火电厂降低NOx排放的技术研究

NOx是燃煤电厂烟气排放三大有害物（SO2、NOx及悬浮颗粒物TSP）之一。从污染角度考虑的氮氧化物主要是NO和NO2,统称为NOx。介绍了NOx的生成机理,即热力型NOx和燃料型NOx,前者由参与燃烧的空气中所含的N2生成,后者由燃料本身的氮元素生成。分析了低氮燃烧技术、SCR烟气脱硝技术、SNCR烟气脱硝技术及SCR＋SNCR组合式等NOx控制技术。其中,在燃烧过程中降低NOx生成的主要手段是采用分级燃烧,降低燃烧区域的氧浓度和降低火焰温度;在燃烧后可采用烟气处理技术降低烟气中的NOx含量。     

颗粒物CEMS的取样问题和基本分析技术

主要介绍了颗粒物CEMS在实际应用中的取样和基本分析技术，着重强调了颗粒物分层对取样点位的影响，以及保持颗粒物特性和尺寸分布相对稳定在基于光学技术的颗粒物CEMS应用中的重要性。     

烟气排放连续监测系统在420t/h燃煤锅炉上的应用

铜陵发电厂在1台420t／h燃煤锅炉上应用烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)，对锅炉烟气SO2、NOx、颗粒物及相关烟气参数进行在线监测。该系统工作可靠，安装简便，无需专人值守，运行维护量较小，性能指标通过了环境监测部门的标定测试，达到了国家环保总局行业标准的要求。同时，该系统具有实时数据传送功能，提高了环境监测工作的信息化管理水平。     

火电厂排烟中颗粒物及多环芳烃的研究

对某火电厂电除尘器前后烟气中颗粒物的形貌、粒径分布及多环芳烃(PAHs)在颗粒物、烟气气相及原煤中的含量进行了研究.结果表明,颗粒物主要呈圆球形,主要成分为Al2O3和SiO2,除尘器前颗粒粒径主要分布在5～10 μm之间,其后以5 μm以下为主;电除尘器对大颗粒有较好的收尘效果,而对小于5 μm颗粒的收尘效果较差;低环PAHs在气相中的含量均高于颗粒物中的含量;电除尘器对PAHs的平均脱除率能达到89.74%,对4环和6环PAHs的脱除率高于90%.     

烧结烟气中SO3的测定

建立了烧结烟气中SO3的检测技术，包括SO3的采集装置和测定方法。实验结果表明:质量分数为80%的异丙醇适宜作为吸收液，方法的回收率为95.79%~102.80%，相对标准偏差为0.46%~1.38%。该技术能有效消除烟气中粉尘及SO2对测定的干扰，具有准确、可靠、方便等特点，可应用于烧结烟气脱硫等装置日常运行中SO3含量的测定。     

电袋复合除尘技术研究

目前电除尘器和袋式除尘器是烟气净化的两种主要设备，电袋复合除尘器是一种高效的除尘技术，它结合两种类型除尘器的优点，并成功的应用于燃煤电厂烟气的净化，其排放浓度可长期稳定在30mg／m3以下。     

撞击流气液反应器氨吸收法去除烟气中的SO2

以氨水为吸收剂，在撞击流气液反应器中进行了燃煤烟气脱硫实验。考察了吸收液体积（L）与SO2体积（m^3）之比（液气比）、烟气中SO2浓度、烟气流速和氨与硫摩尔比对脱硫率的影响。在液气比为0．52L／m^3、氨与硫摩尔比为1．3、烟气流速为6．3m／s、烟气中SO2质量浓度为2800mg／m^3时，脱硫率达96．08％；建立了液气比、烟气中SO2质量浓度、烟气流速和氨与硫摩尔比与脱硫率的数学关系式。     

