膜生物反应器的膜污染机理及其防治

膜生物反应器(MBR)在污水处理中的应用范围和规模虽然不断增加,然而,膜污染严重阻碍了膜生物反应器技术的推广应用.介绍了膜污染产生机理及数学模型,从膜材料选取及膜组件安装、对混合液进行预处理、选择最佳操作条件、采用最佳膜清洗方式四个方面分析了膜污染的防治方法.     

MES-AnMBR耦合工艺处理模拟偶氮染料废水及膜污染特性研究

采用微生物电化学系统(MES)-厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)耦合工艺处理模拟偶氮染料废水，考察了该工艺的产电情况、对偶氮染料刚果红(CR)的脱色率和膜污染特性。结果表明，外阻为50Ω时，反应器阳极的电化学活性最高，平均输出电流、最大功率密度和电流密度分别为(0.43±0.03)mA、78.98 mW/m²和644.63mA/m²;50Ω、400Ω和1 000Ω3组反应器的平均COD去除率在81.44%～85.20%，平均脱色率分别为(89.50±3.14)%、(85.00±3.15)%和(82.00±2.87)%；与对照组相比，50Ω、400Ω和1 000Ω3组反应器将膜堵塞的时间从16 d分别延长至39 d、35 d和24 d。反应器产生的电流能够促进泥饼层中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖的降解，随着输出电流的增加，SMP和松散型胞外聚合物含量逐渐降低。     

膜性能增效剂在膜生物反应器中的应用

将膜性能增效剂(MPE)作为絮凝剂加入到膜生物反应器(MBR)中,对比了MPE加入前后MBR中空纤维膜组件的污染程度.实验发现,MPE加入前后,MBR的COD去除率均高于90%.未加MPE时MBR的膜驱动压力(TMP)超过0.015 MPa后,TMP快速增长,表明MBR的中空纤维膜组件很快被污染.加入MPE后,TMP增长速率较慢,表明MPE对膜污染起到延缓的作用.MPE与膜上的主要污染物溶解性微生物产物和胞外聚合物作用后,絮体变大,使分散悬浮在水中的胞外聚合物不会沉积在中空纤维膜组件表面,明显改善了MBR中空纤维膜组件的污染程度.     

溶解氧浓度对膜生物反应器污泥特性的影响

研究了DO对膜生物反应器(MBR)中污泥特性的影响。实验结果表明:随DO的增加COD去除率和TN去除率降低,在平均进水COD为848 mg/L的条件下,DO分别为2,4,6 mg/L的MBR的COD去除率为99.12%,97.83%,97.81%;DO增加导致微生物分泌出更多的溶解性微生物产物,污泥比耗氧速率降低;DO越高,相应气水比越大,导致污泥粒径变小,污泥比阻增加。     

用水解酸化池-膜生物反应器处理活性艳红X-3B废水

采用水解酸化池-膜生物反应器处理含活性艳红X-3B的模拟废水，研究了水力停留时间（HRT）对水解酸化池废水处理效果的影响，考察了水解酸化池-膜生物反应器对废水的处理效果及膜生物反应器中污泥沉降性能对膜污染的影响。实验结果表明：水解酸化池HRT为16h时，废水的可生化性最好，挥发性脂肪酸质量浓度与COD比值为0．5；HRT为17h时，废水脱色率达69％，而COD的去除率受HRT影响较小；膜生物反应器主要起去除废水中COD的作用；水解酸化池-膜生物反应器处理后废水的脱色率和COD去除率分别为83％和97％；膜生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能的变化直接影响膜污染的速率。     

Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理造纸废水的膜污染与清洗

采用Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理造纸废水二级出水,研究了陶瓷膜膜污染的机理,提出了相应的清洗再生方案。实验结果表明:Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理后废水的溶解性有机碳和色度去除率分别达到84.2%和94.1%。通过Darcy定律模型计算,过滤阻力主要来自于滤饼层阻力,约占总阻力的62.1%;滤饼层中主要污染物为悬浮固体,约占滤饼层总质量的75.4%;疏水性有机物是造成滤饼层污染的主要溶解性有机物,而亲水性有机物更易造成膜孔堵塞;腐殖酸对滤饼层和膜孔堵塞影响较大,而蛋白质比多糖更易引起膜孔堵塞。采用HNO_3清洗污染膜效果最佳,在HNO_3质量分数1.00%、反应时间15 min时,膜通量恢复率达73.6%。     

膜生物反应器及其组合工艺在有机废水处理中的应用

膜生物反应器是一种膜与生物反应器相结合的废水处理新工艺。介绍了膜生物反应器的种类，特性及其组合工艺。综述了国内外用于有机物废水处理过程中的研究进展及应用现状，并对其发展前景作出了展望。     

