固体废弃物填埋场产气率的估算

填埋气体的产生过程可分为需氧分解、需氧/酸性分解、向厌氧分解过渡、厌氧分解和稳定阶段5个.填埋场产气率的估算是填埋场气体收集和控制系统设计的重要环节.本文对填埋场气体和集气井产气量的估算方法进行研究.给出了2种较简单的填埋场气体量的估算方法.并用该方法对一个三角形布置的集气井的产气量进行了估算.结果表明,这2组公式可用于填埋场的产气率的估算.     

A novel pretreatment process of mature landfill leachate with ultrasonic activated persulfate: Optimization using integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology

A novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) using ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation was used to pretreat mature landfill leachate. The effects of different operating variables (e.g., the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, pH, temperature, ultrasonic power and reaction time) on the oxidation performance were investigated regarding the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency, and the variables were optimized using the integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the Taguchi method under L₁₆ (4⁵) arrays and a grey relational analysis, the most significant variables included the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, temperature and reaction time. The concentrations of these variables were further optimized using RSM. Using the integrated optimization method, the optimal conditions included an initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration of 8.5 mM, a reaction temperature of 70 °C and a reaction time of 2.46 h, which resulted in a TOC removal efficiency of 77.32%. The experimental results showed that the enhanced TOC removal from mature landfill leachate by sono-activated persulfate oxidation could be attributed to the combined effects of ultrasonic catalysis and sulfate radical-AOP. Overall, ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation is a promising method for the pretreatment of landfill leachate.     

Disintegration of waste activated sludge by different applications of Fenton process

Oxidative disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge (WAS) using conventional Fenton (Fe²⁺ + H₂O₂, CFP) and Fenton type (Fe⁰ + H₂O₂, FTP) processes was investigated and compared in terms of the efficiency of sludge disintegration and enhancement of anaerobic biodegradability. The influences of different operational variables namely sludge pH, initial concentration of Fe²⁺ or Fe⁰, and H₂O₂ were studied in detail. The optimum conditions have been found as catalyst iron dosage = 4 g/kg TS, H₂O₂ dosage = 40 g/kg TS and pH = 3 within 1 h oxidation period for both CFP and FTP. Kinetics studies were performed under optimal conditions. It was determined that the sludge disintegration was happened in two stages by both processes: rapid and subsequent slow disintegration stages and rapid sludge disintegration stage can be described by a zero-order kinetic model. The effects of oxidative sludge disintegration under the optimum conditions on anaerobic digestion were experienced with biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay in batch anaerobic reactors. Total methane production in the CFP and FTP pre-treated reactors increased by 26.9% and 38.0%, relative to the untreated reactor (digested the raw WAS). Furthermore, the total chemical oxygen demand reductions in the pre-treated reactors were improved as well.     

Two-stage biodegradation coupled with ultrafiltration for treatment of municipal landfill leachate

The municipal landfill leachate was treated in a hydrolysis–acidification reactor (HAR)/aerobic bio-contact oxidation reactor (ABOR) following a pretreatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Experiments were conducted continuously for 44 days at a constant flow rate of 20 l d⁻¹ and organic loading rates (OLRs) from 0.75 to 1.5 kgCOD m⁻³ per day. The results showed that COD of the leachate steadily decreased from 20,015 mg l⁻¹ to less than 3000 mg l⁻¹, and NH₄-N decreased from 368.6 mg l⁻¹ to 259.3 mg l⁻¹ in the UF process. The COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency of HAR was 56.7% and 27.7%, and that of ABOR was 94.6% and 86.7%, respectively. The total COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency reached 99.6% and 93.2%, respectively. UF and HAR played a critical role in raising the biodegradability of the landfill leachate, while ABOR had an important function on removing the dissolved NH₄-N in leachate.     

Release characteristics and control of nitrogen,phosphate, organic matter from spent mushroom compost amended soil in a column experiment

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a co-product of edible mushroom which contains abundant nutrients including organics, nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P). This study is related to the release potential of nitrogen, phosphate and organic matter from SMC amended soil in column-based experiments. Results showed that due to SMC application, NH₄⁺–N and NO₃⁻–N concentrations in leachate decreased by 92.5% and 76.3%, respectively, while EC and COD_Cr concentrations increased by 84.2% and 481.9%, respectively, as compared to chemical fertilizers. Moreover, a minor loss of TN_cum (65%) and TP_cum (almost equal value) exhibited good nutrient retention capacity. Leaching test results demonstrated that the mixed application of SMC and chemical fertilizers could alleviate excessive COD_Cr level in SMC leachate. The release process of nutrients in SMC amended soil could be described by first/first order mixed model, indicating that nutrients leached from SMC follow a two-stage pattern.     