氨法烟气脱硫技术综述

简述了多种氨法烟气脱硫的原理和技术特点。主要介绍了湿式氨法烟气脱硫技术，为烟气脱硫技术的选择提供参考。     

湿法烟气脱硫装置性能试验中钙硫比及石灰石耗量测试方法探讨

针对我国目前尚无关于烟气脱硫装置钙硫比和石灰石耗量检测技术规程的现状，介绍了钙硫比和石灰石耗量的测试方法，并对测试中的技术要点进行了探讨。     

海水烟气脱硫系统排水水质试验研究

介绍了海水烟气脱硫技术在国内外的应用情况,探讨了海水烟气脱硫系统的基本原理及工艺流程,并以海水水质标准为参照通过试验方法研究了脱硫排水对海水本底浓度的影响。     

Exposure of Fish Larvae to Hydrocarbon Concentration Fields Generated by Subsurface Blowouts

As the oil activity outside the Norwegian coast moves towards north, the potential for conflict with the fishing industry increases. Reasons for this are the presence of spawning areas for important fish stocks like herring and cod, and also the technical development of subsurface solutions for the oil exploration, increasing the risks for the occurrence of subsurface blowouts.The paper explains how this potential for conflict can be described by means of numerical modelling techniques. The Haltenbanken area outside the western coast of Norway is selected as a field case. The modelling work involves underwater plume modelling as well as 3D modelling of ocean currents. The results from these modelling works are then combined with the modelling of the far-field transport and dilution of the underwater plume, and also the modelling of the spreading and transport of larvae from spawning areas. By combining the calculation of the concentration fields with the spreading calculations of the larvae, the exposure of a total larvae population (one year stock) can be estimated.The paper concludes that under unfavourable conditions, the overlap between the hydrocarbon concentration fields and the geographical distribution of larvae at its most vulnerable stage may cause a significant impact on a population level.     

高压交流、直流输电线路环境电场对比研究

将500kV高压交流输电线路与新兴的500kV高压直流输电线路电场环境进行了监管标准、监测技术及场强分布等方面的分析和对比，归纳了减弱高压输电线路电磁环境影响的措施，并提出针对高压直流输电线路进行源头控制的管理措施。     

石化行业泄漏检测与修复评估指标体系的建立与应用

泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)是国际上通用的减少石化行业VOCs无组织排放的技术方法。在对天津市60套石化化工装置进行LDAR核查评估及专家咨询的基础上,将层次分析法(AHP)与模糊综合评价法(FCE)相结合,建立了一个4层次24个指标的评估指标体系,通过AHP确定指标权重,利用FCE进行模糊综合评分。以甲、乙两石化企业为例进行LDAR评估指标体系的验证,结果表明,该指标体系评估结果与实际LDAR核查评估结果一致,具有良好的实际应用价值。     

Use of a novel biomarker,botryococcane, to monitor biodegradation of two lacustrine‐sourced crude oils

Bioremediation is a proven alternative for remediating petroleum‐impacted soils at exploration and production (E&P) sites. Monitoring remediation performance can involve detection and quantification of biodegradation resistant compounds such as C₃₀17α(H),21β(H)‐hopane, which requires the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). Due to the remoteness of many E&P sites, this technology is not always available, and alternative methods are needed to provide reliable quantitative measurements of petroleum remediation efficiency. This study provides a detailed chemical characterization of lacustrine‐sourced crude oils and a technical basis for measuring the effectiveness of bioremediation efforts for soil impacted by those crudes. We show that the novel isoprenoid hydrocarbon botryococcane is relatively stable in lacustrine‐sourced crude oils compared with C₃₀17α(H),21β(H)‐hopane under moderate biodegradation conditions generally observed in field samples. We have also demonstrated that, due to the stability and relatively elevated concentration of botryococcane in lacustrine oils, it can be reliably measured using the more cost‐effective and available GC/FID methodology, and thereby be used to monitor the progress of ongoing soil bioremediation activities at remote sites.     