膜生物反应器中膜孔堵塞的影响因素及控制方法

介绍了膜生物反应器（MBR）中膜污染形成的机理,分析了膜材质、膜孔大小、膜表面粗糙度、过膜溶质性质、处理液性质、过膜操作方式等因素对膜孔堵塞的影响,阐述了控制膜孔堵塞的重点和主要方法,指出了今后解决膜孔堵塞问题的研究重点。     

错流过滤活性污泥过程中膜污染的研究

采用通量阶式递增法对自制未改性滤膜用于膜生物反应器时的临界通量进行了测定.实验结果表明该膜生物反应器的临界通量为23.8 L(/ m2·h).在低于临界通量的条件下,对膜过滤活性污泥的污染行为进行了研究,通过模型计算,得出膜通量的衰减同时符合膜阻力模型、孔堵塞阻力模型和滤饼层阻力模型.对运行后过滤阻力分布进行分析,结果...     

外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水

采用外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水,废水中的有机物被生物接触氧化池填料上形成生物膜的微生物降解,然后通过中空纤维超滤膜进行过滤,出水中油的质量浓度在1m g/L以下,悬浮物的质量浓度在3m g/L以下。考察了细菌的筛选、生物膜的培养驯化及压力、温度等对膜通量的影响。实验结果表明,筛选出的3株高效原油降解菌有很好的除油效果;生物膜经培养驯化成熟后,生物接触氧化池内细菌浓度为1×106个/mL;膜通量随压力和温度的适当提高而增加,适宜的操作压力为0.08M Pa,温度为20~28℃。分别用超滤水反冲洗、稀碱、稀酸、杀菌剂(如N aC lO溶液)和清水冲洗被污染的超滤膜,可使膜通量恢复到新膜的98%以上;在生物除油工序后增加沉淀池,膜污染可减少约7.77%。     

可溶性微生物产物的产生及影响因素分析

对可溶性微生物产物(SMP)的产生和性质进行了概述,指出SMP是影响生化出水水质的重要因素;建立了完全混合反应器中SMP浓度的计算公式。基质降解量(△S)、污泥龄(@)、污泥产率因数(y)和衰减速率系数(b)是影响SMP浓度的4个重要因素,SMP浓度同污泥浓度、水力停留时间无关。分析表明,对应某污泥龄,反应器中SMP浓度可达到最低,控制污泥龄可以达到降低出水中SMP浓度的目的。     

Scientific basis of dissolved organic carbon limitation for landfilling of municipal treatment sludge – Is it attainable and justifiable?

This study evaluated the scientific and technical basis of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) limitation imposed on municipal sludge for landfilling, mainly for assessing the attainability of the implemented numerical level. For this purpose, related conceptual framework was analyzed, covering related sewage characteristics, soluble microbial products generation, and substrate solubilization and leakage due to hydrolysis. Soluble COD footprint was experimentally established for a selected treatment plant, including all the key steps in the sequence of wastewater treatment and sludge handling. Observed results were compared with reported DOCs in other treatment configurations. None of the leakage tests performed or considered in the study could even come close to the prescribed limitation. All observed results reflected 10–20 fold higher DOC levels than the numerical limit of 800 mg/kg (80 mg/L), providing conclusive evidence that the DOC limitation imposed on municipal treatment sludge for landfilling is not attainable, and therefore not justifiable on the basis of currently available technology.     

Recent Advances in the Production, Recovery and Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters that can potentially replace certain plastics derived from petroleum. PHAs can be produced using a combination of renewable feedstocks and biological methods. Native and recombinant microorganisms have been generally used for making PHAs via fermentation processes. As much as 90 % of the microbial dry mass may accumulate as PHAs. A range of PHAs has been produced using fermentation methods, including copolymers and block copolymers. Alternative production schemes based on genetically modified plants are becoming established and may become the preferred route for producing certain PHAs. Production in plants is likely to be inexpensive compared to production by fermentation, but it does not appear to be as versatile as microbial synthesis in terms of the range of products that may be generated. Cell-free enzymatic production of PHAs in vitro is receiving increasing attention and may become the preferred route to some specialty products. This review discusses the recent advances in production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by the various methods. Methods of recovering the polymer from microbial biomass are reviewed. Established and emerging applications of PHAs are discussed.     

