高校大学生教材循环利用态度的调查分析

高校教材数量多,使用寿命短,每年毕业季大量教材被废弃或当做废纸卖掉,缺乏良好的处理途径,造成严重的资源浪费。在提倡节约型社会和可持续发展的大背景下,以网络问卷的方式调查了在校大学生目前的教材利用情况以及对教材循环利用的态度,并查阅相关文献资料,综合分析实施教材循环的基础和现状,并提出相应的可行性措施和建议。调查结果表明,高校教材保存完好、学生参与教材循环利用的态度积极以及部分高校教材循环利用的经验相对成熟等。因此,高校具备实施教材循环利用的良好基础。教材循环利用的开展不仅可以获得生态效益和经济效益,还可以增强学生的环保节俭意识,对培育绿色环保的校园文化,培养学生社会责任感具有极大的帮助。     

超疏水材料的制备及其去除水中污染物性能的研究进展

综述了金属基超疏水材料和聚合物基超疏水材料的制备及其去除水中污染物性能的研究进展，并从污水处理的角度展望了超疏水材料的发展方向。指出，超疏水材料在污水处理领域中的发展方向主要为：低成本、高效能且环境友好的超疏水材料及其制备工艺的开发；持久（永久）性超疏水净水材料的制备；超疏水材料对水中有毒金属离子的去除及其机理研究；超疏水材料水中抑菌性的深入研究及其应用；超疏水材料对水中药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）以及纳米污染物的去除。     

报废汽车非金属材料资源化利用研究

随着大量汽车进入报废期,如何对报废汽车进行资源化再利用成为人们面临的重要课题。报废汽车上的非金属材料,由于种类多、组成复杂,资源化再利用的难度较大,大多被废弃,会造成资源浪费、环境污染等一系列问题。塑料、橡胶、玻璃是汽车中主要的非金属材料,这些物质的资源化利用,对改善环境、节约资源,具有极大的社会经济效益。着重对报废汽车中塑料、橡胶、玻璃主要非金属材料的资源化利用技术现状进行研究,探究提高其回收利用水平的思路,对报废汽车非金属材料的资源化再利用提供一定的参考。     

天然黏土材料附着纳米TiO2对 电解锰渣中锰的吸附固定

采用机械球磨法对膨润土、硅藻土、高岭土3种天然黏土材料进行预处理,通过超声法将纳米TiO_2附着于其上制得复合材料,考察了不同复合材料加入量及养护时间条件下复合材料对电解锰渣中Mn的吸附固定效果。3种天然黏土材料中,硅藻土的平均粒径最小,比表面积和总孔隙度最大,对水中Mn的吸附量也最大。黏土材料附着纳米TiO_2后对电解锰渣中Mn的吸附固定效果较单纯黏土材料有明显改善。在养护时间为12 d、硅藻土附着纳米Ti O_2复合材料加入量为10%(w)的最佳条件下,Mn的TCLP浸出量较原电解锰渣下降了83.04%。     

Framework for estimating potential wastes and secondary resources accumulated within an economy – A case study of construction minerals in Japan

Material stocks in economic society are considered to represent a reserve for wastes and secondary resources. From the viewpoints of proper disposal and reutilization of stocked materials, accurate estimation of the amount of materials that will emerge as wastes or secondary resources in the future is important. We defined materials that have a high probability of emerging as wastes or secondary resources as “potential wastes and secondary resources” and estimated that amount for construction minerals in Japan as a case study. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) We classified materials that are input into economic society into four categories: potential wastes and secondary resources, potential dissipated materials, dissipatively used materials, and permanent structures. By clarifying the latter three non-potential wastes and secondary resources, we performed a more accurate assessment of the wastes and secondary resources that will emerge in the future. (2) The share of potential wastes and secondary resources was estimated to be about 30% of all construction minerals that have been input into and accumulated in Japanese economic society. (3) Information related to potential dissipated materials and dissipatively used materials will provide fundamental knowledge to support analyses of the environmental impacts and resource losses which these materials might generate.     

The treatment of infectious waste arising from home health and medical care services: present situation in Japan

The management of waste materials arising from home health and medical care services (HHMC wastes) in Japan is now receiving greater attention from governmental workers dealing with general household waste materials. In general, HHMC waste materials are collected in a mixed form, transported and disposed of along with municipal solid wastes. As a result, municipal workers are suffering needle stick accidents so that infections associated with HHMC waste materials may occur. The collection and transportation by patients and their families of HHMC waste materials with sharp-edges, such as injection needles, to medical-related facilities can prevent municipal workers from experiencing needle-prick accidents. One of the most important strategies for medical-related facilities is hence the education of patients and their families. Improved rules for handling HHMC waste materials are essential for the safe and effective management.     

