Effects of phosphorous on the stabilization of solid waste in anaerobic landfill

Anaerobic bioreactor attracted more attention in recent years because of its environmental and financial benefits. Nutrients and moisture could exert profound influences on the degradation of the pollutants and stabilization of solid waste in anaerobic landfill. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of the activated sludge and phosphorous addition on the stabilization of solid waste. The experimental results indicated that phosphorous is the limiting nutrients in the landfill leachate; phosphorous and activated sludge simultaneously could stimulate the growth of the bacteria, enhance the attenuation of pollutants in landfill leachate and accelerate the stabilization of solid waste; the final removal efficiency of COD and NH₄⁺-N in R-C (phosphorous and activated sludge added simultaneously) was up to 95.13% and 73.4%, respectively. Therefore, phosphorous addition is an effective way to enhance the stabilization of solid waste in anaerobic landfill.     

活性污泥吸附预处理腈纶废水的机理研究

以活性污泥作为吸附材料,研究了其对腈纶废水COD的吸附特征。结果表明,活性污泥可吸附腈纶废水中的COD,吸附量可达135 mg/g。伪二级动力学方程能很好地描述活性污泥对腈纶废水中的COD的吸附过程,模型计算出的二级吸附速率常数(k2)为2.3×10-4g/(mg·min);Langmuir方程最适合描述该吸附过程,决定系数在0.96以上。从活性污泥吸附前后腈纶废水中的有机物相对分子质量分级结果可以看出,活性污泥对大分子(30 k Da)有机物有较好的去除,污泥的电镜照片也证明了该点。研究表明,活性污泥吸附可去除腈纶废水中的悬浮物和胶体物,是有效的腈纶废水预处理方法。     

Disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge by simultaneous combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment

The individual and simultaneous effects of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment on the disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated based on chemical properties of WAS. In the combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment methods (ultrasonic-acid pretreatment), lowering pH accelerated and enhanced the disintegration of waste biological sludge. Therefore, the same disintegration efficiency (obtained by ultrasonic pretreatment alone) was achieved by the combined pretreatment in shorter sonication times. Optimum pretreatment conditions were ultrasonic power density of 1.0 W/mL and pretreatment time of 10 min for ultrasonic pretreatment alone, and ultrasonic power density of 1.0 W/mL, pretreatment time of 10 min and initial sludge pH of 2.0 for the combined pretreatment. Sludge disintegration degrees were about 30% and 40% under these optimized conditions, respectively. Optimum sludge concentration was found to be 1.0% total solid (TS) content for the combined pretreatment. As a result, ultrasonic-acid pretreatment has been determined as a new and effective combined sludge pretreatment method to improve the sludge disintegration.     

蛭石在活性污泥法处理餐饮废水中的作用

探讨了蛭石添加到活性污泥中来处理餐饮废水这一特殊水质时所起的作用.试验结果表明,蛭石活性污泥体系协同蛭石的吸附和污泥生化的作用,提高微生物的降解速率,缩短了污水在反应器中的停留时间.膨胀蛭石活性污泥体系在曝气2 h条件下出水CODCr浓度远远优于常规活性污泥体系曝气5 h后出水CODCr浓度.试验还表明,蛭石起到生物膜载体的作用,其与活性污泥结合成的絮体颗粒在改善污泥沉降性能,提高净化效果的同时,也增强了系统的稳定性.     

铁氧体对活性污泥法处理生活污水的强化作用

为了提高活性污泥法处理生活污水的效率,采用铁氧体与生物法相结合方式处理生活污水。在生物反应器中投加磁化后的铁氧体粉末,在一定条件下驯化活性污泥。通过试验,得出了铁氧体的最佳投加量为375 mg/L。同普通活性污泥法相比,投加了375 mg/L铁氧体粉末的活性污泥对生活污水中COD和NH3-N的去除率分别提高了4.7%和26.5%;在各自的最佳运行条件下,投加铁氧体后反应器的水力停留时间缩短1 h。     

