氢氧化钾生产废水的膜处理技术改进

采用膜分离集成新工艺,对氢氧化钾生产废水传统处理工艺进行改造.通过改进离子交换树脂再生技术,去除废水污染物;增加预处理措施,延长离子膜的使用寿命;采用超滤-纳滤-反渗透工艺,降低能耗;清污分流,减少废水排放量;调控除硝工艺中氯化钡用量,解决重金属的累积问题.处理后的淡水作为循环水补充用水,浓缩水用于生产过程溶解氯化钾.     

保险粉下脚——氢氧化锌的再生

本文介绍了上海硫酸厂把保险粉生产中产生的氢氧化锌渣再生为锌粉的生产工艺,同时,也指出了该工艺不完善及有待进一步改进的方面。     

双极性颗粒床电极用于活性炭的再生

对吸附阳离子艳蓝染料溶液的饱和活性炭进行了再生试验研究,根据双极性颗粒床电极理论,提出了新的活性炭再生方法.此法再生效率高、能耗低、炭损失和再生成本低、操作简单,再生后的活性炭可反复用于吸附,特别适用于吸附易氧化还原物质的饱和炭的再生。     

专利资讯

专利申请号：CN200810022575.8公开号：CN101367084申请日：2008.08.18公开日：2009.02.18申请人：南京东南铜业有限公司本发明改进了现有的废旧电线电缆回收铜原料的生产模式,设计了一种废旧电线电缆回收生产铜米粒的工艺方法,该工艺方法成本低、能耗小,排放少,没有废弃物污染,     

苯酐副产富马酸工艺的改进

针对苯酐废水处理生产富马酸工艺收率低,各种原辅料消耗、能耗较高,环保不合要求等问题,在分析原因的基础上,对部分工艺进行改进,实现反应母液3级沉降、闭路循环,结晶母液套用,干燥方式改进.改造后,富马酸收率达65%以上,占苯酐产量的3.0%以上,质量明显好转,节水效果显著.     

餐饮潲水油水解生产混合酸工艺

探讨了潲水油水解生产混合酸工艺。直接用水作催化剂,适应成分复杂的餐饮潲水油,污水处理简单。从酸析、水洗、压力、温度、水解等几方面进行研究,得出最佳水解工艺条件,具有推广意义。     

酸回收使金红石生产更经济

位于澳大利亚新南威尔士州纽卡斯市的一座示范工厂将用合成金红石生产中产生的氯化铁浸出液生产盐酸和铁矿球团。金红石是TiO2的常见矿物形式。该厂将采用一种由澳大利亚Austpac Resources NL公司开发的、称为强化酸再生系统(EARS)的工艺,最大生产能力为铁(以球团或坯块形式)1.8×104t/a、盐酸(体积分数25%)     

相变溶剂捕集CO2技术的研究进展

化学溶剂吸收法是目前应用最广泛的燃烧后CO₂捕集技术。介绍了化学溶剂吸收法的基本原理,综述了化学溶剂吸收法的研究现状,比较分析了几种常用CO₂吸收剂的优缺点。重点阐述了两类新型相变吸收剂（液-液相变溶剂和液-固相变溶剂）的研究进展。指出：新型相变溶剂是理想的CO₂吸收剂,用其捕集CO₂可有效降低吸收剂的再生能耗;相变溶剂吸收CO₂的传质反应动力学以及不同类型相变溶剂的挥发和降解特性应作为今后该领域的研究重点。     

蒸发-焚烧法降低废水处理费用

在2001年5月德国Düsseldorf举办的环境技术展览会上,韩国Key Engineering公司展出了一种焚烧系统,用于处理含低沸点有机化合物或形成共沸点混合物的废水.这类废水的焚烧需要消耗大量的能量,因为废水中的化合物不易浓缩.该新方法可将能耗降低70%～75%. 在该新工艺中,废水先用低压蒸汽进行蒸发,与100℃空气混合后进入一个再生式热氧化( RTO) 装置.有机化合物在1200℃被氧化成二氧化碳和水.由蒸发器排出的非挥发性物质被喷入一个小型焚烧炉,由RTO装置来的热燃烧气燃烧.在RTO装置中,燃烧开始时先由电加热器启动 ,以后整个系统的能量需求就由有机物的燃烧热来提供.废物的分解效率在99%以上. 该法的投资约为常规焚烧炉的一半.第一座处理能力为4 m.t./a的工业装置已在韩国Yosu 运转了2年,处理辛戊二醇生产废水.     

