直接抽取式CEMS安装调试中应注意的问题

对火电厂直接抽取式烟气连续监测系统(简称CEMS)应用技术进行综述，系统地介绍了直接抽取式CEMS监测的方法、系统安装调试以及日常维护等方面应注意的技术问题。     

介绍几种烟气连续监测系统

介绍了2种类型的CEM系统，并分析其在实际应用中的优缺点，为CEMS的选型、安装和调试提供参考。     

烟气排放连续监测系统在420t/h燃煤锅炉上的应用

铜陵发电厂在1台420t／h燃煤锅炉上应用烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)，对锅炉烟气SO2、NOx、颗粒物及相关烟气参数进行在线监测。该系统工作可靠，安装简便，无需专人值守，运行维护量较小，性能指标通过了环境监测部门的标定测试，达到了国家环保总局行业标准的要求。同时，该系统具有实时数据传送功能，提高了环境监测工作的信息化管理水平。     

基于微电荷法的烟气颗粒物浓度检测技术及其应用

目前针对烟气颗粒物浓度的检测方法较多，但均存在不足。详细分析了基于微电荷法的烟气颗粒物浓度检测技术的基本原理和关键的技术难点，介绍了由于微处理器、数字电子技术和材料科学等的飞速发展带来的技术革新，技术的进步为其应用开拓了更为广泛的应用领域并逐步在工业场合得到推广。     

CEMS在火电厂的应用及存在问题分析

介绍了烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)应用于火力发电机组所起的作用,分析了应用中存在的主要问题,并阐述了对比监测对CEMS测量数据的重要性.     

浙江省火电厂烟气连续监测系统运行现状及运管方式

介绍了火电厂烟气连续监测系统(CEMS)的类型及系统组成，分析了浙江省火电厂已安装CEMS的现状和存在问题，对系统的运行管理方式进行了探讨，并提出建议。     

烟气在线连续监测系统运行问题及解决方法

简要介绍了CEMS系统的构成,为确保CEMS数据准确有效,提出了应加强CEMS系统清洗、检查、校验等日常维护工作.探讨了火电厂CEMS系统运行中存在的漏气、堵塞、设备故障等问题,并有针对性的对各种CEMS故障进行了分析并提出了解决方案,以保证CEMS系统的长期稳定运行.     

CEMS在循环流化床锅炉上的应用

介绍了循环流化床锅炉配置的CEMS，此时的CEMS不仅是大气污染物监测的一种测量系统，并且可为脱硫系统的脱硫剂投放提供参考数据，以此监控脱硫效率。     

凝聚器在提高电除尘效率上的试验研究

细微颗粒物的污染日益受到广泛关注，而常规静电除尘器对微细颗粒物的去除并不是很显著。采用双极荷电凝聚技术对静电除尘器加装凝聚器，并进行中试试验。结果表明，凝聚器凝聚效果明显，不仅有利于除尘效率的提高，更有利于减少细微颗粒物的排放，具有非常重要的工业应用价值。     

CEMS系统在火电厂应用和工程设计探讨

CEMS作为火电厂烟气排放连续监测装置,是环保排放监测和工艺过程检测的重要设备.由于烟气中含有烟尘、水、腐蚀性气体,对仪表提出了抗腐蚀、抗磨损、防止堵塞等要求.此外,由于环保法规的要求日趋严格,对仪表的可靠性和稳定性提出了更高的要求.分析了CEMS的结构和测量原理,结合工程设计和法规的要求,重点分析了CEMS在中国的脱硫、脱硝项目的特点和应用状况.     