Removal of humic substances from landfill leachate by Fenton oxidation and coagulation

In this study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was characterized as total organic constituents and the isolated humic substances (HS) were characterized as an individual organic contaminant in landfill leachate. It was found that the HS content of landfill leachate was 83.3%. The results of laboratory tests to determine the roles of HS in reducing the organic content of landfill leachate during Fenton process are presented. Furthermore, the performances of oxidation and coagulation of Fenton reaction on the removal of HS and COD from leachate were investigated. The change curves of HS removal were similar to those of COD. The HS removal was 30% higher than COD removal, which indicated that HS were mostly degraded into various intermediate organic compounds but not mineralized by Fenton reagent. The oxidation removal was greatly influenced by initial pH relative to the coagulation removal. The oxidation and coagulation removals were linear dependent with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous dosages, respectively. Ferrous dosage greatly influenced the coagulation removal of COD at low ratio ([H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] < 3.0), but not at extremely high ratio ([H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] > 6.0). The coagulation removal of HS was not affected obviously by oxidation due to both Fenton oxidation and coagulation remove high molecular weight organics preferentially. Higher temperature gave a positive effect on oxidation removal at low Fe²⁺ dosage, but this effect was not obvious at high Fe²⁺ dosage.     

Emergy analysis of cassava vinasse treatment

Vinasse has great pollution to the environment. A number of technologies have been explored for reducing the pollution of vinasse. Sustainability has become an important factor when discussing wastewater treatment techniques. Emergy analysis was used to evaluate the treatment of cassava vinasse in this paper. Cr (emergy consumption ratio) as a new emergy index was proposed to measure the impact of waste treatment to the society. Centrifugal solid–liquid separation, UASB (up-flow anaerobic sludge bed), and SBR (sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process) are used in the treatment process. The emergy indices for cassava vinasse treatment system were as follows: EYR (emergy yield ratio) was 6.20, ELR (environmental loading ratio) was 5.81, ESI (emergy sustainability index) was 1.07, and Cr was 4.60E+12 sej/m³. The emergy of coal electricity accounts for 46% of all purchased inputs. It is necessary to improve the treatment technology to reduce the electricity used.     

灰渣填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究

垃圾渗滤液,又称渗沥水或浸出液,是指垃圾在堆放和填埋过程中由于发酵和雨水的淋浴,冲刷,以及地表水和地下水的浸泡而滤出来的污水。垃圾填埋场渗滤液是一种高浓度有机废水,其化学特性与填埋场废物成分、填埋方式、填埋龄以及填埋场环境条件等密切相关,一般评价渗滤液的指标包括:COD Cr、BOD5、SS、总氮、氨氮、重金属等,主要污染物为溶解性有机物、氨氮,无机盐类物质含量较高,一般都极难处理而且会对周围环境造成严重的影响,特别是渗入到地下影响地下水,对周围的居民和植物的生存有很大的影响,渗出的渗滤液味道十分难闻也会产生沼气,影响大气环境。因此渗滤液的处理是城市垃圾填埋场正常运行的必不可少的环节之一。本次课题通过实验对渗滤液进行不同技术路线处理,探索渗滤液的有效方法。     

Partial nitritation of landfill leachate with varying influent composition under intermittent aeration conditions

The start-up and operation of a partial nitritation sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of landfill leachate were carried out on intermittent aeration mode. Partial nitrite accumulation was established in 15 days after the mode was changed from continuous aeration to intermittent aeration. Despite the varying influent composition, partial nitritation could be maintained by adjusting the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the air flow rate. An increase in the air flow rate together with a decrease in air off duration can improve the partial nitritation capacity and eventually result in the development of granular sludge with fine diameters. A nitrogen loading rate of 0.71 ± 0.14 kg/m³/d and a COD removal rate of 2.21 ± 0.13 kg/m³/d were achieved under the conditions of an air flow rate of 19.36 ± 1.71 m³ air/m³/h and an air on/off duration of 1.5 min/0.7 min. When the ratio of total air flux (TAF) to the influent loading rate (ILR) was controlled at the range of 163–256 m³ air/kg COD, a stable effluent NO₃^?–N/NO_x^?–N (NO₂^?–N plus NO₃^?–N) ratio below 13% was achieved. Interestingly, the effluent pH was found to be a good indicator of the effluent NO₂^?–N/NH₄⁺–N ratio, which is an essential parameter for a subsequent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) reactor.     

