生态文明视角下的“城市矿山”开发与利用

生态文明强调人与自然和谐发展,追求社会发展与生态环境的内在平衡.生态文明是人类的觉醒与社会的进步,用生态文明理念指导“城市矿山”的开发,必将开拓创新思路,走出一条高效、绿色的可持续发展之路,引领生态文明发展新潮流.     

绿色矿山背景下矿山土壤修复技术的研究

采矿工业导致众多重金属残留侵入周围土壤中,对生态环境和土壤安全造成了严重的影响和破坏。重视矿区土壤污染问题,采取相应的有效措施进行治理已刻不容缓。从矿山土壤污染的现状出发,分析了矿山污染土壤的危害,系统地介绍了矿山污染土壤的修复方法,并探讨了藻类在矿山土壤治理方面所发挥的重要作用。为持续改善矿区环境质量,强化矿业污染治理,有效防控矿山土壤污染做出参考。     

污泥用于生态恢复获突破

由南京市环保科学研究院承担的城市污水处理厂污泥用于宕口生态恢复示范项目，日前通过该市科技局和环保局联合组织的成果鉴定。专家认为，此项目开创了我国污水处理厂污泥资源化应用及矿山废弃．地宕口生态修复的全新模式。     

富营养化水体微生物生态修复技术探析

在分析富营养化水体微生物修复原理与技术优势的基础上,通过微生物修复剂修复铜绿微囊藻水华性能的具体分析,达到对微生物生态修复技术的进一步了解。     

以新型城镇化为契机加速常德生态文明建设

基于对新型城镇化的解读,挖掘出制约常德发展的因素,如能源结构和能源消费、产业结构和生活方式等;提出了常德生态建设的有效措施,进而加速常德实现生态经济发达、生态环境优美、生态环境宜居、生态文化繁荣的生态型绿色城市的进程。     

苏州生态农村发展模式探讨

生态农村是农村全面生态化发展的理想模式,以和谐、可持续为理念,以实现生态文明的农村社会为目标,以生态产业、生态人居、生态环境、生态文化为生态农村建设的主要内容,是在新的历史背景下我国农村未来发展的理想模式,是实现农村可持续发展、城乡协调发展的有效途径.抽样调查了苏州的28个农村,根据其经济、资源利用、基础设施建设、环境等现状进行了统计分析,划分了不同的发展模式,并对不同模式的农村制定了不同的发展方向.     

发展循环经济,建设绿色矿山

中国铝业股份有限公司广西分公司发展循环经济,建设绿色矿山,提高资源综合利用水平;严格处理"三废",积极复垦还地,避免浪费土地资源,保护生态环境,造福当地人民。其经验和做法为建设绿色矿山,发展矿业循环经济提供借鉴。     

循环经济的微观理论基础——生态效用论及人类选择理性

生态环境资源的日益稀缺，凸显了物质效用理论的局限。循环经济理念的产生体现了人类效用选择的理性回归。以生态效用理论为基础，揭示了人类效用选择的理性，从而构建了循环经济的微观理论基础，进一步分析了人口增长以及技术进步对循环经济发展的影响。     

生态集成技术--生态工业中低化学势物质的资源化

循环经济和生态工业是解决当前资源、环境与经济可持续发展的有效途径.从工业生态的角度,论述了工业技术与生态环境的关系及作用;提出了生态集成技术是生态工业产业链得以延伸和使物质在不同产业链间循环的关键的观点,指出生态集成技术在构建生态链网中的重要性;并介绍了一种过程工程中典型的低化学势物质转化的生态集成技术,提供了改变现行过程工业中资源利用方式的思路.     

产业生态化的基础条件、发展误区与创新策略

生态产业是经济由粗放转化为集约过程中谋求可持续发展的必然选择,转轨经济中的我国在这方面刚刚提到议事日程,该课题虽然很新但很重要.发达国家在该方面已经取得的成功经验为我国提供了很好的参考.产业生态化的本质并不是单纯求得生态环境保护,而是寻找经济发展与生态环境之间的平衡,这需要克服传统模式下生态产业发展中的诸多问题,探索生态产业发展的新思路.通过发展生态旅游、生态农业、循环经济、生态聚集等多种模式,在产业链延伸、工业园模块化设计中将产业生态化做实做好.     

Biogeochemical and ecological considerations in designing wetland treatment systems in post-mining landscapes

Although wetlands have gained acceptance as important components of ecosystems in post-mining landscapes in the past decade, their roles in contaminant retention/removal have not been well integrated into the designing of restoration programs. This paper describes the integration of sediment microbial activities and natural precipitation processes, along with approaches to defining the contaminant load from the mine wastes. The contaminant removal rates, which can be expected by a wetland sediment, are summarized and how they need to be reflected in the wetland size required, and the carbon supply which is needed. Contaminant loading from mining wastes can be balanced by wetland ecological processes, including wetland primary production and microbial mineralization in the sediment. This ecological engineering approach is demonstrated using case studies on hard-rock mining waste in Canada.     

