三维电极-好氧生物法联合处理酸性染料废水模拟研究

采用电解-好氧生物法联合处理酸性大红G模拟废水，三维电解反应器填料为活性炭与玻璃珠混合物，平板电极材料为石墨，通过正交实验确定的最佳实验条件为：电解时间150min，活性炭／玻璃珠体积比为2：1，槽电压20V、pH为5、Na2SO4投加量1．5g／L，进水初始浓度2000mg／L。此时COD去除率及色度去除率分别可达49．78％和81．45％，废水BOD，／COD由0．12提高到0．42。电解后的废水采用生物接触氧化法处理12h后，出水COD为48mg／L，色度120倍，达到综合污水排放二级标准。     

改性矿物吸附法和O3氧化法对维生素B12废水脱色处理

采用改性矿物吸附法和O3氧化法对某制药厂维生素B12废水进行脱色处理。以废水色度去除率大于50％为目的，通过实验确定改性矿物吸附法和O3氧化法处理维生素B12废水的最佳工艺条件：废水的pH为3．00，有机化膨润土的投加量为5g／L，PAC的投加量为6g／L，投加有机化膨润土后搅拌时间为30min时，废水的色度去除率可达到51．3％，处理成本为12．85元／t。O3氧化法的最佳条件：废水的pH保持不变，O3流量为5g／h，反应时间为2min，废水的色度去除率可达到68．8％，处理成本为0．96元／t。对比这2种方法，O3氧化法处理该废水成本更低、效率更高，并且能提高废水的可生化性以便后续处理。     

焦化厂生化出水电解脱色工艺及其机理的初步研究

针对焦化废水经萃取（蒸氨）脱酚和生化处理后的出水水质的特点，研究用铝板作为电极电解该废水的脱色效果，研究了废水pH、电解槽电压、时间等因素对其色度去除率的影响。结果表明，最佳工艺参数为：pH=4、电解槽电压=10V、时间=30min，此时色度去除率可达93．6％，COD的去除率也可以达到61．78％。采用GC—MS分析了电解前后废水中的有机物成分，探讨了形成高色度水质的原因、有机物的去除及脱色机理。     

聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂的制备及其在焦化废水深度处理中的应用

以铝酸钙粉和硫酸亚铁为主要原料,通过酸溶、氧化、聚合和熟化过程制备了无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁,采用正交试验优选出制备聚合氯化铝铁的最佳条件,联合使用聚合氯化铝铁与氧化剂深度处理焦化废水.结果表明,聚合氯化铝铁的最佳制备条件为:硫酸亚铁投加量10 g(以每100 g铝酸钙粉计,下同)、盐酸投加量400 mL、反应温度80℃、反应时间2.5 h;在此条件下制得的絮凝剂氧化铝质量分数为30.5%,全铁质量分数为1.2%.当聚合氯化铝铁投加量为200 mg/L、氧化剂投加量为10 mg/L时,焦化废水中COD去除率可达70%,色度去除率可达63%,出水水质达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)中的一级排放标准.     

复合混凝剂处理染料废水的研究

分析酸性大红染料的结构与特点，进行各种混凝剂的筛选实验，配制FeSO4—MgSO4—Ca(OH)2—PAM复合混凝剂，并通过实验优化操作条件，实验结果表明，对COD=288．3mg／L、色度为25000倍的酸性大红GR实验废水，COD去除率可高达85．3％，最高脱色率可达97．4％，在脱色率达90％时，药剂费用为1．12元／t。     

Fenton氧化-活性炭吸附耦合处理焦化废水生化尾水的研究

研究了Fenton氧化、活性炭吸附、Fenton氧化一活性炭吸附等方法，对焦化废水生化尾水的处理效果，分析了Fenton氧化一活性炭吸附法处理焦化废水生化尾水的工艺条件。结果表明，Fenton氧化与活性炭吸附耦合处理焦化废水生化尾水的最优条件是：H2O2投加量为5mL／L，FeSO4&#183;7H2O投加量为200mg／L，活性炭投加量为2g／L，反应pH=4．0，反应时间为20min。在此条件下，COD去除率可达82．6％，出水水质符合《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978--1996）一级标准。     

黄姜废水的铁炭微电解-混凝预处理研究

研究了高浓度黄姜废水的铁炭微电解-混凝工艺，结果表明，在进水pH4．0、停留时间为40min且有曝气条件下，COD去除率达到64．70％，色度去除率为72．22％，废水的BOD／COD值可由0．29提高到0．56，有利于废水的后续生化处理。     

凹凸棒石粘土处理印染废水研究

凹凸棒石粘土是一种新型净水材料，具有很强的吸附性和脱色能力，价格低廉，具有较大的应用前景，实验室和中试结果都表明用粉状凹凸棒石粘土处理印染废水，投量０．０５－０．１％，ＣＯＤｅｒ去除率＞７０％，色度去除率达９０％，处理原印染水可达标排放，串联在生化系统之后，可达到回用要求。     

生物质材料预处理餐饮废水

采用4种廉价的生物质材料（水葫芦、柚子皮、木屑、核桃壳）用于餐饮废水的预处理。通过静态烧杯实验，研究了各生物质材料预处理废水的效果及最佳处理条件。结果表明，生物质材料对废水中COD的去除率均在45％以上，油脂吸附量为4～16mg／g，最优吸附材料为水葫芦，COD去除率达65％，油脂吸附量为16mg／g；水葫芦和柚子皮的最佳处理条件为：粒径〈0．2mm，投加量为20g／L，废水pH为4，处理时间为2h，温度为20℃；木屑和核桃壳的最佳实验条件为：粒径〈0．2mm，投加量为28g／L，pH为2，处理时间为2．5h，温度为20℃。生物质对餐饮废水的预处理，为废水中大量有机物和废弃油脂的去除提供了新思路和途径。     

微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝复配处理涂料废水的响应面优化

采用响应面分析法对聚合氯化铝(PAC)与污泥生产的微生物絮凝剂复配处理涂料废水的过程进行了优化,设定的响应值为COD和色度去除率。实验分别拟合了关于COD去除率和色度去除率的二次模型,根据响应值的分布情况,确定涂料废水的最佳絮凝条件为微生物絮凝剂浓度47 mg/L,PAC浓度39 mg/L,pH为8.2,CaCl2浓度0.38 g/L,搅拌速度210 r/min。最佳絮凝条件下,微生物絮凝剂对涂料废水中COD和色度的去除率分别达到77.6%和68.9%。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.