垃圾渗滤液溶质运移的机理及数学模型

卫生填埋法是我国目前城市生活垃圾处理的主要手段.填埋法处理城市生活垃圾会产生大量污染物浓度高的渗滤液,若不加处理则会对周围环境水体产生二次污染,危害极大.为了控制和治理垃圾渗滤液,就需要对垃圾渗滤液的运移规律进行研究.以垃圾降解的生化反应机理为基础,综合考虑对流、弥散、扩散、吸附和有机物生物降解等作用,建立了垃圾渗滤液溶质运移的对流-弥散模型,并对其一维数学模型进行解析求解.     

垃圾渗滤液特性分析及Fenton预处理研究

利用Fenton—混凝沉淀法预处理广西某垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液,对Fenton试剂以及混凝沉淀进行了单因素分析,分别研究了垃圾渗滤液在不同的n[Fe2+]/n[H2O2]、H2O2投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、反应时间、PAC投加量等条件下的处理效果。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液经Fenton—混凝预处理,对COD、色度、SS处理效果好,对NH3—N去除效果不明显;渗滤液的可生化性有所提高,可进行后续生化处理。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液的防渗措施和地下水的污染防护

本文首先介绍了垃圾填埋场对其附近地下水体的潜在污染危害,着重介绍了为防止地下水体污染填埋场而采用的防渗措施,包括封场后的顶部覆盖层、中间夹层、底部集排系统以及底层和四周的衬层系统.然后介绍了由于防渗措施局部失效或其他原因(如破损、腐蚀等)引起渗滤液污染地下水以后可采用的防护方法(物理和生化技术),主要有隔离措施、地下曝气、反应墙或反应井、人工补给或抽水、水力截获、原位生物修复技术.最后简要介绍了对填埋场污染地下水这一问题的研究现状,并对这一方面的技术研究提出展望.     

德国垃圾卫生填埋场建设和运行中的环境安全措施

卫生填埋是处理城市垃圾和各种危险固体废物的主要方式。垃圾填埋场在接纳了大量垃圾的同时容易引起填埋气体爆炸、有毒有害物质向环境泄漏和填埋场使用年限缩短等环境安全问题。完善的填埋法律法规体系、科学的填埋场建设和运行管理是保证卫生填埋环境安全的核心。德国垃圾填埋处理有很长的历史,技术和管理都比较成熟。介绍了德国垃圾填埋处理的法律法规体系、主要技术指标以及填埋场日常运行系统,为我国垃圾的卫生填埋场建设和运行管理提供参考。     

High nitrite accumulation and strengthening denitrification for old-age landfill leachate treatment using an autocontrol two-stage hybrid process

An autocontrol two-stage hybrid process was developed to treat landfill leachate. Biological nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite pathway was split into two stages. The first stage was designed for the high nitrite accumulation and was composed of two hybrid bed reactors (Hybrid I and Hybrid II) and a coagulation–flocculation reactor having effective volumes of 120 L and 80 L, respectively. The second stage was designed for strengthening denitrification and included a single 80 L reactor. The carriers of the hybrid bed reactors were composed of fixed multiple flexible carriers and suspended particle carriers. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH value, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and temperature were used as online fuzzy control parameters of the automatic control system. The concentration of nitrite in Hybrid I and Hybrid II could reach 411 mg L⁻¹ and 604 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Ammonia removal has reached maximal rates of 0.061 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹ and 0.041 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹, respectively. A maximum nitrite removal rate of 0.211 kgNO₂⁻-N (m³ h)⁻¹ was observed during the strengthening denitrification. The running time of one cycle was not fixed and was actually controlled by the system. The results indicated that the running period was more closely related to influent ammonia concentration than influent COD concentration. The aeration times could be shortened and the energy could be saved. The autocontrol two-stage hybrid process is therefore an economical and effective way for landfill leachate treatment.     

Investigation of biocatalytic potential of garbage enzyme and its influence on stabilization of industrial waste activated sludge

The decomposable waste thrown into the environment can be used to produce value added bio-product which in turn reduces the production of greenhouse gas. Garbage enzyme is one such value added product produced by fermentation of organic solid waste. In the present study enzyme activity and disinfectant potential of garbage enzyme was evaluated and its influence on reduction of total solids, suspended solids and pathogens in dairy waste activated sludge were studied. The result showed the garbage enzyme possesses protease, amylase and lipase activity and reduced 37.2% of total solids, 38.6% of suspended solids and 99% of pathogens in dairy waste activated sludge. This significant result may be helpful for researchers to compare the effectiveness of earth-friendly garbage enzyme treatment of industrial sludge with various physical and chemical pre-treatment methods to improve the biogas production from the sludge digestion unit.     