矿区土地复垦与生态恢复技术研究

矿产资源的开发利用是社会经济发展的重要支柱,然而大规模地开采造成了土地损毁、环境污染和生态退化等一系列问题,严重制约了采矿业的可持续发展。近年来,我国加强了对矿区土地复垦与生态恢复工作的重视,使得矿区生态环境得到一定程度的改善,但总体仍存在复垦率低和复垦效果差等问题。基于此,本文概述了国内外矿区土地复垦的发展历史及特征,并重点分析了现有矿区土地复垦与生态恢复的关键技术,以期为我国矿区土地复垦工作的开展提供理论支撑和决策参考。     

Incorporating ecology and ecological risk into long‐term stewardship on contaminated sites

The long‐term management of environmental contamination will be a major activity at many sites in the foreseeable future. While human health issues often drive decisions about cleanup, restoration, and long‐term stewardship, ecological considerations are also major driving forces and are of paramount importance to the public. Incorporation of ecological considerations into decisions about environmental protection, both short term and long term, requires (1) understanding public perceptions of ecological values, including aesthetics and existence values, (2) understanding contamination issues within a context of the structure and functioning of ecosystems, (3) developing bioindicators of ecological health (including human), (4) developing indicators of ecosystem functioning, and (5) developing and implementing a biomonitoring plan before, during, and after remediation so that adverse effects can be ascertained before they become irreversible. Both remediation/restoration and long‐term stewardship goals must be informed by public policy mandates that include public participation and healthy human and ecological systems. This article examines these issues as they relate to cost‐effective, long‐term protection of human and ecological health on contaminated lands. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Cover design for radioactive and AMD-producing mine waste in the Ronneburg area, eastern Thuringia

At the former uranium mining site of Ronneburg, large scale underground and open pit mining for nearly 40 years resulted in a production of about 113,000 tonnes of uranium and about 200 million cubic metres of mine waste. In their present state, these materials cause risks to human health and strong environmental impacts and therefore demand remedial action. The remediation options available are relocation of mine spoil into the open pit and on site remediation by landscaping/contouring, placement of a cover and revegetation. A suitable vegetated cover system combined with a surface water drainage system provides long-term stability against erosion and reduces acid generation thereby meeting the main remediation objectives which are long-term reduction of radiological exposure and contaminant emissions and recultivation. The design of the cover system includes the evaluation of geotechnical, radiological, hydrological, geochemical and ecological criteria and models. The optimized overall model for the cover system has to comply with general conditions as, e.g. economic efficiency, public acceptance and sustainability. Most critical elements for the long-term performance of the cover system designed for the Beerwalde dump are the barrier system and its long-term integrity and a largely self-sustainable vegetation.     

循环经济发展中的物质代谢分析

介绍了循环经济发展过程中物质代谢系统边界的确定、代谢主体的认定、物质流的组成，分析了单位产值物质需求量、人均物质消耗强度和物质生产力等物质代谢效率的评价指标，探讨了物质代谢调控对象和手段，提出了当前循环经济理论研究应该从物质代谢入手，从产品的整个生命周期来研究经济系统与生态环境之间的物质流动规律，以形成闭合的物料循环系统。     

水电工程开发与生态环境保护

水电工程在发挥巨大效益的同时,也不同程度地破坏了原有生态环境的平衡.以水电工程开发与生态环境的关系为切入点,分析了水电工程开发对生态环境的正面影响和负面影响,并提出了几点生态环境的保护对策及措施,通过人力与自然力的共同作用达到改善生态环境的目的,实现水电工程开发经济效益、社会效益、生态环境效益的共同提高.     

水利水电建设中河流生态用水理论与方法研究

国内外研究表明，除了水质，生态用水也是维持生态系统健康发展的重要因素。因此，在水资源配置中保证一定量的生态用水是保护生态环境的重要措施。生态用水具有时空尺度和阈值范围，而人类大规模的水电开发则会造成其时空尺度的改变，甚至生态阈限难以被满足。统计数字表明，近5年来我国新建水电站下泄生态流量的不满足率达到57％。我国目前急需考虑的生态用水政策是：尽快建立河流最小生态流量的相关标准，制定河流生态用水配套法律法规；同时，通过跨流域调水等水段，加强生态环境需水的宏观调控。建议最小生态用水量不应小于工程所在河流控制断面多年平均流量的10％，当多年平均流量大于80m^3／s时不小于5％；同时根据河流的不同生态环境功能，应积极开展多方法、多方案比选。     

万山汞矿区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

以万山汞矿区土壤为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定土壤中的重金属含量,分别运用内梅罗综合污染指数（NPI）法和潜在生态风险指数（RI）法评价土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并应用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对土壤重金属来源进行分析。结果表明：土壤Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn出现不同程度累积,分别达贵州省背景值的263.61、2.31、1.28、2.11、1.70、1.01和3.52倍;土壤重金属平均NPI为188.00,属于严重污染水平,Hg是主要污染因子;土壤重金属平均RI为10 655.70,属于极强潜在生态风险水平,Hg是主要潜在生态风险因子;土壤中Cu、Ni、Cr主要源于自然活动,As、Pb、Zn主要源于燃煤和交通运输污染,Cd主要源于农业污染,Hg主要源于汞冶炼污染。     

Using integrated food‐web and population‐based models for environmental monitoring,remediation decisions,and long‐term planning

While ecologists have used food‐web models to understand how ecosystems function, the potential role of integrated food‐web and population‐based models in environmental monitoring and decision making has been ignored. Sound ecological principles should be integrated with state‐of‐the‐art monitoring and management practices. This article presents the ways in which population‐based models can answer basic ecological questions necessary for decision making about remediation and restoration, and for monitoring to ensure long‐term stewardship. Discussed are the uses of food‐web and population‐based models for understanding the movement of chemicals through different trophic levels. Three examples, including global warming, tributyltin, and monomethylmercury scenarios, are presented to illustrate how such models are useful. The responses of the component parts varies, depending on parameters such as birth, death, and respiration, as well as feeding rates, predator‐prey rates, and uptake and elimination rates. There are several different models available for decision making, with different levels of complexity, based on the specific hypothesis or question being asked and the amount of current information available. Therefore, it is recommended to use deterministic‐based, population‐based food‐web models for ecological risk assessment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.