混凝-水解酸化-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理印染废水

采用混凝-水解酸化-接触氧化-气浮组合工艺处理印染废水,并对传统的水解酸化工艺进行了改进,经过调试运行,实验结果表明,废水经组合工艺处理后COD去除率高于92%,色度平均去除率为95%,NH3-N和总磷(TP)的平均去除率均为90%左右.最终出水水质可达到GB 8978-96<纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准>的一级排放标准.     

Analysis of energy recovery potential using innovative technologies of waste gasification

In this paper, two alternative thermo-chemical processes for waste treatment were analysed: high temperature gasification and gasification associated to plasma process. The two processes were analysed from the thermodynamic point of view, trying to reconstruct two simplified models, using appropriate simulation tools and some support data from existing/planned plants, able to predict the energy recovery performances by process application. In order to carry out a comparative analysis, the same waste stream input was considered as input to the two models and the generated results were compared. The performances were compared with those that can be obtained from conventional combustion with energy recovery process by means of steam turbine cycle. Results are reported in terms of energy recovery performance indicators as overall energy efficiency, specific energy production per unit of mass of entering waste, primary energy source savings, specific carbon dioxide production.     

Characterization of municipal solid waste combustion in a grate furnace

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the combustion process of municipal solid waste combustion in a grate furnace both experimentally and numerically by using data of a reference experiment with over-stoichiometric primary air supply. Measurements were carried out inside the combustion chamber of a pilot plant by monitoring temperatures and sampling gaseous combustion products along the bed surface. The data were assessed using elemental and energy balances. Experimental data of the axial temperature profiles of the flue gas, the fuel bed and the grate bars, as well as local gas flows and the flue gas composition measured above the fuel bed along the grate were used to describe the conversion process, including drying and carbon burnout. These data served as input to model the thermo- and fluid dynamic processes of the gas phase above the bed inside the combustion chamber. For this purpose the commercial code FLUENT was employed to carry out the simulations. Thus, the turbulent temperature, flow and species distributions in the combustion chamber of the pilot waste incinerator TAMARA were predicted. The results of the FLUENT modeling showed that under the prevailing conditions the flue gas burnout is almost completed before entering the first flue due to high temperatures, effective mixing and sufficient residence times of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber. This agrees well with the experimental results inside the first flue. On the basis of the above mentioned results, design and parametric studies can be carried out in a more efficient way by saving cost and time.     

An LCA model for waste incineration enhanced with new technologies for metal recovery and application to the case of Switzerland

A process model of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) and new technologies for metal recovery from combustion residues was developed. The environmental impact is modeled as a function of waste composition as well as waste treatment and material recovery technologies. The model includes combustion with a grate incinerator, several flue gas treatment technologies, electricity and steam production from waste heat recovery, metal recovery from slag and fly ash, and landfilling of residues and can be tailored to specific plants and sites (software tools can be downloaded free of charge). Application of the model to Switzerland shows that the treatment of one tonne of municipal solid waste results on average in 425 kg CO₂-eq. generated in the incineration process, and 54 kg CO₂-eq. accrue in upstream processes such as waste transport and the production of operating materials. Downstream processes, i.e. residue disposal, generates 5 kg CO₂-eq. Savings from energy recovery are in the range of 67 to 752 kg CO₂-eq. depending on the assumptions regarding the substituted energy production, while the recovery of metals from slag and fly ash currently results in a net saving of approximately 35 kg CO₂-eq. A similar impact pattern is observed when assessing the MSWI model for aggregated environmental impacts (ReCiPe) and for non-renewable resource consumption (cumulative exergy demand), except that direct emissions have less and no relevance, respectively, on the total score. The study illustrates that MSWI plants can be an important element of industrial ecology as they provide waste disposal services and can help to close material and energetic cycles.     

CO2资源化利用的现状及前景

介绍了CO2分离捕集最新工艺——电化学法、膜法、化学循环燃烧法的研究进展。评述分析了CO2的各种资源化应用前景：CO2气体用作生物碳源、辅助注射成型剂及有机物（如氨基甲酸酯、表面活性剂）合成原料等；液态CO2用于人造金刚石、热泵干燥、超临界CO2萃取及固体干冰冷喷射清洗等。CO2作为一种潜在的丰富碳源，应不断研发其新的应用领域，加快其工业化应用。     

柠檬酸生产废水处理技术

分析了柠檬酸生产废水的来源及水质特性,综述了厌氧生物法、厌氧-好氧生物组合法、乳状液膜法等在柠檬酸废水处理中的应用,介绍了中和废水回用和利用柠檬酸发酵废液开发糖化酶制剂的技术。     