能源物质和接种物的投量对生物沥浸改善城市污泥脱水性能的影响

选用硫粉(S0)和黄铁矿粉(Fe S2)作为复合能源物质,以生物沥浸处理城市污泥脱水。通过正交试验分析了不同能源物质和接种物配比下的污泥脱水、沉降性能。结果表明:能源物质和接种物的合理配比为S0投量2 g/L、Fe S2投量6 g/L、接种物投量20%,在该投量下进行生物沥浸试验,污泥比阻由初始的3.35×1012m/kg降至3.90×1011m/kg,降幅达88.36%,污泥沉降率由68%升至78%;沥浸过程中污泥比阻、沉降率与p H值、ORP、Fe2+、Fe3+、总Fe和SO2-4质量浓度的变化同步,表明污泥脱水和沉降性能的改善是酸化、氧化和絮凝的协同作用所致;同时,细菌总数、总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的灭活率均在99%以上,表明生物沥浸还可高效杀灭病原微生物。     

好氧活性污泥法处理高碱性废水的实验研究

采用好氧活性污泥法对高碱性废水进行处理,研究了随着曝气时间的延长,废水pH值、碱度及COD的变化规律.实验结果表明,pH值随着曝气时间的延长逐步降低,而碳酸根碱度呈递增趋势,总碱度仅略有上升.经过8 h曝气后,原水pH值可由12.5降至10以下,COD去除率最高可达60.6%.     

Effects of heavy metals on planting watercress in kailyard soil amended by adding compost of sewage sludge

Mixture of sewage sludge with organic garbage was alternatively composted by aerobic and anaerobic technology for 60 days. A basin-scale experiment was performed by planting watercress with kailyard (KY) soil amended with the compost. The results show that average total organic carbon (TOC) increases from 98.45% to 787.69%, and average total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) increases to 98.53%, 27.34%, and 41.62%, respectively. The results of watercress in 6 pot experiments with a control treatment show that biomass production increases from 76.47% to 312.00% with the increase of addition of compost from 50 g to 150 g per pot but decreases from 312.00% to 102.29% with the addition of compost to soil and further increases from 150 g to 400 g per pot. The optimal amount of compost added to KY soil is 0.4 g of compost 1 kg of KY soil. Heavy metals accumulated by watercress demonstrate that Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn in the crop are much lower than the limited levels of Chinese criteria for vegetables. KY soil is proper to be amended with compost of sewage sludge without threat of bio-magnification of heavy metals to planting watercress.     

采用Mg(OH)2调节pH值对富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程氮磷释放的影响

以A/O工艺排出的富磷剩余污泥为对象,通过两组厌氧消化反应器(1组目标,1组对照),对比研究了Mg(OH)2作为pH值调节剂对污泥厌氧消化过程氮磷释放的影响。结果表明,Mg(OH)2在促进污泥水解的同时,可以有效降低消化液中NH4+-N、PO34--P质量浓度。经过21 d消化,目标反应器中VSS比对照试验多削减10%,但上清液中NH4+-N、PO4--P质量浓度仅为对照的25%、10%。消化后污泥中灰分增加,导致污泥浓缩与脱水性能显著提高。     

多功能混合菌剂处理模拟生活污水研究

从菜园土壤及药材土壤土样中分离选育出以丝状菌为主的6株COD高效降解菌,与实验室保藏的2株絮凝剂产生菌构建混合菌剂,使菌剂同时具有降解污染物以及增强活性污泥沉降性和絮凝性的功能.以COD去除率、污泥指数和活性污泥絮凝性为指标,研究了混合菌剂各菌种接种量的配比.结果表明,该菌剂添加于活性污泥系统处理模拟生活污水,可以使COD去除率从86.5%提高到94.5%,污泥指数从124下降到59.0,活性污泥絮凝性从0.358增加到0.530.研究表明,该多功能混合菌剂添加于活性污泥系统可以显著增强对模拟生活污水的处理效果.     