Solubilization and methanogenesis of a particulate industrial waste: Impact of solids loading and temperature

Effective anaerobic treatment of particulate wastes requires solubilization and acid formation prior to methanogenesis. In this case study of a particulate waste from a corn-processing industry, the influence of solids loading in solubilization, acid formation and methanogenesis was studied under mesophilic (35°C) and thermophilic (60°C) conditions. The waste was concentrated by centrifugation to initial suspended solids concentrations (TSS_i) of 150 to 350 g/L (15% to 35%). Anaerobic batch tests were conducted for 20 days, and significant solubilization of the particulate organic matter occurred in all cases. The thermophilic systems were more effective than the mesophilic systems with respect to solubilization of particulates, volatile solids destruction, acetic acid uptake, and methane generation. Methanogenesis appreared to be a rate-limiting step at higher TSS_i values, indicated by accumulation of volatile organic acids in the batch systems. Slower rates of methane production led to identification of the limiting solids loading for both temperature regimes. The results of this study can be used to evaluate the limitations of a single stage system for anaerobic treatment of organic particulate industrial wastes.     

Evaluation of Direct-Oxidative DNA Damage on Human Lung Epithelial Cells Exposed to Urban Airborne Particulate Matter

Airborne particulate matter (PM) extracts were investigated for their content of organic compounds and for the direct and oxidative DNA damage induced on lung epithelial cells A549. PM₁₀ was seasonally collected at two monitoring sites (Stations 1 and 2), characterized by different traffic loads. The cells were exposed for 30 min to extracts of PM₁₀ diluted at 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1% for summer samples, and at 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15% for winter samples. Oxidative and direct DNA damage were evaluated by formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (fpg) comet assay analyzing tail moment (TM) values from fpg-enzyme-treated cells (TMenz) and enzyme untreated cells (TM) respectively and by comet percentage analysis. Measurements relating to Station 2 showed higher levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their methyl-(methyl-PAHs) and nitro-(nitro-PAHs) derivatives in both the seasons. Nitro-PAH concentrations were higher in summer than in winter at both the stations. We found a significant increase of comet percentages at the highest dose of extract from both stations in summer and from Station 2 in winter. The TM and TMenz values relative to the summer sampling showed an early oxidative DNA damage induction also followed by direct DNA damage more evident at Station 2, that seems to correlate with the presence of higher nitro-PAH concentrations during the warm season. At both monitoring stations, the results from winter sampling campaign showed a direct DNA damage induction at 0.1% of extract and oxidative-direct DNA damage at the highest dose (0.15%).     

Modeling of Combined Aerosol and Photooxidant Processes in the Mediterranean Area

The combined UAM-AERO/RAMS modeling system has been applied to study the dynamics of photochemical gaseous species and particulate matter processes in the eastern Mediterranean area between the Greek mainland and the island of Crete. In particular, the modeling system is applied to simulate atmospheric conditions for two periods, i.e., 13-16 July 2000 and 26-30 July 2000. The spatial and temporal distributions of both gaseous and particulate matter pollutants have been extensively studied together with the identification of major emission sources in the area. New pre-processors were developed for the UAM-AERO model for evaluating detailed emission inventories for biogenic compounds, resuspended dust and sea salt. Comparison of the modeling results with measured data was performed and satisfactory agreement was found for a number of gaseous species. However, the model underestimates the PM₁₀ measured concentrations during summer. This is mainly due to the considerable underestimation of particulate matter emissions and in particular dust resuspension, the effect of forest fire emissions and the contribution of Saharan dust episodes.     

On-site characteristics of airborne particles at a formal electronic waste recycling plant: size distribution and lung deposited surface area

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - An electrical low-pressure impactor was used to measure the particulate matter (PM) characteristics in a formal e-waste recycling plant. The size...     