乳化液膜法处理化工废水的进展

扼要介绍了液膜分离的机理及其在废水处理方面所具有的特点，并举例说明了我国在液膜法处理化工废水方面的研究进展。     

Systematic comparison of mechanical and thermal sludge disintegration technologies

This study presents a systematic comparison and evaluation of sewage sludge pre-treatment by mechanical and thermal techniques. Waste activated sludge (WAS) was pre-treated by separate full scale Thermo-Pressure-Hydrolysis (TDH) and ball milling facilities. Then the sludge was processed in pilot-scale digestion experiments. The results indicated that a significant increase in soluble organic matter could be achieved. TDH and ball milling pre-treatment could offer a feasible treatment method to efficiently disintegrate sludge and enhance biogas yield of digestion. The TDH increased biogas production by ca. 75% whereas ball milling allowed for an approximately 41% increase. The mechanisms of pre-treatment were investigated by numerical modeling based on Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) in the MatLab/SIMBA environment. TDH process induced advanced COD-solubilisation (COD_soluble/COD_total = 43%) and specifically complete destruction of cell mass which is hardly degradable in conventional digestion. While the ball mill technique achieved a lower solubilisation rate (COD_soluble/COD_total = 28%) and only a partial destruction of microbial decay products. From a whole-plant prospective relevant release of ammonia and formation of soluble inerts have been observed especially from thermal hydrolysis.     

高含盐废水脱盐处理技术研究进展

综述了几种常见的高含盐废水脱盐处理技术的发展历程、工艺原理、优缺点及目前的研究进展，分析了热分离、膜分离、电渗析、离子交换、电吸附、微生物脱盐等方法的优缺点，展望了未来废水脱盐工艺的发展方向。指出：脱盐方法将根据各类水体的水质特点更加精细化；多种脱盐技术联合应用也是今后废水脱盐的发展方向。     

催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性

系统深入地分析了Fe-Ce/AC催化臭氧氧化对化工园区污水厂生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性。与单独臭氧氧化相比,催化臭氧氧化可将TOC去除率从7.89%大幅提升至17.54%。120 min时UV_(254)和特征紫外吸光度(SUVA)的去除率分别高达66.80%和59.73%,证明了催化臭氧氧化可有效去除含共轭结构或芳环结构的不饱和有机物。催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中腐殖酸类(HA)、溶解性微生物产物类(SMP)和疏水性腐殖酸类(HOA)3种荧光组分的去除过程均符合一级动力学模型,且由一级动力学速率常数可知,与生化尾水色度直接相关的HA和HOA被优先去除。40 min时HA、SMP和HOA的去除率即高达95.24%、93.21%和92.96%。     

碳材料促进废水厌氧处理中直接种间电子传递的研究进展

直接种间电子传递(DIET)是近年来发现的一种微生物电子传递方式,其在废水厌氧生物处理的重要过程中起重要作用。提高DIET效率能在促进有机物厌氧降解产甲烷的同时储存更多能量,优化厌氧生物处理工艺性能并降低处理成本。本文在DIET过程特性分析的基础上,重点论述了活性炭、生物炭、碳纤维布、单壁碳纳米管4种碳材料对废水生物处理中DIET过程的促进作用,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Aerobic biometer analysis of glucose and starch biodegradation

The ASTM D5210-91 protocol for evaluating the biodegradability of a polymer was examined. The reactor design was modified not only to account for the total CO₂ evolved but also to allow for the simultaneous carbon assessment in microbes, soluble products, and solid samples. Improvements in the test procedure were implemented such as (1) refining the CO₂ pretrap and posttrap design, (2) optimizing the carbon dioxide removal efficiency, (3) accounting for the total polymeric carbon, (4) standardizing the inoculum, and (5) revising the nutrient medium. By growing the sludge on a suitable substrate prior to polymeric exposure, a constant microbial density was obtained. The modified ASTM method provides an assessment of the polymeric carbon degradation at any given time. The results of this work have specific significance to the behavior of polymers in a sewage waste treatment plant, where sludge is continuously being acrated, and also for aerobic biodegradation in general.     

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的反应机理及启动过程影响因素综述

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化(S-ANAMMOX)可将废水中的氮硫元素同时去除,避免了氨氮、硫酸盐分别处理时过程不稳定、去除效率低等不足,且不产生二次污染。但该反应的启动耗时长以及机理不明确影响了其应用。本文在探讨S-ANAMMOX反应机理的基础上,对反应器、污泥源、填料、碳源及运行条件等启动过程影响因素进行了阐述,并对今后的研究做出了展望。指出:应在量化反应产物的基础上深入对反应机理和功能微生物特性的研究;分析反应器、污泥源等启动因素的差异性;促进S-ANAMMOX在实际废水处理中的应用。