两种煤化工废水的产甲烷抑制性

通过间歇式产甲烷抑制实验，评价了两种煤化工废水#x02014;#x02014;焦化废水和鲁奇煤气化废水的产甲烷抑制性，并初步探讨了废水对产甲烷菌的抑制机理。实验结果表明：两种废水的产甲烷抑制性随废水加入量的增加逐渐增大；当废水加入量为400mL时，焦化废水的产甲烷抑制率达100%，鲁奇煤气化废水的产甲烷抑制率为50%；焦化废水对产甲烷菌的抑制性明显大于鲁奇煤气化废水。     

低浓度挥发性有机废气的处理进展

对于较难处理的低浓度、大风量和成分复杂的有机废气的处理,主要介绍了吸附－解吸－催化燃烧法、生物法及脉冲电晕放电法3种新方法,并简要评述了各种处理方法的优缺点和适用范围。     

Mathematical modeling of biomass fuels formation process

The increasing demand for thermal and electric energy in many branches of industry and municipal management accounts for a drastic diminishing of natural resources (fossil fuels). Meanwhile, in numerous technical processes, a huge mass of wastes is produced. A segregated and converted combustible fraction of the wastes, with relatively high calorific value, may be used as a component of formed fuels. The utilization of the formed fuel components from segregated groups of waste in associated processes of co-combustion with conventional fuels causes significant savings resulting from partial replacement of fossil fuels, and reduction of environmental pollution resulting directly from the limitation of waste migration to the environment (soil, atmospheric air, surface and underground water). The realization of technological processes with the utilization of formed fuel in associated thermal systems should be qualified by technical criteria, which means that elementary processes as well as factors of sustainable development, from a global viewpoint, must not be disturbed. The utilization of post-process waste should be preceded by detailed technical, ecological and economic analyses. In order to optimize the mixing process of fuel components, a mathematical model of the forming process was created. The model is defined as a group of data structures which uniquely identify a real process and conversion of this data in algorithms based on a problem of linear programming. The paper also presents the optimization of parameters in the process of forming fuels using a modified simplex algorithm with a polynomial worktime. This model is a datum-point in the numerical modeling of real processes, allowing a precise determination of the optimal elementary composition of formed fuels components, with assumed constraints and decision variables of the task.     

Mathematical modelling as a tool for environmental evaluation of industrial sectors in Colombia

A general mathematical model has been developed as a tool for environmental evaluation of industrial chemical processes. This model is based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and includes a modular and cumulative conceptual approximation. Accordingly, the model considers the potential effects on the environment caused by mass, energy and exergy flows. For environmental loads related with mass flows, two main categories are defined: pollution and perturbation environmental effects. Whereas for the environmental effect associated with energy flows, a factor defined as “energy dissipation” is employed, and similarly for exergy flows, a “exergy destruction” parameter is used. The measurement unit employed throughout the model is expressed in terms of “potential environmental impact units/hour”. As an example study case, the integrated production chain (IPC) for nitric acid production in the Colombian context is evaluated. This particular IPC includes the ammonia production plant, energy plants and main process plant. The results demonstrate that for environmental perturbation effects based on mass flows, the main contribution in the IPC corresponds to the energy plants. In the case of pollution environmental loads, the principal contribution relates to ammonia production. Regarding environmental effects associated with energy flows, the highest “energy dissipation” factor corresponds to the main process, followed in order by the ammonia process. Finally, for the effect denominated as “exergy destruction”, it could be established that Colombian energy plants show the highest contribution in the IPC.     

Energy implications of the thermal recovery of biodegradable municipal waste materials in the United Kingdom

Waste management policies and legislation in many developed countries call for a reduction in the quantity of biodegradable waste landfilled. Anaerobic digestion, combustion and gasification are options for managing biodegradable waste while generating renewable energy. However, very little research has been carried to establish the overall energy balance of the collection, preparation and energy recovery processes for different types of wastes. Without this information, it is impossible to determine the optimum method for managing a particular waste to recover renewable energy. In this study, energy balances were carried out for the thermal processing of food waste, garden waste, wood, waste paper and the non-recyclable fraction of municipal waste. For all of these wastes, combustion in dedicated facilities or incineration with the municipal waste stream was the most energy-advantageous option. However, we identified a lack of reliable information on the energy consumed in collecting individual wastes and preparing the wastes for thermal processing. There was also little reliable information on the performance and efficiency of anaerobic digestion and gasification facilities for waste.