播与温度特征

为了揭示甲烷-煤尘复合体系的燃烧特征,利用高速摄像机、超细热电偶、显微镜头等对管道内甲烷-煤尘复合火焰的传播过程及其温度特征进行了试验研究.结果表明,随着煤尘浓度的增加,甲烷-煤尘复合火焰的最高温度及传播速度呈现先增大后减小的趋势; 对于甲烷-煤尘复合火焰,粒径较大的煤尘在较小的浓度达到最高温度,而粒径较小的煤尘则需要在较大的浓度达到最高温度.     

惰性粉体对蔗糖粉尘最小点火能的影响研究

为了预防蔗糖粉尘爆炸,利用1.2 L哈特曼管研究了NH₄H₂PO₄与Al(OH₄对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制作用。在蔗糖粉尘质量分数一定的条件下,通过改变 NH₄H₂PO₄与Al(OH)₄的粒径和质量分数,测定其对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制效果。结果表明:随着NH₄H₂PO₄和Al(OH)₄质量分数的增加,粒径的减小,蔗糖粉尘的最小点火能均逐渐增大,当惰性粉体增加到一定质量时,蔗糖粉尘被完全惰化,在蔗糖粉尘中分别加入粒径为48~74,38~47,25~37 μm的NH₄H₂PO₄和Al(OH)₄,3种粒径的NH₄H₂PO₄使蔗糖粉尘完全惰化的质量分数分别为40%,35%,30%,3种粒径的Al(OH)₃使蔗糖粉尘惰化的质量分数均为60%。因此(NH₄)H₂PO₄抑制蔗糖粉尘爆炸的效果比Al(OH)₃更显著。     

改良MPS型抑尘剂在料堆防尘中的试验研究

阐述了改良MPS型系列抑尘剂在料堆防尘中的试验研究.该类抑尘剂既防尘又具有抗水性能,防尘期长且成本低廉,适合各种露天料堆、料场.