海盐工业废渣的综合利用

采用一定的工艺方法,提纯海盐工业废渣中的二水硫酸钙,并制取建筑石膏,用以代替天然石膏生产轻质墙体材料（石膏空心条板）以及水泥添加剂等系列石膏建材制品,经测试,这些石膏建材产品的技术性能指标均达到国家规定的相关标准。     

金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别方法

建立了金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别方法,并利用该方法对海关查扣的3种金属冶炼进口物料进行了固体废物鉴别。鉴别结果显示:物料1、2和3的自然属性分别为砷含量超标铜精矿、锰阳极泥、回转窑氧化锌,产生来源分别为有害物质超标的产品、污染控制设施产生的物质、有意识加工的目标产物;物料1和2属于我国禁止进口的固体废物,物料3不属于固体废物。本文建立的固体废物鉴别方法可行,可为金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别和监管提供参考。     

The building materials decree: an example of a Dutch regulation based on the potential impact of materials on the environment

Some 20 years ago Dutch society became very aware of the problem of the increasing production of waste materials and of the need to find solutions. Technical solutions had to be developed and introduced into society. Due to the discovery of many soil pollution problems and other environmental calamities, people asked for clear criteria on which proper and safe solutions could be based. Therefore a large number of environmental aspects had to be taken into account in the developing field of environmental policy. The Dutch building materials decree is one of the steps on the road towards a sustainable society. The decree is based on the soil protection act and the surface water protection act. The decree gives quality criteria for the application and re-use of stony materials and earth used as building materials. No difference is made between primary materials, secondary materials and waste materials. The decree is applicable in case these materials are used in constructions where they are in contact with rain, surface water and ground water (e.g. in embankments, road building, outside walls of buildings, foundations and roofs). For implementation of the decree in the construction industry it was necessary to develop standards, methods for testing and certification schemes. In order to guarantee independent testing and judgement, laboratories had to meet quality standards put forward in an accreditation scheme. Although this legislation does not cover all environmental aspects, it has proved to be an important element in judging the environmental quality of construction materials in a direct or indirect way, and a contribution to the management of waste materials. The question of clear and fair criteria was easily put forward. Answering this question, however, turned out to be a complex task in which a great number of aspects had to be considered and a great many tools had to be developed, checked and thoroughly discussed. In some cases practical choices had to be made in order to prevent an unclear situation continuing too long. After an introduction period of three years, the decree came into full operation on 1 July 1999.     

Methods Currently Used in Testing Microbiological Degradation and Deterioration of a Wide Range of Polymeric Materials with Various Degree of Degradability: A Review

Biodegradation of polymeric materials affect a wide range of industries, information on degradability can provide fundamental information facilitating design and life-time analysis of materials. Among the methods currently used in testing, traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are tailored to readily degradable polymeric materials mostly and polymer blends with biodegradable components, but they are not applicable to the new generation of engineering polymers which are relatively resistant to biodegradation. However, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been tested for monitoring biodeterioration of high strength materials and the technique has very high sensitivity. A wide range of materials including electronic insulation polyimides, fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (FRPCs) and corrosion protective polyurethane coatings have been successfully measured under inoculation of degradative microorganisms using EIS. In addition, the mechanism of degradation of high strength polymers is mainly due to the presence of plasticizers in the polymer matrices. The information on various methods discussed in this review is intended to illustrate a suite of methods for those who are interested in testing biodeterioration of polymeric materials under different environmental conditions and in selecting appropriate techniques for specific applications.     

Contribution to closing the loop on waste materials: valorization of bottom ash from waste-to-energy plants under a life cycle approach

Incineration has undergone several technology improvements, reducing air emissions and increasing the efficiency of energy and material recovery; however, there is still a long way to go. To analyze the environmental impacts of waste incineration, this study assessed 15 waste fractions that compose municipal waste in Spain, which are grouped as non-inert materials (plastics, paper, cardboard and organic matter), unburned materials (glass and Al) and ferrous materials. Additionally, this paper evaluates the valorization of bottom ash (BA) to produce steel, aluminum and cement in these recycled/recoverable waste fractions. The results depend on the input waste composition and the heating value (HHV) and showed that ferrous and unburned materials had the worst environmental performance due to the null HHV. The valorization of BA in steel, Al and cement production significantly reduced the environmental impact and the consumption of resources. BA recycling for secondary steel and Al production would improve the environmental performance of the combustion of unburned materials and ferrous materials, whereas the use of BA in cement production diminished the consumption of NR for non-inert materials. This is of great interest for organic matter and PC, waste with a low energy production and high heavy metal and sulfur content.     