Anthropogenic Calcium Particles Observed in Beijing and Qingdao, China

Analysis of individual particles collected at Beijing in northern China revealed that particles abundant in calcium (Ca) always constituted a large fraction of mineral particles in the urban atmosphere. The particles were characterized by cubic morphologies. The major mineral element in the particles was Ca and few or no other mineral elements were detected. A large number of the particles were in the range of diameter <1 μm, where common natural mineral particles were rarely detected. The contribution of the Ca particles to the volume of total mineral particles greatly exceeded that of other mineral particles during non-dust-storm periods and was comparable to that during dust-storm periods. Reagent film tests showed that particulate sulfate and nitrate formation on the Ca particles was similar to that on common mineral particles. These results indicate that a large portion of Ca in the atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing was from anthropogenic sources rather than from natural sources, and the anthropogenic Ca particles acted as a significant medium for the formation of sulfate and nitrate. Similar particles were also detected at Qingdao, a coastal city in northern China. Data of a dust storm event showed that Ca-abundant particles from East China arrived there and moved out of the continent, similarly to Asian dust storm particles, suggesting possible contributions of anthropogenic Ca even in Asian dust storm samples in the downstream areas. Therefore, Ca may not be a good indicator of Asian dust from natural sources. However, the Ca particles, due to their unique shapes and elemental compositions, may provide an indicator for the atmospheric dispersion of anthropogenic particulate matters in East Asia.     

Removal of Oil from the Sea Surface through Particulate Interactions: Review and Prospectus

The fate of oil spilled in coastal zones depends in large part on the interactions with environmental factors existing within a short time of the spill event. In addition to weathering which produces changes in the chemistry of the hydrocarbon stock, physical interactions between oil and suspended particulate matter (SPM), both organic and inorganic, play a role in determining the dispersal and sedimentation rates of the spill. This in turn affects the degradation rate of the oil. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the role of oil–particle interactions in removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from the sea surface and provides estimates of the degree to which SPM may augment the deposition of oil. Both field and laboratory observations have shown widely varying rates of oil removal due to particulate interactions. The discussion covers the interaction between oil weathering, injection, sinking, adsorption, microbial processes, flocculation and ingestion by zooplankton, which all contribute to packaging oil and SPM into settling aggregates.     

Air Quality Management in Izmir Region of Turkey as Required by Clean Air Plans

As a first step to work out an abatement plan against air pollution, a local emission inventory with 1 hr temporal and 1 km spatial resolution in the city of Izmir and its surroundings was prepared. The study area consisted of a 200 × 170 km² rectangle having the city of Izmir at the centre. The studied pollutants were total particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SO_x), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO). Emissions of these pollutants were determined by estimation methods making use of suitable emission factors. Emission sources were evaluated in three categories; point, area and line sources. For year 2000 total emissions in the study area on an average day were estimated as 173 tons PM, 299 tons SOx, 136 tons NOx, 68 tons VOC and 320 tons CO. At the second part of the study, calculated emissions were transformed into air quality predictions in the area by using the Industrial Source Complex – Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model. Model results were tested with monitoring data from urban air quality stations obtained during the year 2000. Results of the past, present and future air quality estimates in the region were discussed. In order to do so, future scenarios including various control technology applications were formulated and tested to see their effect on the future air quality.     

燃煤电厂除尘器的应用和选择研究

对目前我国燃煤电厂中使用较多的几种除尘器——电除尘器、袋式除尘器及电袋复合除尘器的原理、发展及应用进行了介绍和阐述,并结合几种除尘器的特点和国内外运行实例,就我国燃煤电厂除尘器的选择提出了建议。     

Particulate and gaseous emissions during fluidized bed combustion of semi-dried sewage sludge: Effect of bed ash accumulation on NOx formation

Combustion of two semi-dried sewage sludges in a 110 mm has been characterized in terms of particulate and gaseous emissions. Sludges differed in that they had been conditioned – at the flocculation stage of wastewater treatment – either with Ca-based inorganics or with polyelectrolytes. Combustion was efficient for both sewage sludges under all the operating conditions tested. Significant differences have instead been observed between the two types of sewage sludges as regards particulate and macro-pollutant gaseous emissions (SO₂, NO_x). NO_x formation is significantly influenced by ash accumulation inside the bed only when sewage sludge conditioned with Ca-based inorganics is fired. The time-resolved profiles of NO_x concentration and the mass flow rate of the elutriated fines have been worked out to evaluate the fuel nitrogen yield to NO_x as a function of ash accumulated inside the bed divided by the air mass feed rate. Experimental results have been compared with data present in literature.