Particle Size Distribution to Assess the Performance of Trickling Filters

Particle size distributions by laser scatter analysis were compared with other solids settlement performance indicators from trickling filters. Field and laboratory pilot plant data indicated smaller less flocculated solids from trickling filters than activated sludge or rotating biological contractors (RBC). Analysis of utility company treatment plants indicated settlement characteristics were linked to less consistent performance from the trickling filters compared to activated sludge. Experiments with synthetic sewage also demonstrated a link between fine influent solids and performance. The research found no simple association between residual COD to BOD ratio and type of bioreactor. Neither was it possible to establish a link between flow rate and solids characteristics in the effluents but more complex analysis including ambient temperature, flow and recycle rates was suggested.     

Biohydrogen production using waste activated sludge as a substrate from fructose-processing wastewater treatment

Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation in a series of batch tests under different environmental control conditions was evaluated to determine the optimal initial cultivation pH and temperature for a continuous-flow kinetic test to validate the kinetic model system. The waste activated sludge (WAS) from fructose-processing manufacturing was used as the model substrate for biohydrogen production. The batch experiments for biohydrogen production were conducted in a 6 l bioreactor. Fifteen batch kinetic tests were investigated when pH was controlled at 6, 7, 8 and 9 as well as the temperature was controlled at 37 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the optimal operational condition for hydrogen production occurred while pH was 7 and temperature was 55 °C with the highest hydrogen production of 7.8 mmol. The optimal recovery time for hydrogen was 25 h in the batch experiments. Furthermore, the kinetic test of biohydrogen production was performed by anaerobic mixed microbial culture in the continuous-flow experiment when pH and temperature was maintained at 7 and 55 °C. Approximately 60% and 7% of substrate solution was converted into acetate and hydrogen, respectively, at the steady state. Roughly only 0.77% and 2.7% of substrate solution was converted into propionate and butyrate, respectively, at a steady-state condition. The experimental and modeling approaches presented in this study could be employed for the design of pilot-scale and full-scale anaerobic biohydrogen fermentors using food-processing waste activated sludge (WAS) as a substrate solution.     

UniTank工艺流程溶解氧浓度动态分析

利用活性污泥数学模型ASM2D建立了上海石洞口污水处理厂UniTank工艺流程的仿真模型,根据该仿真模型,分析了曝气强度和排泥速率对溶解氧浓度的影响.研究结果表明,该流程各反应器内溶解氧浓度具有非稳态特征,溶解氧浓度与曝气强度及排泥速率有关.曝气强度越大,反应器内溶解氧浓度越高;中池曝气强度的变化,会在一定范围内影响边池的溶解氧浓度.增加排泥速率,会降低反应器内混合液挥发性悬浮固体的浓度,并增大边池的溶解氧浓度.本研究结果对UniTank工艺溶解氧浓度的合理调控提供了理论依据.     

活性污泥改性及其在废水处理中的应用

介绍了活性污泥的生物、化学组成,以及活性污泥改性方法,阐述了现有方法的研究现状及优缺点,比较了各种活性污泥在废水处理中的应用效果,分析结果认为活性污泥改性对废水处理具有广阔的应用前景.     

活性污泥固定化、改性及对生活污水的处理

通过正交设计,以COD去除率为考核指标对固定化载体聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)与活性污泥的配比进行参数优化;使用硫酸钠、硝酸钠、磷酸钠为交联剂对固定化颗粒进行二次交联改性,研究其污水处理效果,探究在不同温度和pH值条件下固定化活性污泥对生活污水的处理效果及其稳定性。结果表明,固定化活性污泥对生活污水中的COD、NH4+-N、TP处理效果优于普通活性污泥,且固定化活性污泥颗粒运行稳定,20 d仍有较好的污水处理效果;正交试验结果显示,固定化活性污泥的适宜固定化载体浓度及污泥配比为质量分数8%聚乙烯醇(PVA)、2%海藻酸钠(SA)、质量分数50%活性污泥(普通活性污泥与包埋剂质量比1∶1)。经过二次交联的固定化活性污泥提高了污水处理效果,硫酸钠作为二次交联剂效果最好,污水中COD、NH4+-N和TP的去除率达93.5%、92.3%、78.0%;经固定化后活性污泥对温度和pH值的适应范围变宽,在温度低于4℃高于40℃、pH≤5和pH≥9仍然有较好的处理效果,去除效果均比普通活性污泥提高10%以上。     