Genotoxicity of substances extracted from construction materials

Construction waste such as road pavement and concrete is estimated to constitute about 50% of the total industrial waste in Japan, and the recycling of such material has recently become a prominent topic among construction engineers. It has also been suggested that various types of industrial waste be utilized as components of construction materials. This paper investigates the environmental safety of certain materials in terms of the elutions and genotoxicities of these substances. The substances extracted from some materials, such as emulsifier, ash, and sediment, were found to have genotoxic characteristics. The dose-related responses of the various materials and their genotoxic strengths are shown. Received: June 16, 1998 / Accepted: September 7, 1999     

Life cycle assessment for optimising the level of separated collection in integrated MSW management systems

This life cycle assessment study analyses material and energy recovery within integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems, and, in particular, the recovery of the source-separated materials (packaging and organic waste) and the energy recovery from the residual waste. The recovery of materials and energy are analysed together, with the final aim to evaluate possible optimum levels of source-separated collection that lead to the most favourable energetic and environmental results; this method allows identification of an optimum configuration of the MSW management system. The results show that the optimum level of source-separated collection is about 60%, when all the materials are recovered with high efficiency; it decreases to about 50%, when the 60% level is reached as a result of a very high recovery efficiency for organic fractions at the expense of the packaging materials, or when this implies an appreciable reduction of the quality of collected materials. The optimum MSW management system is thus characterized by source-separated collection levels as included in the above indicated range, with subsequent recycling of the separated materials and energy recovery of the residual waste in a large-scale incinerator operating in combined heat and power mode.     

Life-cycle impacts of the use of industrial by-products in road and earth construction

A two-stage study "Life cycle analysis of road construction and earthworks" was part of a more extensive Finnish research project "Assessment of the applicability of secondary products in earthworks". In the first stage of this work a life-cycle impact assessment procedure for the comparison and evaluation of alternative road and earth constructions was developed. Additionally, a database containing the environmental burdens of the most significant construction materials and unit operations was constructed. In order to evaluate the applicability of the procedure, the use of coal ash, crushed concrete waste and granulated blast-furnace slag in road construction was evaluated in case studies. The use of these secondary products was also compared with the use of natural materials in corresponding applications. The aim of the second stage was to transfer the assembled data for utilisation as a practical model by creating an inventory analysis program to calculate and compare the life cycle impacts of the most common road constructions and foundation engineering methods. The data obtained in the first stage was also augmented to the extent necessary for this purpose. The results of case studies indicate that the production and transport of the materials used in road constructions produce the most significant environmental burdens. Production of the bitumen and cement, crushing of materials and transport of materials are the most energy consuming single life-cycle stages of the construction. A large part of the emissions to atmosphere originates from energy production. In the expert assessment, consumption of natural materials and leaching behaviour were also regarded as being of great significance.     

Performance of industrial by-products in controlled low-strength materials (CLSM)

As the construction industry continues to recognise the importance of sustainable development, technologies such as controlled low-strength material (CLSM) have come to the forefront as viable means of safely and efficiently using by-product and waste materials in infrastructure applications. CLSM, also known as flowable fill, can be defined as an engineered backfill material containing fine aggregates, Portland cement, water and a by-product material. CLSM can provide an economically and technically feasible alternative to conventional fill materials because of potential cost savings related to its unique and often superior technical properties. In this present experimental study, three industrial by-products, namely fly ash (FA), rice husk ash (RHA) and quarry dust (QD), were used as constituent materials in CLSM. Mixture proportions were developed for CLSM containing these industrial by-products and were tested in the laboratory for various properties, such as flowability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), stress-strain behaviour, density, water absorption and volume changes. Comparison between the two pozzolanic materials, namely FA and RHA, for their potential to produce an effective CLSM has been made. It can be observed from the results that by-product materials such as FA, RHA and QD can be successfully used in CLSM. This successful utilization of by-product materials is important to sustainable development and is the focus of this research.     

Treatment and recycling of incinerated ash using thermal plasma technology

To treat incinerated ash is an important issue in Taiwan. Incinerated ashes contain a considerable amount of hazardous materials such as dioxins and heavy metals. If these hazardous materials are improperly treated or disposed of, they shall cause detrimental secondary contamination. Thermal plasma vitrification is a robust technology to treat and recycle the ash residues. Under the high temperature plasma environment, incinerated ashes are vitrified into benign slag with large volume reduction and extreme detoxification. Several one-step heat treatment processes are carried out at four temperatures (i.e. 850, 950, 1,050 and 1,150 degrees C) to obtain various "microstructure materials". The major phase to form these materials is a solid solution of gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and ?kermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) belonging to the melilite group. The physical and mechanical properties of the microstructure materials are improved by using one-step post-heat treatment process after plasma vitrification. These microstructure materials with good quality have great potential to serve as a viable alternative for construction applications.     

Pilot scale field test for compostable packaging materials in the City of Kassel, Germany

Biodegradable (compostable) packaging materials made from biopolymers (BP) are introduced into the market to reduce the amounts of conventional packaging materials and at the same time be recovered by the municipal organic waste collection system. The processing of this organic waste mixed with biopolymers has been tested in a commercial treatment facility. The safe use of the compost produced from these materials was demonstrated in a full-scale agricultural application test.     

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Through Orange Peel Powder for Antibacterial Composite Filler Applications

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Environmental concerns and the positive aspects of biowaste materials gained the attention of researchers to use them as filler materials in fabricating of...     

Development of composites using residue from laminated packaging with discarded foundry sand

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In recent years, the use of residue for the production of new composite materials has gained prominence as it enables reuse of materials and...