化学沉淀法去除焦化废水中的氨氮

采用化学沉淀剂MgCl2 ·6H2 O和Na2 HPO4·12H2 O(或MgHPO4·3H2 O)与焦化废水中的NH+ 4 反应 ,生成磷酸铵镁沉淀。探讨了不同操作条件对氨氮去除率的影响。在pH为 8 5～ 9 5的条件下 ,投加的药剂Mg2 + ∶NH+ 4 ∶PO3 -4(摩尔比 )为 1 4∶1∶0 8时 ,废水氨氮的去除率达 99%以上 ,出水氨氮的质量浓度由 2 0 0 0mg/L降至 15mg/L。     

Fenton试剂氧化—原水调节出水pH法预处理碱性印染废水

采用Fenton试剂氧化—原水调节出水pH法预处理碱性印染废水,考察了n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)、Fenton试剂加入量、反应时间和原水与Fenton试剂氧化反应后出水体积比(配水比)对COD去除率及废水pH的影响.实验结果表明,在原水COD为986 mg/L、原水pH为9.31、Fe2+加入量为12 mmol/L、n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)为2、反应时间为30 min、配水比为2的最佳条件下,COD去除率为26.9％,出水pH为6.60.药剂成本较普通Fenton试剂氧化法减少70％.     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理氨氮废水及沉淀剂的回用

用磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理氨氮废水，在pH为8．5、反应时间为20min、n（PO4^3-）：n（Mg^2＋）：n（NH4^＋）：1．2：1．1：1的最佳条件下，氨氮去除率为97．6％。采用加入足量饱和Ca（OH）2溶液的方法，可使上层清液中多余的Mg^2＋与PO4^3-形成Mg（OH）2和Ca3（PO4）2沉淀，离心后再用浓硫酸溶解，可达到回用的目的，而处理后上层清液中剩余磷酸盐质量浓度低于1mg／L，达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中第二类污染物国家二级排放标准的要求。所得MgNH4PO4沉淀用加热碱溶方法回用，MgNH4PO4沉淀的回用次数小于6时，氨氮去除率在80％左右；所得MgNH4PO4沉淀用加酸溶解方法回用，氨氮去除率最高为35％。     

电生成Fenton试剂处理染料废水

对电生成Fenton试剂处理酸性铬兰K染料废水进行了研究。采用石墨作阴、阳极,电解过程中向阴极表面通纯氧,并在废水中加入-定量的Fe2+,氧在阴极上还原生成H2O2,H2O2又产生强氧化剂·OH,进而对酸性铬兰K染料废水进行脱色降解。在槽电压为6 V、pH为2.5、电解液中FeSO4·7H2O的质量浓度为0.5 g／dm3、Na2SO4的质量浓度为20 g／dm3的条件下电解废水60 min,染料废水脱色率和COD去除率分别达74.1％和57.9％,电解废水120min后,染料废水脱色率和COD去除率分别达92.9％、71.3％。动力学研究表明,染料的降解符合一级动力学过程,速率常数k为0.02224 min-1。     

化学沉淀法预处理稀土精矿分解废水

采用化学沉淀法对稀土精矿分解废水进行预处理,实验结果表明,当pH9.0、n(M g2 )∶n(NH 4)∶n(PO34-)=3.5∶1∶1.5时,废水中NH3-N的质量浓度由8 370m g/L降为1 420m g/L,去除率为83%。为了不增加出水中PO34-污染物的浓度,向上层清液中加入相应量的CaC l2.2H2O。当n(Ca2 )∶n(PO34-)=9∶1时,完成沉淀反应,再调整上层清液的pH为10,搅拌后,上层清液中PO34-的质量浓度降为0.18m g/L。     

晶析辅助化学沉淀法处理高含磷废水

在常温条件下,将价格低廉的氯化镁、碳酸氢铵加入到高浓度含磷废水中,不仅有较高的除磷率,且可兼得缓效复合肥MgNH4PO4·6H2O。为了使一次处理液能达标排放,以MgNH4PO4·6H2O作为晶种,采用晶析辅助化学沉淀法进一步除磷。在一次处理液放置时间为2.7h、水力停留时间维持0.1h左右的条件下,处理后的废水可达到Ⅱ类水排放标准(磷质量浓度不超过2.0mg/L)。     

大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯废水

采用大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)废水。大孔树脂吸附工段的最佳实验条件为:以树脂NDA88为吸附剂,废水pH为2。NDA88经过10批次的连续使用,COD去除率基本稳定在58%左右,脱附率可达96%以上,吸附后废水COD为12 000 mg/L左右。Fenton试剂氧化工段的最佳实验条件为:H2O2加入量70 mL/L,n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=4,废水pH 4。在此最佳条件下进行实验,Fenton试剂氧化工段COD去除率达65%,处理后废水COD为4 200 mg/L。     

SMBBR-AF-SMBBR组合工艺处理高氨氮农药废水

采用特异性移动床生物膜反应器(SMBBR)和厌氧生物滤池(AF)组合工艺处理高氨氮农药废水。考察了HRT、pH和DO等工艺条件对SMBBR-AF-SMBBR组合工艺运行稳定期COD和氨氮去除率的影响。试验结果表明,在进水COD为2 408~7 440 mg/L、ρ(NH_4~+-N)为160.21~433.84 mg/L、TN为208.27~537.65 mg/L、HRT为8d、pH为8.0、DO为4 mg/L的条件下,处理后出水平均COD为342 mg/L,COD去除率达92.3%;ρ(NH_4~+-N)小于4.0mg/L,氨氮平均去除率为89.2%;TN小于50 mg/L,平均TN去除达83.0%。出水各指标均优于原A2O工艺出水。     

Fenton试剂氧化—石灰法处理苎麻脱胶废水

采用Fenton试剂氧化一石灰法处理苎麻脱胶废水（简称废水）。在pH为8．3的废水中FeSO4·7H2O、H2O2、饱和石灰乳的加入量分别为1．5g／L、1．0mL／L和1．0mL／L的条件下对废水进行处理，废水COD由650mg／L降至200mg／L以下，COD去除率约为70％；色度由500倍降至70倍以下，色度去除率约为90％，出水COD和色度均达到GB8978-1996（污水综合排放标准）中的二级排放标准。     

利用镀Ni废水制备超细Ni粉

采用正交实验法和X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等分析手段,研究了利用镀Ni废水制备超细Ni粉的工艺。实验结果表明:各因素对Ni2+回收率影响的大小顺序为反应温度pH聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入量n(N2H4.H2O)∶n(Ni2+);不同分散剂对Ni2+回收率和Ni粉粒度影响不同,PVP对应的产物的分散效果最好;在反应温度80℃、pH12、PVP加入量4.6g/L、n(N2H4.H2O)∶n(Ni2+)=2.0的条件下,产物Ni粉的平均粒径为0.86μm,晶胞常数为3.523nm,制备的Ni粉纯度高,废水中的Ni2+回收率为99.36%。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.