Biohydrogen production using waste activated sludge as a substrate from fructose-processing wastewater treatment

Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation in a series of batch tests under different environmental control conditions was evaluated to determine the optimal initial cultivation pH and temperature for a continuous-flow kinetic test to validate the kinetic model system. The waste activated sludge (WAS) from fructose-processing manufacturing was used as the model substrate for biohydrogen production. The batch experiments for biohydrogen production were conducted in a 6 l bioreactor. Fifteen batch kinetic tests were investigated when pH was controlled at 6, 7, 8 and 9 as well as the temperature was controlled at 37 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the optimal operational condition for hydrogen production occurred while pH was 7 and temperature was 55 °C with the highest hydrogen production of 7.8 mmol. The optimal recovery time for hydrogen was 25 h in the batch experiments. Furthermore, the kinetic test of biohydrogen production was performed by anaerobic mixed microbial culture in the continuous-flow experiment when pH and temperature was maintained at 7 and 55 °C. Approximately 60% and 7% of substrate solution was converted into acetate and hydrogen, respectively, at the steady state. Roughly only 0.77% and 2.7% of substrate solution was converted into propionate and butyrate, respectively, at a steady-state condition. The experimental and modeling approaches presented in this study could be employed for the design of pilot-scale and full-scale anaerobic biohydrogen fermentors using food-processing waste activated sludge (WAS) as a substrate solution.     

广州市生活垃圾处理设施的调查、监测与分析

通过对广州市城市生活垃圾处理设施的调查及其排放污染物的监测和分析,阐述了广州市城市生活垃圾处理设施的特点,并提出了规范城市生活垃圾填埋场建设、加强垃圾填埋场管理、减少其对周围环境的影响和发展生活垃圾焚烧发电技术等建议.     

Disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge by simultaneous combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment

The individual and simultaneous effects of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment on the disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated based on chemical properties of WAS. In the combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment methods (ultrasonic-acid pretreatment), lowering pH accelerated and enhanced the disintegration of waste biological sludge. Therefore, the same disintegration efficiency (obtained by ultrasonic pretreatment alone) was achieved by the combined pretreatment in shorter sonication times. Optimum pretreatment conditions were ultrasonic power density of 1.0 W/mL and pretreatment time of 10 min for ultrasonic pretreatment alone, and ultrasonic power density of 1.0 W/mL, pretreatment time of 10 min and initial sludge pH of 2.0 for the combined pretreatment. Sludge disintegration degrees were about 30% and 40% under these optimized conditions, respectively. Optimum sludge concentration was found to be 1.0% total solid (TS) content for the combined pretreatment. As a result, ultrasonic-acid pretreatment has been determined as a new and effective combined sludge pretreatment method to improve the sludge disintegration.     

Performance of a pilot scale up-flow septic tank for on-site decentralized treatment of residential wastewater

The aim of this research was to study the on-site anaerobic treatment of a medium-strength residential wastewater in a pilot-scale up-flow septic tank (UST). The effects of three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 24, 12 and 6 h on the UST performance were investigated. The UST removed 85, 77, and 86% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively, at steady state operation and with a 24 h HRT. Decreasing the HRT to 12 and then 6 h resulted in deteriorated effluent quality and significantly reduced reactor performance. The sludge showed a high specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of 15.2 mL CH₄ g^?1 VSS d^?1 with raw wastewater substrate. The solids accumulated in the tank by the end of the experiment had a VSS/TSS of 0.57, demonstrating significant stabilization. Overall, the UST is concluded to be a technically and economically promising alternative to conventional septic tanks for the on-site decentralized treatment of residential wastewater, particularly in the rural communities of developing countries.     

Removal of H2S by co-immobilized bacteria and fungi biocatalysts in a bio-trickling filter

Biological control of odor gases has gained more attention in recent years. In this study, removal performance of a vertical bio-trickling filter inoculated with bacteria and fungi was studied. Bacteria and fungi were isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment plant. By adopting “three step immobilization method”, the bio-trickling filter could degrade pollutant immediately once hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) passed. The optimal empty bed resident time was 20 s. The optimal elimination capacity was about 60 g H₂S m^?3 h^?1 with removal efficiency of 95%. And the maximum elimination capacity was 170 g H₂S m^?3 h^?1. Pressure drop was ranged between 5 and 15 mm H₂O per bed over the whole operation. Removal efficiency was not affected obviously after terminating nutrient supply. The bio-trickling filter could recover back after shut down H₂S gaseous and liquid supplies simultaneously. Microbial community structure in the bio-trickling filter was not changed significantly.Combining bacteria and fungi would be a better choice for inoculation into a bio-trickling filter because of the quickly degradation of H₂S and rapid recovery under shut-down experiment. This is the first study attempting to combine bacteria and fungi for removal of H₂S in a bio-trickling filter.