Performance of a pilot scale up-flow septic tank for on-site decentralized treatment of residential wastewater

The aim of this research was to study the on-site anaerobic treatment of a medium-strength residential wastewater in a pilot-scale up-flow septic tank (UST). The effects of three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 24, 12 and 6 h on the UST performance were investigated. The UST removed 85, 77, and 86% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively, at steady state operation and with a 24 h HRT. Decreasing the HRT to 12 and then 6 h resulted in deteriorated effluent quality and significantly reduced reactor performance. The sludge showed a high specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of 15.2 mL CH₄ g^?1 VSS d^?1 with raw wastewater substrate. The solids accumulated in the tank by the end of the experiment had a VSS/TSS of 0.57, demonstrating significant stabilization. Overall, the UST is concluded to be a technically and economically promising alternative to conventional septic tanks for the on-site decentralized treatment of residential wastewater, particularly in the rural communities of developing countries.     

超声波预处理城市水厂剩余污泥的研究

利用超声波处理剩余污泥,通过离心作用模拟污水厂污泥脱水过程,以离心后含水率表征剩余污泥的脱水性能,最终确定最佳超声条件为:超声时间10 min,超声声能密度0.8 W/m L;另外分别研究了单独超声作用、单独絮凝剂作用以及超声-絮凝联合作用对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,单独超声处理或絮凝调理均可降低剩余污泥离心后含水率,超声波与絮凝剂共同作用能更好地提高剩余污泥的脱水性能,并对剩余污泥脱水性能改善的机理进行了理论分析。     

含油污泥石油醚浸提技术研究

采用石油醚浸提技术对含油率为50.1%的污泥进行处理,以回收原油.当温度为45 ℃,搅拌时间为5 min,水加入量为20 mL(pH值为9),石油醚加入量为9 mL时,油去除率为93.70%.采用气相-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪对石油醚浸提回收的废油进行定性分析并与原油进行了对比,证明该工艺可以有效保证回收废油的油品质量.     

胞外聚合物对活性污泥沉降和絮凝性能的影响研究

胞外聚合物 (EPS)对污泥沉降和絮凝性能具有重要影响 ,它由松散附着 (LB)和紧密粘附 (TB)的两部分组成。笔者考察了不同运行方式和不同泥龄培养的污泥LB和TB的含量及其成分对污泥沉降和絮凝性能的影响 ,研究结果表明 :虽然LB只占总EPS的 0 .6 %～ 13.5 % ,但它对污泥的沉降和絮凝性能起着决定作用 ,LB含量越多 ,污泥的沉降和絮凝性能越差 ;而TB的影响很小。因此 ,选择合适的运行方式 ,延长污泥泥龄 ,可减少LB含量 ,有利于活性污泥工艺运行安全、稳定、高效。     

污泥掺烧对焚烧后固体废物污染物排放的影响

在佛山某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂开展生活垃圾掺烧市政污泥工业试验,分析5%、10%、15%的市政污泥掺烧对电厂焚烧后固体废物中重金属和二噁英排放的影响。结果表明,掺烧污泥使Cd在飞灰中的分布提高了40%以上,但其他重金属的分布特征仍主要受各自沸点的影响。焚烧固废中重金属含量受污泥的引入影响普遍不显著,飞灰中Cu浸出质量浓度上升20%,Ni、Pb、Hg、Cr的浸出质量浓度波动下降;炉渣中重金属浸出质量浓度波动较大。焚烧飞灰中总二噁英含量与污泥掺烧比例成负相关,且与投料中的Cl质量分数成正相关,与S质量分数成负相关。因此,低于15%的污泥掺烧比例不会显著提升焚烧固废中污染物排放浓度。