Treatment of tar pond sludge in a circulating fluidized bed combustor

A series of tests to burn mixtures of tar pond sludge and coal was carried out using a mini‐circulating fluidized bed combustor (mini‐CFBC). During the tests, carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides in the flue gas were monitored continuously. Stack gas sampling was carried out for hydrochloric acid, metals, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total hydrocarbons, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Results showed that hydrochloric acid, mercury, particulate matter, PCDD/F, and metal concentrations were all below both the current limits and the gas‐release limits to be implemented in 2008 in Canada. The new 2008 emissions limits will reduce the maximum allowable concentrations of most pollutants by half. Thus, the maximum concentration for particulate matter will be 5 mg/m³ (from the current maximum concentration of 10 mg/m³);the maximum concentration for hydrochloric acid will be 5 mg/m³ (from 10 mg/m³); and the‐maximum concentration for dioxins and furans will be 0.032 ng/m toxic equivalent (from 0.08 ng/mcurrently). Sulfur capture efficiency was 89–91 percent. The percentage of fuel nitrogen converted to nitrogen oxides was of the order of 4.7 to 6.1, which is significantly lower than that of conventional pulverized coal‐fired boilers and well within the normal range for fluidized bed combustors (FBCs). PCB and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions levels were comparable or lower than levels reported in the literature for industrial‐scale FBCs. VOC concentrations were low except for benzene, for which the concentration was higher than that reported for pulverized coal‐fired utility boilers. In addition, carbon monoxide concentration was high at 1,200 to 2,200 parts per million. However, these carbon monoxide concentrations are typical of the mini‐CFBC firing coal. The trials showed that for 10 percent by weight tar pond sludge mixed with 90 percent by weight coal, the combustion was both stable and efficient. The tests demonstrated that CFBC technology is an environmentally sound option for eliminating tar pond waste sludge. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

火电厂锅炉烟气电除尘与袋式除尘技术经济比较

阐述了电除尘器与袋式除尘器的技术差异,重点从净化效率、运行阻力、能耗、设备投资与占地等方面进行了技术经济对比.综合分析结果表明:火电厂锅炉烟气净化采用袋式除尘器的综合效益比电除尘器显著.     

催化氧化技术治理苯化工装置和罐区含氮挥发性有机物废气

采用催化氧化技术对某石化企业苯胺、硝基苯等生产装置和罐区的含氮挥发性有机物(NVOCs)废气进行集中处理,建成了一套20 000 Nm~3/h规模的安全高效处理装置。采用自主研发的WSH-2N型蜂窝状Pt-Pd-Ce催化剂,在高效氧化有机物的同时,高选择性地将有机氮转化为N_2。运行结果表明,净化气非甲烷总烃质量浓度低于15 mg/m~3,非甲烷总烃去除率大于99%,NO_x质量浓度低于10 mg/m~3,苯、苯胺、硝基苯、环己烷等特征有机污染物浓度均低于检出限,各项指标优于国内外现有技术。     

用脉冲电旋风除尘器处理催化剂厂分子筛尾气

介绍了脉冲电旋风除尘器的工作原理及用其处理催化剂分子筛尾气的试验情况。试验结果表明,分子筛尾气很适合脉冲电旋风除尘处理,除尘效果较好,在进气含尘质量浓度为1324．9mg／m^3时,除尘效率达89．4％左右,粉尘驱进速度达0．15～0．17m／s,比常规电除尘技术提高1倍左右。     

Environmental impact of APC residues from municipal solid waste incineration: reuse assessment based on soil and surface water protection criteria

Waste management and environmental protection are mandatory requirements of modern society. In our study, air pollution control (APC) residues from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) were considered as a mixture of fly ash and fine particulate solids collected in scrubbers and fabric filters. These are hazardous wastes and require treatment before landfill. Although there are a number of treatment options, it is highly recommended to find practical applications rather than just dump them in landfill sites. In general, for using a construction material, beyond technical specifications also soil and surface water criteria may be used to ensure environmental protection. The Dutch Building Materials Decree (BMD) is a valuable tool in this respect and it was used to investigate which properties do not meet the threshold criteria so that APC residues can be further used as secondary building material. To this end, some scenarios were evaluated by considering release of inorganic species from unmoulded and moulded applications. The main conclusion is that the high amount of soluble salts makes the APC residues a building material prohibited in any of the conditions tested. In case of moulding materials, the limits of heavy metals are complied, and their use in Category 1 would be allowed. However, also in this case, the soluble salts lead to the classification of "building material not allowed". The treatments with phosphates or silicates are able to solve the problem of heavy metals, but difficulties with the soluble salts are still observed. This analysis suggests that for APC residues to comply with soil and surface water protection criteria to be further used as building material at least a pre-treating for removing soluble salts is absolutely required.